Phase Change Materials For Thermal Energy Storage Research Articles

Oxygen‐Rich Porous Organic Polymer for Thermal Energy Storage

Oxygen atoms have been widely used in porous organic polymers, which has attracted much attention from researchers. Herein, porous organic polymer with high oxygen content is synthesized with oxygen‐rich monomer as construction unit and anhydrous aluminum chloride as catalyst; then phase‐change materials (PCMs) composites are prepared by self‐adsorption method. The pore properties of the oxygen‐rich porous organic polymer are characterized by nitrogen absorption and desorption method. The properties of the PCM composites are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that the oxygen‐rich porous organic polymer has high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (465 m2 g−1) and excellent thermal stability. The PCM composites possess high encapsulation rate (50.6 wt%) and latent heat (124.7 kJ g−1). After several thermal cycles, the thermal properties of all PCM composites are almost unchanged, and no leakage phenomenon is found. It can be seen that oxygen‐rich porous polymers have potential applications in PCM adsorption and thermal energy storage.

Phase change-related thermal property characterization and enhancement in carbon-based organic phase change composites

By utilizing the significant amount of energy absorbed and released during their phase transitions, phase change materials (PCMs) can capture and store thermal energy to fill gaps between supply and demand. Due to their many favorable properties, organic PCMs have gained attention in a wide range of applications. Nevertheless, their inherent low thermal conductivity has limited the direct use of organic PCMs in thermal energy storage (TES). Extensive research has been conducted on enhancing organic PCM thermal conductivity by incorporating high thermal conductivity materials. Owing to their high thermal conductivity and low density, carbon-based materials have been extensively used for thermal conductivity enhancement in phase change composites (PCCs). Carbon-based organic PCCs, which incorporate highly thermally conductive carbon allotropes and their direct chemical derivatives with organic PCMs, are a group of diverse PCCs with highly promising potential for TES applications. Adequate latent heat and shape stability performances are crucial to the success of the applicational performances of these PCCs. Much empirical research has pushed efforts to enhance these phase change properties, yet a logical understanding of these enhancement efforts based on the thermodynamics and intermolecular interactions of carbon-based organic PCCs has been elusive. In particular, the effect of characterization methods on the evaluation of phase change properties has been largely understudied. This review strives to provide novel physical and chemical insights into latent heat and shape stabilization evaluation processes and enhancement efforts in carbon-based organic PCCs through a detailed review and analysis of recent literature. The review provides an unprecedented comprehension of newly developed PCCs that challenge the traditional understanding that the latent heat of PCCs cannot exceed that of its base PCM. Efforts on phase change property enhancement driven by these new insights have the potential for carbon-based organic PCCs to succeed in a variety of TES applications, including solar-thermal harvesting, thermal management of batteries and electronics, thermoregulating textiles, and infrared stealth and infrared responsive materials.

Thermal management of high-powered short-duration electronics aided by a phase change material thermal energy storage

Quantifying the performance of phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage in high-power short-duration electronics applications requires performing tests that push the material to its limit. This involves designing experiments to test solid-liquid PCMs in near real-world thermal load conditions to test its performance. Conventional cooling methods are sized to manage the maximum loading the cooling system will be subjected to in its operation, even if this loading occurs for a short period of time. This design ethos is inefficient and results in heavy and expensive equipment being used in an application where it will be underutilized most of its useful life. In this work, a PCM thermal energy storage (TES) device was built using a plate-and-frame heat exchanger and investigated to determine the suitability of this system to manage the temperature of high-power electronics with a low duty cycle. These experiments showed how a PCM-TES can be used in conjunction with conventional temperature management equipment to create a reliable cooling solution while allowing the conventional cooling components to be decreased in size and capacity. This work shows that, for a given application, a cooling system can be more efficiently designed with the use of a PCM-TES and opens the door to additional research on this topic.

Experimental investigation of phase change material (PCM) thermal energy storages with and without metal foam at different temperatures

This paper presents an experimental investigation of phase change materials (PCM) thermal energy storage. The experimental unit consists of a square channel with a single flow stream having distilled water as a heat exchange fluid. RT-42 is used as a thermal energy storage and the overall system is designed in two configurations i.e. with and without aluminium metal foam having a porosity of 95%. Each configuration is analysed and compared for two temperature variations i.e. at 55 °C and 65 °C, respectively. The study reveals that the heat storage rate in metal foam (MF) integrated PCM thermal energy storage is enhanced to ~3-4 times as compared to the setup without metal foam. In metal foam PCM energy storage, the temperature distribution is uniform and heat transfer is due to conduction as well as convection, while in case of pure PCM, there exist a temperature gradient within the thermal storage and the heat transfer is slower due to convection phenomenon. It is also observed that the heat transfer rate for 65 °C is comparatively greater than that of 55 °C for both systems as the higher operating temperatures lead to higher heat flux. However, operating at high temperatures is less feasible as the setup is more prone to PCM leakages.

Ventilation system with heat recovery and PCM thermal energy storage for “free” cooling in buildings

For the conventional cooling of buildings, we are using electrical energy from the network, which increases annually due to the increase in comfort. Alternatives are being sought to reduce electricity consumption. Phase change materials (PCMs) in ventilation systems can provide us with the accumulation of night-time coolness in the summer months, resulting in a reduction in the consumption of electricity for cooling. Heat storages that take advantage of the phase change are used for short-term storage of thermal energy, as in this case, they have the greatest potential. In the introduction to the paper, a review of heat storage devices and their use is made which shows their connection with the Energy Performance Building Directive (EPBD) and the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED). Based on the measured results of the measurements in the Laboratory for Heating, Sanitary and Solar Technology and Air-conditioning (LHSA), a comparison with the model that calculates the storage of heat and cold in a phase change material (PCM - Phase Change Material) developed by a group of researchers from BUT Brno was made. With the TRNYSY software tool and the model simulations of the ventilation gains in the summer season were made and compared with the gains when using the heat exchanger (recuperator) and the PCM heat accumulator for the selected room.

Analysis of Solar Water Heater with Modification Absorber Plate Integrated Thermal Storage

In various countries worldwide, solar water heater systems (SWHs) are utilized as devices that harness solar energy as a primary energy source. This study investigates the performance of SWHs numerical simulation by integrating phase change material (PCM) paraffin wax onto an absorber plate collector at the bottom for thermal storage. This study presents the thermal performance of a SWHs that uses an absorber plate with PCM for thermal energy storage. In this test, four variations of the model tested, namely a) standard flat plate (SFP), b) standard flat plate with PCM storage thickness 10mm (SFP+PCM 10mm), c) standard flat plate with PCM storage thickness 7mm (SFP+PCM 7mm), and d) standard flat plate with PCM storage thickness 4mm (SFP+PCM 4mm), were investigated using numerical simulation. Initially, an analytical investigation was conducted to examine the material qualities of paraffin wax utilised for phase change material (PCM) storage. The SWH systems were subsequently imported and simulated under three different levels of continuous solar radiation: 400 W/m2 700 W/m2 and 1000 W/m2. The simulation incorporates the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools. The results of the study revealed that the collector of the SWH system, which utilised an absorber plate containing phase change material (PCM) storage, demonstrated exceptional performance. Models with a thickness of 7mm PCM or SFP+PCM 7mm have the highest efficiency compared to other models with an efficiency value of 64%. There is a 3-4% increase in efficiency with variations in models that use PCM thermal storage compared to models that do not use PCM thermal storage.

Temperature-Energy Relationships and Spatial Distribution Analysis for Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials Via Thermal Energy Storage

Despite the abundance and affordability of solar energy, its adoption in industrial and domestic sectors, especially in developing countries, still needs to be improved. This study addresses the gap by proposing integrated storage systems to align energy supply and demand, essential for various industrial processes. Investigating Nano-enhanced Phase Change Material (PCM), the research formulates governing equations for the phase change process, explores numerical simulations using MATLAB's Finite Volume Method, and validates models. The PCM comprises a solid salt mixture with Sodium Chloride Nanoparticles. The analysis of nano-enhanced PCMs for thermal energy storage focuses on understanding the interrelationship between temperature, energy, and nanoparticle distribution within the PCM. Visuals based on 3D surface plots and scatter plots illustrate how energy storage characteristics vary with temperature and spatial variables, identifying phase change temperatures and energy absorption/release points. These visualizations guide PCM optimization for improved thermal conductivity and heat capacity, which is crucial for diverse applications like solar energy systems and thermal management in electronics. Nano-enhanced PCM performance can be further enhanced by employing advanced numerical methods and simulation tools for accurate prediction and optimization before experimental validation.

Investigations on paraffin wax/CQD composite phase change material - Improved latent heat and thermal stability

The growing disparity between energy demand and supply has rendered the storage of thermal energy essential. In this study, experiments have been conducted on novel composite Phase Change Materials (PCMs) comprising Paraffin Wax (PW) as base PCM dispersed with 1 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % weights of Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) to investigate their latent heat and thermal stability. These studies are crucial to determine the energy storage capacity of the composite PCMs. Latent heat and melting temperatures were determined using a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The latent heat of all composite PCMs increased when compared with PW with a maximum enhancement of 65.1 % for 1 wt% composite PCM. The melting temperature range of composites is higher than PW. Thermogravimetric analysis showed an improved thermal stability of all composite PCMs than PW. These results unequivocally suggest the employability of these PCMs for thermal energy storage in the medium temperature range.

A novel method to improve the performance of PCM thermal energy storage units using a small oscillator plate-numerical analysis

Employing a small oscillator plate is proposed as a novel idea to improve the performance of phase change material (PCM) based thermal energy storage unit. This idea could make mixing heat flow toward the PCM solid-liquid interface to hasten the melting and heat transfer rates. Opposite to the vibration of the whole PCM heat sink suggested in the literature, it needs very slight mechanical energy for oscillation. The oscillator plate was installed at three positions for the horizontal and vertical PCM heat sink: i) the middle of the hot plate, ii) the bottom of the hot plate, and iii) the corner of the heat sink. A computational fluid dynamics model has been employed to model the PCM melting process and evaluate the induced mixing heat flow and its effect on natural convection. A new mechanical method using vibration energy accelerates heat flow to improve heat transfer and thermal energy absorption. The results reveal that in the best case with transversal oscillation at the corner of the heat sink, the melting rate and heat transfer rate (Nusselt number) increase by 39 % and 64.2 % compared to no vibration case, respectively. Also, the absorbed heat energy rate (AHR) within the PCM heat sink is elevated from 0.51 to 0.79 (54.9 %), while the oscillator just consumed as small as 438 mJ of mechanical energy, reflecting this mechanical approach's uniqueness.

Phase-Change Material Thermal Energy Storage for the Smart Retrofitting of Existing Buildings

This article presents the use of phase-change material (PCM) thermal storage within the Horizon 2020 HEART project (Holistic Energy and Architectural Retrofit Toolkit), aimed at decarbonising the European building sector through the retrofitting of existing structures into energy-efficient smart buildings. These buildings not only reduce energy consumption, but also incorporate advanced technologies for harnessing green energy, thereby promoting environmental sustainability. The HEART project employs state-of-the-art technologies for electricity production/dispatching and heat generation/storage, managed by a cloud-based platform for the real-time monitoring of parameters and optimising energy utilisation, enabling users to control their environmental comfort. The article provides a detailed examination of one of the project’s demonstration sites in Italy, focusing on various components such as heat pumps, photovoltaic systems (PV), controllers, and particularly emphasising the significance of storage tanks. The study involved the measurement and analysis of three heat storage tanks, each with a total volume of 3000 L. These tanks utilised PCM modules for latent heat storage, significantly enhancing overall heat accumulation. Water served as the heat transfer fluid within the tanks. Through meticulous calculations, the article quantifies the accumulated heat and presents a comparative evaluation between PCM-based storage tanks and conventional water tanks, showcasing the advantages of PCM technology in terms of increased heat retention and efficiency.

Heat pump water heater enhanced with phase change materials thermal energy storage: Modeling study

A promising solution to improve the first hour rating (FHR) of a heat pump water heater (HPWH) involves employing a secondary tank which contains phase change material (PCM) capsules. To better understand the influence of PCM thermal storage on the HPWH operational performance, a dynamic model was developed to simulate and analyze the behavior of a newly developed HPWH technology that incorporates PCM storage into a standard HPWH to optimize key parameters such as the uniform energy factor and FHR. Mathematical models of several key components of the proposed HPWH-PCM integrated thermal energy storage (TES) system, e.g., water heater tank, PCM TES tank, evaporator, compressor, and expansion valve, have been elaborated. Also, a model-based control co-simulation platform was developed to integrate a embed PCM storage HPWH dynamic model with a control model for better supporting control design, analysis, verification, and validation. The model accuracy has been validated through comparing simulation results with lab test results, with a mean average percentage error of <5.5% for most of the selected performance variables. In addition, using the developed co-simulation platform, the demand response control strategy was studied to evaluate the load flexibility of the combined HPWH-PCM storage system by shifting system power usage to outside of the 3.5 h peak load period.

A novel attempt to enhance the heat transfer rate of thermal energy storage using multitemperature phase change materials through experimental and numerical modelling

This work aims to develop the numerical model for the three-stage phase transition of multi-level phase change materials (PCMs) and present the comparative performance analysis between single PCM and multi-temperature PCM thermal energy storage (TES) systems. The performance of the thermal energy storage system was conducted by the implementation of multiple phase change materials (PCMs) which are arranged following the temperature profile of the heat transfer fluid. The proposed TES system has two models; the first is fully packed with single PCM – Erythritol TES, and the second is packed with multi-temperature PCMs, namely acetanilide in the first half of the tank and 1-Naphthol in the second half of the tank. The experiments are conducted to validate the numerical model values and observed that the results are in close agreement with each other and the percentage variation is within 3–5%. The results show that using multi-temperature PCMs provides better performance than single-PCM systems. Based on the results, the performance of the TES system can be enhanced with multi-level PCMs rather than choosing high-conductivity materials in the system, which lead to considerable potential in saving energy loss and an economical way of designing the efficient TES system.

Macro-encapsulation of metal balls prepared by waste aluminum cans in ceramic capsules with reserved space

Phase change materials (PCMs) form the core of thermal energy storage (TES) for enhancing solar and industrial waste heat recovery. Metals have attracted growing attention due to their unique advantages, including high latent heat storage and high thermal conductivity. The application of metallic PCMs in TES is limited by the absence of appropriate packaging technology. Volume expansion during the solid-liquid phase can cause breakage of the protective coatings. This study proposes a “double-layer coating, recycling inner layer” method for the encapsulation of metallic PCMs. Waste aluminum cans (WACs) were selected as the PCM for cost reasons. The alloy balls prepared using the WACs were sequentially coated with an alkane mixture and ceramic slurry. The alkane mixture melts and discharges during the baking process, leaving a void for the phase-change volume expansion. The shell was gradually densified, and the metallic PCM was completely encapsulated after the heat treatment. The prepared MAEPCMs heat-treated at 1200 °C showed excellent mechanical properties, high heat storage capacity, and thermal cycle stability. The force required for compressive failure was approximately 2623 N. In addition, the total heat storage capacity reached approximately 198.6 kJ/kg at the temperature range of 600–700 °C, of which the latent heat accounted for more than 98.5%. There was no erosion between the alloy and the shell material, and the cumulative mass change was less than 8 wt. % after 600 thermal cycles. This study provides a structurally stable and low-cost technique for the preparation of durable macro-encapsulated PCMs with a high heat storage capacity and high thermal conductivity.

Tightened 1D/3D carbon heterostructure infiltrating phase change materials for solar–thermoelectric energy harvesting: Faster and better

AbstractExtensive use of thermal energy in daily life is ideal for reducing carbon emissions to achieve carbon neutrality; however, the effective collection of thermal energy is a major hurdle. Thermoelectric (TE) conversion technology based on the Seebeck effect and thermal energy storage technology based on phase change materials (PCMs) represent smart, feasible, and research‐worthy approaches to overcome this hurdle. However, the integration of multiple thermal energy sources freely existing in the environment for storage and output of thermal and electrical energy simultaneously still remains a huge challenge. Herein, three‐dimensional (3D) nanostructured metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are in situ nucleated and grown onto carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via coordination bonding. After calcination, the prepared core–shell structural CNTs@MOFs are transformed into tightened 1D/3D carbon heterostructure loading Co nanoparticles for efficient solar–thermoelectric energy harvesting. Surprisingly, the corresponding composite PCMs show a record‐breaking solar–thermal conversion efficiency of 98.1% due to the tightened carbon heterostructure and the local surface plasmon resonance effect of Co nanoparticles. Moreover, our designed all‐in‐one composite PCMs are also capable of creating an electrical potential of 0.5 mV based on the Seebeck effect without a TE generator. This promising approach can store thermal and electrical energy simultaneously, providing a new direction in the design of advanced all‐in‐one multifunctional PCMs for thermal energy storage and utilization.

Demand response with active phase change material based thermal energy storage in buildings

A large potential to shift the electricity consumption to adapt to the stochastic renewable electricity generation is identified through the utilisation of a combination of Heat Pumps (HP) and local Thermal Energy Storage (TES) devices in building heating systems. In this paper, a building heating system coupled with an active Phase Change Material (PCM) TES device and a HP is simulated to characterise its potential for Demand Response (DR) applications. A control-oriented numerical model for the PCM TES is developed and previously validated numerical models of the building, HP and hot water radiators are integrated to simulate the dynamics of the coupled building heating system. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) based control strategy is designed to optimise the building heating energy consumption and operational cost with respect to time-varying electricity price signals. The developed control strategy is successfully implemented to utilise the TES capability of the PCM and the thermal inertia of the building to intelligently shift the electrical load of the HP to low price periods, while satisfying the specified indoor comfort requirements. In comparison to a reference case utilising a sensible TES, cost savings and consumption reductions of more than 40% and 30%, respectively, are attained with the active PCM TES. Simulation results indicate that utilising an active PCM TES over a sensible TES offers significant advantages for DR applications in building heating systems in terms of load shift flexibility, energy costs and consumption.

A characteristic-oriented strategy for ranking and near-optimal selection of phase change materials for thermal energy storage in building applications

This paper presents a methodological approach for characteristic-based selection of phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage in building applications. Unlike previous studies that were mainly focused on applying Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to rank PCMs without using a rational ranking strategy, this study presents a weighted product method (WPM) based ranking strategy by incorporating qualitative and quantitative attributes of PCMs to rank and determine near-optimal PCMs for given applications. Qualitative attributes were converted into quantitative factors by using the standard Saaty scale. A weight assignment process was introduced to handle multiple characteristics of PCMs by using priority-based clusters in the pair-wise matrix of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The effectiveness of this strategy was tested and evaluated by performing two case studies. In the first case study, a sample dataset of PCMs was used to rank PCMs for different building applications based on the four major thermodynamic properties of the PCMs, whereas in the second case study, several qualitative and quantitative characteristics of PCMs including cost were used to select a near-optimal PCM from a list of eight PCMs for a thermal energy storage system integrated with a ground source heat pump system. The ranking results of the first case study were also quantitatively analyzed by using data analytic techniques. Two PCMs from the ranking list were selected to verify the effectiveness of the strategy by implementing the PCMs into a thermal energy storage system via simulations. The capacity of each PCM to provide energy flexibility to a Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning (HVAC) system was calculated. The cost-based flexibility potential by using the better-ranked PCM thermal energy storage system was 37.1 %, while that for the lower-ranked PCM thermal energy storage system was 27.5 %, and both PCMs provided around 73 % flexibility in terms of the peak load reduction of the HVAC system. The simulation results were consistent with the ranking results. The second case study also proved the effectiveness of this method to select near-optimal PCMs for thermal energy storage systems.

CFD simulation and experimental validation of PCM thermal energy storage system for micro trigeneration system application

The fast growing energy demand, limited energy resources and increasing emissions, for a sustainable future, there is a great need to identify alternative and clean sources of energy as well as energy conservation techniques to boost the efficiency of various systems. The micro trigeneration system combined with PCM (Phase Change Material) based thermal storage is a fruitful method to enhance the system overall efficiency by providing the useful power (electricity), heating and cooling in rural and remote area. But the performance of the trigeneration system fluctuates with exhaust gas temperature at different engine speeds. The fluctuation in performance is minimised by supplying stored energy from PCM-based thermal energy storage at times of low engine speed. In this research work, a PCM thermal energy storage is designed, developed and analysis to extract and accumulate the heat energy from engine exhaust heat. Erythritol (C4H10O4) was selected as a PCM material because of its high melting point temperature to meet the requirement for a high temperature range above 100 °C. The thermal behaviour of phase thermal energy storage system was simulated by using commercial software ANSYS-FLUENT. And simulation results are validated by experimentally obtained results. The charging and discharging time of the TES system is obtained 85 min and 125 min respectively.

A phase-change material with high through-plane thermal conductivity comprising a palmitic acid–cellulose nanofiber matrix with via acylation an expanded graphite@cellulose nanofiber@carbon nanotube hybrid filler

Although phase-change materials (PCMs) are promising candidates for thermal storage applications due to their high latent heat during phase transition, challenges such as the leakage problem during phase transition and low thermal conductivity must be overcome. We fabricated a palmitic acid (PA)–cellulose nanofiber (CNF) matrix via acylation and a hybrid expanded graphite (EG)@CNF@carbon nanotube (CNT) filler via grafting of CNFs onto the surface of the EG. The matrix and hybrid filler mixture were then hot-pressed to provide an efficient heat pathway. The fabricated composite with 7 wt% hybrid filler reached through-plane thermal conductivity of 1.98 W/mK and latent heat of 102.04 J/g. Especially, the fabricated composite showed 3.4 times higher thermal conductivity enhancement compared to raw PA-CNF. Furthermore, the composite is lightweight and flexible. Based on these findings, the manufactured composite possesses the potential as a PCM for thermal energy storage and thermal management applications.

Progress in research and development of phase change materials for thermal energy storage in concentrated solar power

Concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies are seen to be one of the most promising ways to generate electric power in coming decades. However, due to unstable and intermittent nature of solar energy availability, one of the key factors that determine the development of CSP technology is the integration of efficient and cost-effective thermal energy storage (TES) systems. Sensible heat TES system is the most widespread technology in commercial CSP plants, however, due to the requirement of high specific heat of the storage material, large size and bigger temperature difference between the heat transfer fluid and the storage material, sensible energy storage systems suffer from a low energy density and temperature degradation during discharging. In this context, over the past ten years, interest in phase change materials (PCM) has resurfaced considerably, mainly motivated for the deployment of latent heat TES system for CSP application that utilizes PCM. Though there have been some review studies on the application of PCM in CSP plants, however these are either over 5 years old or give a general overview of PCM application in CSP plants. To bridge this gap, this work presents a comprehensive review on the actual state of all major components of cutting-edge PCM based TES technologies for CSP application and condenses all the available information and categorizes them considering the main functional parts and remarking the current research progress in each part as well as the future challenging issues. It intends to understand and explain the foundations of the innovative concepts, future research directions and strategies developed over the past 10 years to tune the engineering and thermal sciences of PCM based TES systems. Insight into classes of PCM TES storage materials with details like their geometrical configurations, design parameters, physical properties, operational issues, cost, technology readiness level, suitability to CSP application and comparative assessment of various PCM based TES systems is provided.

Enhancing the Melting Process of Shell-and-Tube PCM Thermal Energy Storage Unit Using Modified Tube Design.

Recently, phase change materials (PCMs) have gained great attention from engineers and researchers due to their exceptional properties for thermal energy storing, which would effectively aid in reducing carbon footprint and support the global transition of using renewable energy. The current research attempts to enhance the thermal performance of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger by means of using PCM and a modified tube design. The enthalpy–porosity method is employed for modelling the phase change. Paraffin wax is treated as PCM and poured within the annulus; the annulus comprises a circular shell and a fined wavy (trefoil-shaped) tube. In addition, copper nanoparticles are incorporated with the base PCM to enhance the thermal conductivity and melting rate. Effects of many factors, including nanoparticle concentration, the orientation of the interior wavy tube, and the fin length, were examined. Results obtained from the current model imply that Cu nanoparticles added to PCM materials improve thermal and melting properties while reducing entropy formation. The highest results (27% decrease in melting time) are obtained when a concentration of nanoparticles of 8% is used. Additionally, the fins’ location is critical because fins with 45° inclination could achieve a 50% expedition in the melting process.