Pharmacology Of Antibiotics Research Articles

Grand challenge in antibiotic pharmacology: A major step toward tailored antimicrobial treatment in very complex clinical scenarios of infectious risk management

Grand challenge in antibiotic pharmacology: A major step toward tailored antimicrobial treatment in very complex clinical scenarios of infectious risk management

Antibiotic usage in pediatric dentistry: A review

Antibioticsplay a major role in the treatment of numerous diseases in the oro-dental region.Dentists need to keep their knowledge updated regarding the pharmacology of antibiotics and there use in the treatment of dental infections for children with a better understanding of action to provide better treatment and also to reduce misuse and over prescription of drugs to inhibit bacterial resistance. This review article is scripted with a motive to provide essential information of the antibiotics used in pediatric dentistry so as to render healthy information to parents and children.

ВИСВІТЛЕННЯ ПРОБЛЕМ РАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ АНТИБІОТИКІВ ПРИ ВИКЛАДАННІ ФАРМАКОЛОГІЇ

Мета роботи – аналіз проблем раціонального застосування антибіотиків та шляхів їх вирішення при викладанні фармакології.
 Основна частина. Проаналізовано основні проблеми, які перешкоджають ефективній антибіотикотерапії у наш час (прогресуюче зростання резистентності мікроорганізмів, нераціональне, надмірне застосування антибіотиків у клінічній практиці) та підкреслено важливість подачі цього матеріалу студентам для усвідомлення ними належних правил використання антибіотиків. 
 Висновок. Аналіз причин антибіотикорезистентності, проблем раціонального призначення антибактеріальних препаратів та шляхів їх вирішення при викладанні теми “Фармакологія антибіотиків” є важливою складовою ефективного опанування студентами цього важливого матеріалу з метою використання у майбутній лікарській діяльності.

Introducing First Aid Skills to Pre-Clerkship Medical Students While Reinforcing Basic Science Concepts

The benefit of exposing medical students throughout their medical training to emergency medicine concepts, including basic first aid knowledge, has been established [1]. The American College of Emergency Physicians (2008) called for introduction and integration of basic first aid skills throughout the 4 years of medical school [2]. Teaching clinical skills to preclinical students has the benefit of enhancing learning by providing meaningful clinical relevance to basic science learning, is motivating for learning, and is beneficial for reviewing and reinforcing basic science concepts [3]. It is often assumed that entering medical students have knowledge and skills to provide essential medical care; however, many are unfamiliar with even very basic first aid skills. A 2-hour workshop to teach first aid procedures was developed and presented to 25 volunteer first (M1) and second year (M2) students at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (RWJMS). The workshop covered procedures for wound care, hemorrhage control, and treatment of burns. Relevant basic science content (musculoskeletal anatomy and physiology, microbiology of tetanus and skin infections, and antibiotic pharmacology) was presented, followed by demonstrations and hands-on practice sessions. The practice sessions included procedures for applying direct pressure to a wound, dressing a wound, and wrapping burns with sterile gauze. Workshop evaluations via pre and post-surveys measured knowledge acquisition, comfort in providing first aid, and overall effectiveness of the session. Evaluation results were very positive. The mean score (12 questions) of first aid knowledge increased from 38.3 % to 81.7 % (p<0.001). On a Likert scale measuring student comfort in providing care to a bleeding patient (1=very uncomfortable to 5=very comfortable), scores increased from 2.68 to 4.36 (p<0.001); comfort for providing burn care increased from 2.28 to 4.48 (p<0.001). On additional posttest Likert scale questions (1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree), students also responded very positively to the integration of basic science content (4.72), hands-on practice sessions (4.58), usefulness of information (4.76), and interest level and quality of presentation (4.76). There were no significant differences between M1 and M2 students; at least one semester of medical school basic science material is recommended. Based on this initial success, another workshop about limb injuries and cervical spine injury care is being developed as another optional student experience, and will include both basic science correlations and hands-on practice sessions.

Antimikrobielle Therapie bei Patienten nach Verbrennungstrauma

Infections are a great diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in intensive care patients with burn injuries. The major problems are due to bacteria with hospital-acquired multiresistance to antibiotics but fungal and viral infections may also be life-threatening. The main key points addressing pharmacotherapy with antibiotic, antifungal and antiviral agents in this special setting are exact diagnosis, early therapy with suitable drugs, adequate duration of treatment and adequate doses based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of these compounds. The latter parameters are significantly altered in burn patients and show a wide interindividual and intraindividual variation in drug response as a result of the characteristic phases of burn injury. Drug concentration analysis may help to avoid inadequate dosing. In this review the main characteristics of burn injuries and the pharmacology of antibiotics, antifungal and antiviral agents in these patients are presented.

Signification clinique des corrélations pharmacocinétique/pharmacodynamie des antibiotiques chez les patients de réanimation

Patients hospitalized in intensive care units frequently require a treatment with antibiotics and exhibit specific problems in term of determination of the better dosage regimen to administer. Indeed, the physiopathologic conditions of these patients and the other treatments they receive are able to induce significant modifications of the pharmacokinetic profiles of several drugs and to increase the variability in their serum concentrations. Therefore, it is of interest to use all the approaches, which provide solutions to control the pharmacokinetic variability and to help in the determination of an adequate dosage. In the recent years, the research of surrogate makers able to predict the bacteriologic and clinical issue of an infection treatment has been a major tool in the pharmacology of antibiotics. These surrogate markers have been determined by defining the pharmacodynamics of the antibiotics, i.e. concentration or time-dependent bactericidal effect, the post antibiotic effect or the mutation prevention concentration and by combining them with their pharmacokinetics in order to calculate for each antibiotic/bacteria couple and each patient the optimal dosage regimen designed to obtain as soon as possible the better clinical outcome and also to minimize as much as possible the risk of resistant mutant strains selection. Inhibitory quotient, inhibitory area under the curve and time over minimum inhibitory concentration are the most important parameters able to modify the clinical issue of an infection in animal models and in humans and are increasingly used in clinical practice.

小児の臨床薬理 ３．抗菌薬の小児臨床薬理

小児の臨床薬理 ３．抗菌薬の小児臨床薬理

Physiology and Pharmacology of Antibiotics

Physiology and Pharmacology of Antibiotics

Pharmacology of antibiotics in the neonate

Ideal antimicrobial decision-making depends on the physician's knowledge of the epidemiology and microbiology of neonatal infection, coupled with a basic understanding of the pharmacology of commonly used antimicrobials. Specific considerations and the use of antimicrobials in the neonate are dependent on the organism, the prevailing susceptibility pattern, the site of infection, and expected tissue penetration, as well as factors affecting neonatal physiology and drug distribution. Age-dependent differences in pharmacokinetics can be predicted by careful consideration and characterization of normal developmental physiology as it affects absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Pharmacological data are discussed regarding the antimicrobials commonly used in the neonate, includes aminoglycosides, vancomycin, the penicillins, and cephalosporins; and macrolides, including clindamycin, quinolones, monobactams, carbapenems, and metronidazole.

Influence of hydrocortisone succinate on intrarenal accumulation of gentamicin in endotoxemic rats.

Gentamicin is a commonly used antibiotic in the treatment of gram-negative infections including septicemia and pyelonephritis. Bacterial endotoxin is liberated during antibiotic therapy and may lead to endotoxemic shock. Steroids such as hydrocortisone are generally recommended in the treatment of endotoxemic shock. There are very limited data on the influence of endotoxin or corticosteroids on the pharmacology of antibiotics, especially aminoglycosides, which are nephrotoxic. We studied the influence of both Escherichia coli endotoxin and hydrocortisone succinate on the renal uptake of gentamicin in rats. Animals were injected intravenously with endotoxin (0.25 mg/kg) and/or hydrocortisone (25 mg/kg) plus gentamicin (10 mg/kg). Gentamicin levels in the serum and renal parenchyma as well as renal function and histology were evaluated. Both endotoxin and hydrocortisone given alone increased the concentration of gentamicin in the renal cortex (P less than 0.05). Normal values in serum were observed in all groups at most time intervals. When administered together, endotoxin and hydrocortisone did not potentiate each other. The combination of endotoxin and hydrocortisone gave significantly higher levels of gentamicin than endotoxin or hydrocortisone alone when endotoxin was injected 3 h before hydrocortisone (P less than 0.05). Blood pressure and cardiac frequency were normal when gentamicin was given. Endotoxin alone slightly decreased the glomerular filtration rate, and hydrocortisone alone slightly modified renal plasma flow. The combination of both drugs did not significantly affect renal function. No histological lesion was noted on light microscopy in animals receiving endotoxin. Competitive or synergistic activity of endotoxin, gentamicin, and hydrocortisone at the cellular level, especially on membranes or lysosomes, might explain in part our observation on the renal uptake of gentamicin. By increasing the total amount of drug within the kidney, endotoxin and hydrocortisone might increase the risk of nephrotoxicity associated with aminoglycosides.

Review of imipenem.

Imipenem, a new carbapenem beta-lactam broad-spectrum antibiotic, is highly active in vitro against most aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria isolated from infectious diseases of human beings. Except for enterococci and methicillin-resistant staphylococci most gram-positive cocci are inhibited by less than 2 micrograms/ml. Although the MIC-90 of methicillin-resistant staphylococci may be less than 4 micrograms/ml, these bacteria are usually resistant to imipenem by modified testing methods. The enterococcus, S. faecalis, has an MIC-90 of less than 8 micrograms/ml but bactericidal concentration may be much higher. Most Enterobacteriaceae are highly susceptible to imipenem with MIC-90 of 0.5 to 2.0 micrograms/ml. Proteus species are less susceptible with MICs of 4 to 8 micrograms/ml. Isolates of P. aeruginosa have variable susceptibility with MICs ranging from 0.25 to 16 micrograms/ml. Pseudomonas maltophilia and P. cepacia are usually resistant to imipenem. Except for Clostridium species, most strict anaerobes are susceptible to less than 1.0 micrograms/ml of imipenem. When combined with cilastatin (1:1 ratio), the renal elimination of the active form is increased. The serum halflife in normal renal function is about 1 hour and increases to 3.4 hours in anuria. Major adverse effects are similar to those of cephalosporins except for seizures in some patients. Colonization with fungi and drug-resistant bacteria occurs in about 5% of imipenem-treated patients. Clinical studies have demonstrated efficacy in 79% to 96% of patients treated.

Do antibiotics interfere with host/bacterial interaction?

Antibiotics exert a number of effects on bacteria other than simply killing them or inhibiting their growth. Increasing evidence that exposure of bacteria to antibiotics induces profound alterations in the interaction between bacteria and host defense has been noted. The effect of antibiotics on polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the immune specific response of mononuclear cells is reviewed. An understanding of such effects would allow a more rational application of antibiotics, as well as provide direction in the development of new antibiotics that have both specific antibacterial action and positive effects on host defense mechanisms.

The pharmacology of antibiotics as a guide to their use.

The pharmacology of antibiotics as a guide to their use.

Contributions of Maxwell Finland to the clinical pharmacology of antibiotics.

When I first began work with Dr. Finland in 1957, he permitted me to spend a few weeks in Ann Arbor to complete some earlier studies. I took along with me a large number of his reprints and carefully read them. This opportunity turned out to be invaluable in preparing for my new career. The occasion of this review is my second opportunity to go over those papers and the many which have followed since. I am convinced that the young investigator would do well to read in depth the works of a major figure in his field. The earliest papers will generally be quite unrelated to the man's eventual life work. Every once in a while, a diversion from the main path will be seen, as the mentor follows some interesting line in depth for a year or so and then returns to his major pursuit. It is not possible here to review completely Dr. Finland's contributions to the field of clinical

Current status of therapy in infantile diarrhea.

This paper is a brief review of the therapeutic problems of diarrhea in infancy, especially acute diarrhea. Practical aspects of treatment are presented rather than theoretical principles. Other sources should be consulted for information on basic problems such as bacterial resistance, pharmacology of antibiotics, water and electrolyte physiology, and gastrointestinal allergy. The incidence of diarrhea in infancy and childhood remains relatively high, although modern therapy has markedly lowered mortality. Each year several hundred cases of diarrhea are treated at the Harriet Lane Home in Baltimore. Even in areas of high socioeconomic status, severe epidemics of diarrhea continue to occur in nurseries for newborn infants. The epidemiology and prevention of such outbreaks will be discussed, since specific antibacterial therapy represents a significant part of recommended prophylactic measures. Diagnosis Diarrhea may be defined as an increase in the volume of stools. However, the diagnosis of diarrheal disease cannot be made precisely, particularly

Pharmacology of antibiotics.

Pharmacology of Antibiotics Get access HENRY WELCH HENRY WELCH *Federal Security Agency, Food and Drug AdministrationWashington, D. C. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Volume VI, Issue Summer, Summer 1951, Pages 348–368, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/VI.Summer.348 Published: 01 July 1951