Pharmacological Treatment Of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms Research Articles

Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: a network meta-analysis.

Pharmacological treatments are very common to be used for alleviating neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in dementia. However, decision on drug selection is still a matter of controversy. To summarise the comparative efficacy and acceptability of currently available monotherapy drug regimens for reducing NPS in dementia. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials between inception and 26 December 2022 without language restrictions; and reference lists scanned from selected studies and systematic reviews. Double-blind randomised controlled trials were identified from electronic databases for reporting NPS outcomes in people with dementia. Primary outcomes were efficacy and acceptability. Confidence in the evidence was assessed using Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis (CINeMA). We included 59 trials (15,781 participants; mean age, 76.6years) and 15 different drugs in quantitative syntheses. Risperidone (standardised mean difference [SMD] -0.20, 95% credible interval [CrI] -0.40 to -0.10) and galantamine (-0.20, -0.39 to -0.02) were more effective than placebo in short-term treatment (median duration: 12weeks). Galantamine (odds ratio [OR] 1.95, 95% CrI 1.38-2.94) and rivastigmine (1.87, 1.24-2.99) were associated with more dropouts than placebo, and some active drugs. Most of the results were rated as low or very low according to CINeMA. Despite the scarcity of high-quality evidence, risperidone is probably the best pharmacological option to consider for alleviating NPS in people with dementia in short-term treatment when considering the risk-benefit profile of drugs.

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Dementia: Considering a Clinical Role for Electroencephalography.

Degenerative dementia is characterized by progressive cognitive decline and neuropsychiatric symptoms. People with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, show synaptic loss and disruption of functional brain networks along with neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Electroencephalography (EEG) directly reflects synaptic activity, and among patients with AD it is associated with slowing of background activity. The purpose of this study was to identify associations between neuropsychiatric symptoms and EEG in patients with dementia and to determine whether EEG parameters could be used for clinical assessment of pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia (NPSD) with galantamine or risperidone. Seventy-two patients with EEG recordings and a score ≥10 on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) were included. Clinical assessments included administration of the NPI, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI). Patients underwent EEG examinations at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment with galantamine or risperidone. EEG frequency analysis was performed. Correlations between EEG and assessment scale scores were statistically examined, as were EEG changes from baseline to the week 12 visit and the relationship with NPI, CMAI, and MMSE scores. Significant correlations were found between NPI agitation and delta EEG frequencies at baseline and week 12. No other consistent and significant relationships were observed between NPSD and EEG at baseline, after NPSD treatment, or in the change in EEG from baseline to follow-up. The limited informative findings in this study suggest that there exists a complex relationship between NPSD and EEG; hence, it is difficult to evaluate and use EEG for clinical assessment of pharmacological NPSD treatment.

Update on Pharmacological Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) commonly occur in dementia and are a major source of burden and distress for both patients and their caregivers. Nonpharmacological treatments are often of limited benefit, particularly when NPS are severe, and at present no medication is approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat any NPS. This paper reviews the most recent evidence available for nine proposed treatments (eight medications or classes, plus electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)). Guidance will also be provided regarding a suggested algorithm for pharmacological treatment selection. The strongest evidence is for atypical antipsychotics, but they have a high burden of adverse effect in dementia, including increased mortality risk. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are likely safer, but evidence for efficacy is currently less strong. The strongest evidence exists for citalopram, but increased risk for QTc prolongation may limit use. Research suggests that mood stabilizers use may be ineffective and unsafe, although select patients may benefit. Benzodiazepines have had limited study, and due to high adverse effect burden, should be reserved for patients who have not responded to or cannot tolerate other classes of medication, and used only after careful weighing of risks and benefits. Cannabinoids, prazosin, dextromethorphan/quinidine, and pimavanserin all have some limited but promising data supporting their use. Electroconvulsive therapy may be helpful for severe NPS, but its impracticality likely limits use. NPS in dementia cause marked burden and suffering. In severe cases for which pharmacological treatment is indicated, the strongest evidence exists for atypical antipsychotics, but given their high adverse effect burden, SSRIs should be considered, if deemed appropriate, as first line treatment. Third or lower tier treatments can include anticonvulsants, cannabinoids, prazosin, dextromethorphan/quinidine, and pimavanserin. Benzodiazepines should be reserved for select situations with careful weighing of risks and benefits. ECT may be effective for severe NPS, but is likely of limited practical use.

Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis

AbstractBackgroundNeuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) of dementia are a common issue in dementia patients. It generally presents as three disparate symptom clusters—agitation, psychosis, and mood disorders which have different biological and psychosocial triggers. Therefore, a “one size fits all” solution may not exist. Pharmacological treatments are its treatment of choice, but there is controversy about which agent should be used. We aimed to update and expand our previous work to compare and rank drugs for the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia.MethodsWe included all randomized controlled trials reported as double‐blind and comparing one active drug with another or with placebo. Studies searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, from database inception to Jun 28, 2019. Our primary outcome was change in overall neuropsychiatric symptoms measured with standardised rating scales. And the secondary outcomes were change in aggressive behavior, psychosis, apathy, and depressive symptoms. Effect size measures were standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% credible intervals (CrIs). We ranked the comparative effects of all drugs against placebo with surface under the cumulative ranking probabilities. We conducted subgroup analyses to assess the robustness of our findings. Confidence in the evidence was assessed using CINeMA. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42019132231.ResultsWe identified 8175 citations and of these included 114 trials comprising nearly thirty thousand participants. Effect size estimates suggested galantamine was more effective than placebo for reducing overall neuropsychiatric symptoms. SMD compared with placebo for reduction of aggressive behavior found that aripiprazole and risperidone appeared to be more efficacious, citalopram and methylphenidate for reduction of apathy symptoms, memantine and donepezil for reduction of psychosis. While the certainty of evidence was low to very low.ConclusionThis systematic review synthesized the available evidence on the comparative efficacy of different pharmacological approaches in the management of overall NPS, agitation, psychosis, apathy and depressive symptoms in dementia patients. These results may serve evidence‐based practice and inform patients, physicians, guideline developers. Especially, clinicians should differentiate these disparate symptom clusters since the appreciation of such complexity is vital to determine the appropriate treatment.

Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: a network meta-analysis protocol.

BackgroundNeuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) of dementia are a common issue in dementia patients which can lead to poor medical and functional outcomes. Pharmacological interventions are its treatment of choice. However, whether to use pharmacological treatments in this population and which drug should be preferred remain controversial. We therefore aimed to compare and rank pharmacological interventions for NPS according to their efficacy and acceptability profiles by quantifying information from randomized controlled trials (RCTs).MethodsWe will include all RCTs reported as double-blind and comparing one active drug with another or with placebo that compare cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs), N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor modulators, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and mood stabilisers. Studies will be retrieved by searching electronic databases, including Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, MEDLINE, Clinicaltrial.govs, EMBASE, and with no date or language restrictions. The primary outcomes were efficacy (change in overall symptoms) and acceptability (all-cause discontinuation). The network meta-analysis (NMA) will be conducted in R software within a Bayesian framework. The quality of evidence will be evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, and the GRADE approach. We will conduct subgroup analyses to assess the robustness of our findings.ResultsThe results of this study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.ConclusionsThis systematic review will synthesize the available evidence on the comparative efficacy of different pharmacological approaches in the management of overall NPS, agitation, psychosis, apathy and depressive symptoms in dementia patients. The results of the present NMA will influence evidence-based treatment decisions for clinicians.

Ongoing Research Protocols for the Pharmacological Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Dementia.

The implementation of effective interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) is perceived as one of the most pressing research priorities in the field of dementia and one of the main unmet needs from the perspective of affected individuals and their caregivers and relatives. Nevertheless, to date, only a relatively marginal part of dementia research has focused on NPS. This study aimed to describe and discuss the state of the art concerning the identification and development of new pharmacological treatments for NPS in dementia. A review of 320 ongoing phase 1, 2, 3, and 4 protocols registered in the clinicaltrials.gov database was performed. All the trials enrolling patients with dementia were selected. Only studies adopting clinical measures of NPS frequency and/or severity as primary outcome were retained and analyzed. Overall, only a minority of ongoing phase 1, 2, 3 and 4 protocols on dementia (i.e., 9.0%) is primarily targeting NPS. Most of these studies are adopting a placebo-controlled parallel assignment design, testing oral compounds, and targeting specific NPS (mostly agitation and/or aggression). A total of 3,445 subjects with dementia will tentatively be recruited in these trials. The methodologies adopted in these studies, the characteristics of the tested interventions, the eligibility criteria, and the operational definitions of NPS are presented and discussed. The relevance of NPS is not yet matched by an adequate research effort. The current tendency at privileging disease-modifying approaches and other symptoms of dementia and the methodological complexity of studying NPS are still substantially contributing to the gap between research activities and clinical needs.

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Dementia: Considerations for Pharmacotherapy in the USA.

Dementia affects all domains of cognition. The relentless progression of the disease after diagnosis is associated with a 98% incidence of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) at some point in the disease, including depression, psychosis, agitation, aggression, apathy, sleep disturbances, and disinhibition. These symptoms can be severe and lead to excess morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this article was to describe current literature on the medication management of NPS of dementia and highlight approaches to and concerns about the pharmacological treatment of NPS in the USA. Guidelines and expert opinion favor nonpharmacologic management of NPS as first-line management. Unfortunately, lack of adequate caregiver training and a high failure rate eventually result in the use of psychotropic agents in patients with dementia. Various psychotropic medications have been studied, although how they should be used in the management of NPS remains unclear. A systematic approach to evaluation, treatment, and monitoring, along with careful documentation and evidenced-based agent and dose selection, is likely to reduce risk and improve patient outcomes. Considerations should be given to the NPS presentation, including type, frequency, and severity, when weighing the risks and benefits of initiating, continuing, or discontinuing psychotropic management. Use of antidepressants, sedative/hypnotics, antipsychotics, and antiepileptic agents should include a clear and documented analysis of risk and benefit in a given patient with dementia.

Development and pilot testing of a decision aid for the initiation of antipsychotic medications in persons with dementia in long-term care using a systematic approach: a study protocol

IntroductionAntipsychotic medications are commonly used in long-term care to treat neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia despite concerns that their risks (eg, infection, falls, death) may outweigh their benefits. This study protocol...

Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundA wide variety of pharmacological agents are used in the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms, which are common in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but results from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the...

Citalopram in Agitated and Delusional Demented Patients Who Failed Treatment With Antipsychotic Agents

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article DepartmentsFull AccessCitalopram in Agitated and Delusional Demented Patients Who Failed Treatment With Antipsychotic AgentsNabil Kotbi, M.D., Arun Singh, D.O., Jerard Kneifati-Hayek, B.A., Anna Odom, Ph.D., and George Alexopoulos, M.D.Nabil KotbiSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., Arun SinghSearch for more papers by this author, D.O., Jerard Kneifati-HayekSearch for more papers by this author, B.A., Anna OdomSearch for more papers by this author, Ph.D., and George AlexopoulosSearch for more papers by this author, M.D.Published Online:1 Apr 2014https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.13060122AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail To the Editor: Agitation is a common, difficult to treat complication of dementing disorders. Optimal management of agitation consists of treatment of precipitants of agitation, including undiagnosed medical problems, pain, drug toxicity, environmental triggers, poor sleep, delirium, and depression.1 When precipitants of agitation are either absent or successfully treated, pharmacological treatment may target the syndrome of agitation. Antipsychotic agents are recommended as the first line treatment for this purpose. However, antipsychotic drugs have modest efficacy2 and entail safety concerns including orthostasis, drowsiness, extrapyramidal syndromes, incoordination, metabolic syndrome, prolonged QTc in EKG, and cerebrovascular events.3Antidepressants have received limited attention in the treatment of agitation of dementia. A controlled trial of demented patients psychiatrically hospitalized for agitation showed that citalopram and perphenazine were superior to placebo and found no difference in the efficacy of the two psychotropic agents.4 A more recent study showed that citalopram had equal efficacy with risperidone in demented patients who required psychiatric inpatient care because of agitation.5We recently successfully treated with citalopram two agitated, delusional, nondepressed, demented patients who had failed several trials of antipsychotics. Our first patient was an 84-year-old woman with a mixed Alzheimer’s/vascular dementia who was acutely hospitalized because of physical aggression and the somatic delusion that her organs were being moved around in her body. Trials of risperidone, haloperidol, and quetiapine led to equivalent response, while lorazepam worsened her agitation. On admission, risperidone was replaced with citalopram 10 mg twice daily and increased to 15 mg twice daily. Within 72 hours, the agitation diminished dramatically, and the patient was discharged soon thereafter. On follow-up several weeks after discharge, we found that she remained in good behavioral control.The second patient was an 80-year-old woman with Alzheimer’s dementia who presented with violent behavior and paranoia. She had failed trials of atypical and typical antipsychotics. She was initially treated with risperidone but showed no improvement. She was switched to citalopram 10 mg twice daily, which was later increased to 15 mg twice daily. Her agitation and paranoia improved 4 days after starting citalopram and remained agitation free throughout the hospitalization and several weeks after discharge.What is interesting about the above cases is that citalopram reduced agitation in nondepressed, demented patients with delusions and paranoia. Combined with earlier studies, this observation suggests that citalopram may be a reasonable treatment option for nondepressed, delusional, agitated, demented patients that do not share the side effects of antipsychotic agents.Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, White Plains, NYSend correspondence to Dr. Odom; e-mail: [email protected]cornell.eduDr. Alexopoulos has received grant support from Forest; he has served as a consultant to Forest, Hoffman-La Roche, Janssen, Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, and Otsuka; and he currently serves or has served on the speakers' bureau of AstraZeneca, Avanir, Forest, Merck, Novartis, Sunovion, and Takeda-Lundbeck. All other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.References1 Salzman C, Jeste DV, Meyer RE, et al.: Elderly patients with dementia-related symptoms of severe agitation and aggression: consensus statement on treatment options, clinical trials methodology, and policy. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:889–898Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar2 Sink KM, Holden KF, Yaffe K: Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: a review of the evidence. JAMA 2005; 293:596–608Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar3 Steinberg M, Lyketsos CG: Atypical antipsychotic use in patients with dementia: managing safety concerns. Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169:900–906Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar4 Pollock BG, Mulsant BH, Rosen J, et al.: Comparison of citalopram, perphenazine, and placebo for the acute treatment of psychosis and behavioral disturbances in hospitalized, demented patients. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:460–465Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar5 Pollock BG, Mulsant BH, Rosen J, et al.: A double-blind comparison of citalopram and risperidone for the treatment of behavioral and psychotic symptoms associated with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 15:942–952Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByLorazepam19 July 2014 | Reactions Weekly, Vol. 1510, No. 1 Volume 26Issue 2 Spring 2014Pages E62-E62 Metrics PDF download History Published online 1 April 2014 Published in print 1 April 2014

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Patients with Dementias Associated with Cortical Lewy Bodies: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Pharmacological Management

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) are synucleinopathies that lead to neurodegeneration and dementia. Although they result in symptoms common to Alzheimer's disease, they are associated with early emergence of parkinsonism and high frequency of neuropsychiatric symptoms, most commonly hallucinations and delusions. This review summarizes the current understanding of the underlying biology of neuropsychiatric symptoms in DLB and PDD and the evidence base for treatment to address them. Disruption to cholinergic and serotonergic neurotransmission and synapse activity are highlighted as primary pathological factors in neuropsychiatric symptoms, particularly loss of key neurotransmitter functions, alterations to neuronal receptors in the serotonergic pathway, and regionally specific structural changes that are linked to specific symptoms. Review of options for pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms suggests that the best evidence for the value of treatment is for cholinesterase inhibitors, with an indication that people with visual hallucinations are particularly likely to benefit. Evidence for the benefits of antipsychotics other than clozapine is limited, and there are serious safety concerns about the use of antipsychotics in these patients. Evidence to support other pharmacological interventions is very preliminary. Nonpharmacological approaches based on person-centered care and cholinesterase inhibitors should be considered as the first-line treatment for neuropsychiatric symptoms except in extreme cases.

Review: Nonpharmacologic caregiver interventions improve dementia symptoms and caregiver reactions

Therapeutics19 February 2013Review: Nonpharmacologic caregiver interventions improve dementia symptoms and caregiver reactionsNathalie Paolino, DO, Patrick G. O’Malley, MD, MPH, FACPNathalie Paolino, DOUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA (N.P., P.G.O.)Search for more papers by this author, Patrick G. O’Malley, MD, MPH, FACPUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA (N.P., P.G.O.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-158-4-201302190-02004 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationBrodaty H, Arasaratnam C. Meta-analysis of nonpharmacological interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169:946-53. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22952073Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Mental Health: Geriatrics: Neurology: References1 Sink KM, Holden KF, Yaffe K. Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: a review of the evidence. JAMA. 2005;293:596-608. [PMID: 15687315] Google Scholar2 Raina P, Santaguida P, Ismaila A, et al. Effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for treating dementia: evidence review for a clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:379-97. [PMID: 18316756] Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA (N.P., P.G.O.)This article was published at Annals.org on 5 February 2013. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byManaging Your Loved One’s Health: Development of a New Care Management Measure for Dementia Family Caregivers 19 February 2013Volume 158, Issue 4Page: JC4KeywordsAdverse reactionsAntipsychoticsCaregiversClinical trial reportingDementiaDrug therapyPrevention, policy, and public healthPsychiatry and mental healthQuality of lifeSchizophrenia ePublished: 19 February 2013 Issue Published: 19 February 2013 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2013 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...

Pharmacological treatments for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in long-term care: a systematic review.

Medications are frequently prescribed for neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) associated with dementia, although information on the efficacy and safety of medications for NPS specifically in long-term care (LTC) settings is limited. The objective of this study was to provide a current review of the efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments for NPS in LTC. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials comparing medications with either placebo or other interventions in LTC. Study quality was described using the Cochrane collaboration risk of bias tool. The efficacy of medications was evaluated using NPS symptom rating scales. Safety was evaluated through rates of trial withdrawals, trial withdrawals due to adverse events, and mortality. A total of 29 studies met inclusion criteria. The most common medications evaluated in studies were atypical antipsychotics (N = 15), typical antipsychotics (N = 7), anticonvulsants (N = 4), and cholinesterase inhibitors (N = 3). Statistically significant improvements in NPS were noted in some studies evaluating risperidone, olanzapine, and single studies of aripiprazole, carbamazepine, estrogen, cyproterone, propranolol, and prazosin. Study quality was difficult to rate in many cases due to incomplete reporting of details. Some studies reported higher rates of trial withdrawals, adverse events, and mortality associated with medications. We conclude that there is limited evidence to support the use of some atypical antipsychotics and other medications for NPS in LTC populations. However, the generally modest efficacy and risks of adverse events highlight the need for the development of safe and effective pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for this population.

Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia

Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia

Pharmacological Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia: A Review of the Evidence

Systemic review of double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses of medication efficacy in the treatment of patients diagnosed with dementia and experiencing neuropsychiatric symptoms(hallucinations, delusions, agitation, aggression, combativeness, wandering). Studies were excluded if they reported only depression, if the medication was not available no longer used in the United States, or duplicated another study already included. Medline of English articles between 1966 and June 2004, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and a manual search by the authors for other relevant articles. Diverse outcome measures ranging from global benefit to behavioral rating scales. Some of the 29 reports listed several instruments; in total, 24 rating scales were used. Statistical outcome was described and some, but not all, noted clinical impression. Adverse outcomes were listed. The results were clustered in groups: conventional antipsychotics, atypicals, antidepressants, cholinesterase inhibitors, mood stabilizers, and others. Treatment duration ranged from 17 days to 16 weeks. Types of dementia and levels of severity varied. The authors reported little benefit and some evidence for harm for typical (or conventional) agents. In contrast, some RCTs of atypical antipsychotics reported "modest" benefit, with olanzapine and risperidone leading others. Although trials reported minimal side effects at low doses, authors acknowledged an increased risk for stroke. No studies adequately compared benefit of typical with atypical agents. With the possible exception of citalopram, antidepressant agents did not reduce agitation, but did improve depression. Cholinesterase inhibiting agents demonstrated significant efficacy toward behavior, while memantine had mixed results. Valproate did not prove to be efficacious, and results for carbamazepine were conflicting.

Review: pharmacotherapy provides minimal improvements in the neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia

Sink KM, Holden KF, Yaffe K. Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: a review of the evidence. JAMA 2005;293:596–608. [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Q How effective are pharmacological treatments for...

Pharmacological Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia

Pharmacological Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia

Pharmacological Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia

Pharmacological Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia

Pharmacological Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia—Reply

Pharmacological Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia—Reply

New Analysis Questions Antipsychotics' Stroke Risk

New Analysis Questions Antipsychotics' Stroke Risk