Pharmacology Of Vitamin Research Articles

Vitamin C for Offspring Pulmonary Protection from Maternal Smoking

Rigorously designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analysis of RCTs have failed to show a consistent efficacy for vitamin C supplementation in the intervention of common human diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, sepsis, diabetes, and cancer. It, however, has been becoming increasingly evident that vitamin C supplementation for pregnant smokers may be an effective modality for improving offspring airway function and pulmonary health. This Cutting-Edge Research Highlights article summarizes the latest clinical research development regarding vitamin C-mediated offspring pulmonary protection from maternal smoking. (First online: June 4, 2023) REFERENCES Sauberlich HE. Pharmacology of vitamin C. Annu Rev Nutr 1994; 14:371–91. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.14.070194.002103 Young JI, Zuchner S, Wang G. Regulation of the epigenome by vitamin C. 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Effects of vitamin C supplementation on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in people with type 2 diabetes: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care 2021; 44(2):618–30. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc20-1893 Zheng JS, Luan J, Sofianopoulou E, Imamura F, Stewart ID, Day FR, et al. Plasma vitamin C and type 2 diabetes: genome-wide association study and mendelian randomization analysis in european populations. Diabetes Care 2021; 44(1):98–106. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc20-1328 Creagan ET, Moertel CG, O'Fallon JR, Schutt AJ, O'Connell MJ, Rubin J, et al. Failure of high-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid) therapy to benefit patients with advanced cancer: a controlled trial. N Engl J Med 1979; 301(13):687–90. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197909273011303 Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Creagan ET, Rubin J, O'Connell MJ, Ames MM. High-dose vitamin C versus placebo in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer who have had no prior chemotherapy: a randomized double-blind comparison. N Engl J Med 1985; 312(3):137–41. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198501173120301 Lin J, Cook NR, Albert C, Zaharris E, Gaziano JM, Van Denburgh M, et al. Vitamins C and E and beta carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a randomized controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101(1):14–23. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djn438 Tsuchiya M, Asada A, Kasahara E, Sato EF, Shindo M, Inoue M. Smoking a single cigarette rapidly reduces combined concentrations of nitrate and nitrite and concentrations of antioxidants in plasma. Circulation 2002; 105(10):1155–7. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hc1002.105935 McEvoy CT, Schilling D, Clay N, Jackson K, Go MD, Spitale P, et al. Vitamin C supplementation for pregnant smoking women and pulmonary function in their newborn infants: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014; 311(20):2074–82. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.5217 McEvoy CT, Shorey-Kendrick LE, Milner K, Schilling D, Tiller C, Vuylsteke B, et al. Oral vitamin C (500 mg/d) to pregnant smokers improves infant airway function at 3 months (VCSIP): a randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199(9):1139–47. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201805-1011OC McEvoy CT, Shorey-Kendrick LE, Milner K, Schilling D, Tiller C, Vuylsteke B, et al. Vitamin C to pregnant smokers persistently improves infant airway function to 12 months of age: a randomised trial. Eur Respir J 2020. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02208-2019 McEvoy CT, Shorey-Kendrick LE, Milner K, Harris J, Vuylsteke B, Cunningham M, et al. Effect of vitamin C supplementation for pregnant smokers on offspring airway function and wheeze at age 5 years: follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2023; 177(1):16–24. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.4401 Moshammer H, Hoek G, Luttmann-Gibson H, Neuberger MA, Antova T, Gehring U, et al. Parental smoking and lung function in children: an international study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173(11):1255–63. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200510-1552OC Toppila-Salmi S, Luukkainen AT, Xu B, Lampi J, Auvinen J, Dhaygude K, et al. Maternal smoking during pregnancy affects adult onset of asthma in offspring: a follow up from birth to age 46 years. Eur Respir J 2020; 55(6). doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01857-2019

Vitamin D and its Influence on Oral Health: A Literature Review

Vitamin D is a steroid hormone that has long been recognized for its function in calcium and phosphorus regulation and bone mineralization. As dentists, we are well aware of the role it plays in tooth growth and mineralization. Vitamin D, in addition to supporting calcium homeostasis, appears to control a variety of physiologic processes. Vitamin D deficiency though appears as a single element deficiency its impact on the entire human body is tremendous. It is a growing health issue but still awareness and the importance of maintaining adequate levels in the body is not known by most of the population. Vitamin D deficiency affects individuals of all ages, including those born to aged adults. In this article, we will be focusing on the function physiological action, and pharmacology of vitamin D. We will also review how vitamin D insufficiency affects dental caries, child oral health, periodontium, orthodontic tooth movement, and oral cancer.

Systematic synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of ω-carboxylated menaquinone derivatives—Investigations on identified and putative vitamin K2 metabolites

Vitamin K is an essential nutrient for blood coagulation and bone homeostasis, and also functions in many physiological processes including inflammation and cancer progression. However, the nature and activities of its metabolites remain unclear. We report here systematic synthesis of ω-carboxylated derivatives of menaquinone (vitamin K2), including previously identified metabolites 5, K acid I (10), and K acid II (12), and evaluation of their inhibitory activity toward LPS-stimulated induction of inflammatory cytokines. These results should contribute to an improved understanding of the biochemistry and pharmacology of vitamin K.

Understanding the physiology, pharmacology and therapeutic uses of vitamin D

Vitamin D was identified nearly a century ago as an important regulator in the absorption and transport of essential minerals (particularly calcium, phosphorus and magnesium), and as such is a key determinant of normal bone development. Vitamin D is now seen as a potentially key hormonal regulator in the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, renal, nervous, adipose and immune systems. An adequate supply of vitamin D at all stages of life is essential for the maintenance of good health. It has, however, been estimated that upwards of 1 billion people, in both the developed and developing world, can be categorised as being vitamin D deficient. This article discusses some key aspects of the biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology of vitamin D.

The physiology and pharmacology of vitamin D

Vitamin D was identified nearly a century ago as an important regulator in the absorption and transport of essential minerals (particularly calcium, phosphorus and magnesium), and as such is a key determinant of normal bone development. Vitamin D is now seen as a potentially key hormonal regulator in the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, renal, nervous, adipose and immune systems. An adequate supply of vitamin D at all stages of life is essential for the maintenance of good health. It has, however, been estimated that upwards of 1 billion people, in both the developed and developing world, can be categorised as being vitamin D deficient. This article discusses some of the key aspects of the biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology of vitamin D.

Pharmacology of Vitamin E in the Newborn

The use of pharmacologic doses of vitamin E is distinctly different from nutritional vitamin E in regards to issues of efficacy and safety. Repeated administration of pharmacologic doses of vitamin E results in increasing concentrations of vitamin E in all tissues examined. The emergence of a toxic clinical syndrome associated with vitamin E therapy, the effects of vitamin E on important physiologic systems such as granulocyte function and the arachidonic acid cascade, the theoretic possibility of vitamin E becoming a prooxidant at high concentrations, and the continuing controversy regarding the efficacy of pharmacologic doses of vitamin E mandate further study of the dose-response nature of pharmacologic vitamin E therapy from both an efficacy and toxicity perspective.

Vitamin A: evidence for its preventive role in human cancer.

Both the provitamin beta-carotene and natural vitamin A and its derivatives (the retinoids) are being proposed as potential chemopreventive agents. The biochemistry and pharmacology of vitamin A suggest a number of mechanisms whereby carcinogenesis can be affected. Epidemiologic studies have consistently demonstrated an increased relative risk of cancer for people with low vitamin A intake or low-to-normal serum retinol values. Chemoprevention trials in humans are only now beginning. In the interim, daily consumption of vitamin-A-containing foods may be a "prescription" worth following.