Drug Research Articles

Preparation and Practice on Pharmaceutical Products & Drug in Medical Store

Preparation and Practice on Pharmaceutical Products & Drug in Medical Store

Development of a Method for the Rapid Determination of 17 Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods of Animal Origin by UPLC-MS/MS Combined with Pass-Through SPE Cartridge

Development of a Method for the Rapid Determination of 17 Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods of Animal Origin by UPLC-MS/MS Combined with Pass-Through SPE Cartridge

Development and Validation of a Stability Indicating Analytical Method for the Estimation of Gliclazide and Sitagliptin in Bulk Drugs and Tablet Dosage Forms by RP-UPLC: An Application of the Quality-by-Design Approach

Sitagliptin and gliclazide are the active ingredients in OpdualagTM. A highly selective DPP-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin is thought to work in type 2 diabetics by delaying the inactivation of incretin hormones, which increases their concentration and lengthens their duration of effect. Sulfonyl urea mostly enhances insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells by inhibiting ATP-sensitive K+ channels, leading to depolarisation and Ca2+ influx. Reduced serum glucagon levels and enhanced insulin binding to receptors and target tissues are the mechanisms by which it exerts its effects. Objective: This study aims to create and evaluate an RP-UPLC technique for the detection of sitagliptin and gliclazide in pharmaceutical products by applying AQbD principles. Method: Findings By utilising the Design-expert® programme, we were able to execute a central composite design (CCD) consisting of three components arranged in five distinct layers, which greatly improved the chromatographic conditions. One method that oversees the whole analytical procedure life cycle—from method design and optimisation to validation and continual improvement—is Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD). Results: The retention times for sitagliptin were 1.269 minutes and for gliclazide they were 1.572 minutes. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) for Sitagliptin and Gliclazide were 0.19 µg/mL, 0.56 µg/mL, 0.28 µg/mL, and 0.86 µg/mL respectively. The recovery percentages for sitagliptin and gliclazide were found to be 99.15% to 100.54% and 99.93% to 100.58%, respectively. Both drugs were found to be susceptible to oxidative and photolytic breakdown in the forced degradation studies. Conclusions A novel RP-UPLC method has been developed for the quantitative detection of sitagliptin and gliclazide in pharmaceutical formulations, utilising the AQbD-based methodology. This approach is straightforward, rapid, precise, particular, and stable-indicating.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO OPTIMIZING THE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY OF THE ASSORTMENT POLICY OF A PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY BASED ON INVENTORY CONTROL

Abstract Aim is a methodological solution for optimizing the assortment policy management strategy of a pharmaceutical company based on inventory control. Research materials and methods. The study was conducted using the example of the pharmaceutical company Bayer and is based on the principles of positivistic philosophy and a deductive approach. The research materials include primary data from an interview with a pharmaceutical logistics manager and secondary data from prescriptions. The collected data were analyzed by calculating a number of values ​​(economic order volume, reorder point, safety stock, average assortment level) using ABC analysis and cycle counting methods. According to the collected initial information, the assortment portfolio of the analyzed company includes 400 pharmaceutical products. The proposed methodological approach is based on a consistent assessment of the assortment management system in effect in the pharmaceutical company. A qualitative assessment of the assortment status is given for individual items: was it insufficient, excessive, acceptable, or discontinued. Finally, an assortment management strategy was recommended aimed at increasing the efficiency of the assortment policy while minimizing overall costs. The accuracy of the product range accounting process is improved by using the cyclic counting method and ABC classification for each product. Results. The article presents the author's methodological approach to optimizing the product range portfolio of a pharmaceutical company. The proposed approach is based on data on inventory control under conditions of uncertain demand for pharmaceutical products using a continuous analysis policy. A quantitative and qualitative assessment of the product range status for individual drug names was conducted and an adapted product range management strategy was recommended, aimed at improving the efficiency of the product range policy while minimizing overall costs. Conclusion. The accuracy of the product range dynamics accounting process is improved by using the cyclic counting method and ABC analysis of products.

Home remedies: flexibilities to onshore pharmaceutical manufacturing under WTO rules

Abstract In the wake of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic, governments globally have intensified efforts to localize the production of pharmaceuticals, leveraging local content requirements and incentives to mitigate supply chain vulnerabilities. This shift has revealed tensions with World Trade Organization (WTO) regulations, notably highlighted in Turkey—Pharmaceutical Products (EU). This article explores policy-based flexibilities within the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994, the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures, and the Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) Agreement that may justify measures inconsistent with WTO norms under specific conditions. Analysing public health exceptions, national security imperatives, and government procurement policies, the paper elucidates how these flexibilities can be mobilized to support onshoring initiatives while adhering to international trade obligations. The findings suggest a nuanced approach to reconciling public health goals and economic strategies with global trade rules, providing a critical framework for policymakers navigating the complex interplay between national interests and international legal commitments.

OPTIMIZATION OF ROBUST HPLC APPROACH FOR ASSESSING PROCESS RELATED IMPURITIES OF LEMBOREXANT AND ELUCIDATION OF STRESS-INDUCED DEGRADATION PRODUCTS THROUGH LCMS/MS

This study primarily aimed to establish an uncomplicated yet highly responsive HPLC technique to effectively separate and quantify process-related impurities of Lemborexant. Additionally, it aimed to explore the forced degradation behavior of lemborexant through systematic assessments by utilizing LCMS. The chromatographic separation of drug substance, process related impurities and its degradation products (DPs) was achieved on Kinetex C18 (150×4.6 mm, 5 μm) column at that was maintained at 350C temperature using 10 mM ammonium formate buffer pH 4.2, acetonitrile and methanol in 65:25:10 (v/v) isocratic elution at 0.7 mL/min. Detection wavelength was selected as 265 nm. In the proposed conditions, lemborexant is identified at 4.06 and 6.19, 9.33 min and 1.60 min respectively for impurity 1, 2 and 3 min with acceptable system suitability and specificity. The method produces LOD at 0.009 for impurities with calibration range of 40–280 µg/mL for lemborexant and 0.04 - 0.28 µg/mL for impurities. The remaining validation parameters were observed to fall within acceptable ranges for both lemborexant and its impurities. The compound underwent exposure to various stress conditions (acid, base, peroxide, thermal, and UV light) as outlined in accordance with ICH Q1A (R2) guidelines. The degradation products formed during the stress study were detected and characterized using LCMS/MS in ESI positive mode. This involved a thorough comparison of collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry data between the degradation products and lemborexant. Consequently, potential structures for five degradation compounds were proposed. The outcomes of supplementary validation investigations were equally satisfactory, confirming their appropriateness for the regular quantification of lemborexant and its related impurities in both bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations. Furthermore, these findings have the potential to shed light on the mechanism of stress-induced degradation in lemborexant

Moisturizing Cream

A cream is a preparation usually for application to the skin. Creams are defines as "a semisolid dosage form containing one or more drug substances dissolved or dispersed in a suitable base

Highly Sensitive and Robust LC-MS/MS Method for Determination up to 15 Small Molecule Nitrosamine Impurities in Pharmaceutical Drug Substances.

Nitrosamine impurities have been classified as probable human carcinogens for decades. These impurities were reported in water, food, tobacco, pesticides, and plastics but received attention in mid-2018 when N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was reported in valsartan drug products. Subsequently, it was revealed that several small molecule and complex nitrosamine impurities can form in any active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or drug product in which secondary or tertiary amines are present (as API or as impurities) along with a nitrosating agent. Consequently, regulators have provided several guidelines for the risk assessment of nitrosamine formation during manufacturing, storage, or from contaminated supply chains. This has led to a demand for validated analytical methods that quantify N-nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceutical products. In this study, a highly sensitive and robust analytical method was developed and validated for quantitatively determining up to 15 small nitrosamines at low levels (0.01 ppm) in sartan drug substances. The study also suggests that this method can be extended not only to corresponding sartan drug products but could also be used as a generic screening method to test a variety of drug substances, and drug products with the minimum required optimization of method conditions.

Design and Demonstration of a Novel Interferometric Polarimeter for Quantitative Determination of Sugars in a Solution

Accurate quantification of sugar in food and pharmaceutical products is important to achieve the desired levels of sweetness, texture, flavor and nutritional content. This article introduces a novel polarization-sensitive interferometric method for measuring the concentration of sugar in solutions. The impact of sugar concentration is investigated by analyzing the visibility of the interference pattern using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with an interference pattern scanning and recording system. The visibility of the interference fringes is determined by cross-sectional scanning of the fringe pattern from its center over the photodetector, followed by cut-profile analysis. As the concentration of sucrose, glucose and fructose increases, a gradual decrease in interference pattern visibility is observed, following a parabolic trend within the broader detection range of 0–14 g/50 ml. The sensor’s performance is divided into two linear regions: region-1 (0–6 g/50 ml) and region-2 (6–14 g/50 ml). In region-1, fructose exhibited the highest sensitivity of 0.0195 (g/50 ml)-1, which is 6.09 times and 1.89 times higher than glucose and sucrose, respectively. Similarly, in region-2, fructose showed a sensitivity of 0.077 (g/50 ml)-1, surpassing glucose by 3.56 times and sucrose by 2.41 times. However, sucrose achieved the lowest limit of detection of 0.0021 g/ml, which is 2.76 times and 1.71 times better than glucose and fructose, respectively. The decreasing trend in interference pattern visibility is further validated through irradiance and optical rotation measurements of the laser beam passing through the sugar solutions relative to the reference laser beam. Results from both optical techniques demonstrated good agreement, with average deviations of 1.75%, 1.72%, and 4.24% for sucrose, glucose and fructose, respectively. The proposed technique is universally applicable for measuring the concentration of transparent, optically active solutions and has the potential to be a valuable tool for quality control and optimization in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Dimdazenil for the treatment of insomnia: a systematic review and narrative synthesis.

Insomnia is a common sleep disorder affecting approximately 10-20% of adults worldwide. Despite various available treatment modalities, significant gaps remain in improving sleep maintenance and reducing functional impairments. To systematically review and synthesize studies on the efficacy and safety of Dimdazenil for the treatment of insomnia. A comprehensive search of multiple databases and websites was conducted to identify published and unpublished trials from inception to July 19, 2024. Due to the limited number of studies available, quantitative data were synthesized narratively. This synthesis included four randomized controlled trials. The primary efficacy endpoints of these studies met the predetermined criteria for superiority. Dimdazenil significantly improved certain objective and subjective sleep measures in patients with insomnia, including reduced sleep latency and longer total sleep duration. Importantly, these outcomes were achieved without causing significant excessive daytime drowsiness or impairing daytime functionality. Furthermore, Dimdazenil demonstrated a generally acceptable safety profile and was well tolerated. Most evaluation indicators related to withdrawal symptoms, drug residues, and rebound effects did not show significant statistical differences. The number of included studies and sample sizes were small, and there is a lack of data on the long-term efficacy and safety of Dimdazenil. Dimdazenil offers significant benefits in improving sleep onset and maintenance in patients with insomnia. It presents a favorable safety and tolerability profile while preserving daytime functioning. Future studies should extend the duration and scale to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of Dimdazenil across diverse populations.

Microfluidic Fabrication of Oleosin-Coated Liposomes as Anticancer Drug Carriers with Enhanced Sustained Drug Release

Microfluid-derived liposomes (M-Lipo) exhibit great potential as drug and functional substance carriers in pharmaceutical and food science. However, the low liposome membrane stability, attributed to the liquid core, limits their application range. Oleosin, a natural surfactant protein, can improve the stability of the lipid nanoparticle membrane against various environmental stresses, such as heat, drying, and pH change; in addition, it can enable sustained drug release. Here, we proposed the fabrication of oleosin-coated M-Lipo (OM-Lipo) through self-assembly on a microfluidic chip and the evaluation of its anticancer drug (carmustine) delivery efficiency. Nanoparticle characterization revealed that the oleosin coating slightly lowered the membrane potential of M-Lipo and greatly improved their dispersibility. Additionally, the in vitro drug release profile showed that the oleosin coating improved the sustained release of the hydrophobic drug from the phospholipid bilayer in body temperature. Our results suggest that OM-Lipo has sufficient potential in various fields, based on its easy production, excellent stability, and biocompatibility.

Cyclotides. Prospects for using violet oxytocin-like substances to create a new generation of pharmacological agents

This review article focuses on the use of violets and their derivatives as medicinal agents. Special attention is given to the historical aspects of using the healing properties of violets, as well as the analysis of substances derived from these plants for pharmaceutical production. The article specifically discusses oxytocin-like substances found in violets, particularly cyclotides. Cyclotides are globular microproteins with a unique head-to-tail cyclized backbone stabilized by three disulfide bonds forming a cystine knot. The chemical characteristics of cyclotides make them suitable for use as recombinant scaffolds in the design and development of ligands for G protein-coupled receptors, which are part of the modern generation of drugs. The development of ligands for bradykinin and κ-opioid receptors, which are in demand in modern pharmacology, is described in detail.

Chemical characterization of wheat-based waste derived from a pharmaceutical process for its potential valorization

IntroductionWe report the analysis and characterization and the preliminary biological evaluation, of both liquid and solid wastes obtained from the processing of wheat (Triticum vulgare) to produce the most iconic phytostimulin-based pharmaceutical products. The study aims to verify whether the waste can be reused in another process and not destined to its simple destructive disposal.MethodsIn this perspective, we first carried out an in-depth chemical-physical analysis of the waste together with a biocompatibility evaluation to plan the feasible final choice of waste destination. The liquid and solid waste derived from the processing of wheat extract were analyzed and characterized through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS).ResultsResults highlight that ferulic acid represent the most abundant phenolic compound for solid waste with a content of 89.782 mg/kg and dihydroferulic acid is the predominant for liquid waste (6.24 mg/L). These concentrations represent 55.87% and 84.39% of the total concentration of bioactive compounds for liquid and solid waste, respectively. The antioxidant activity registered for the solid extract was 8.598 and 7.262 mmol trolox/kg, respectively for ABTS and FRAP assays. The total phenolic content (TPC) in the liquid extract undergoes a significant percentage reduction compared to the solid waste. As regards toxicity, both liquid and solid wastes were investigated in vitro preclinical models of human skin (HaCaT cells and HDFa) after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure. No cytotoxic effect was noted even at the highest tested concentration (100 μg/mL) at 72 h.DiscussionOverall, considering its chemo-physical features and active ingredients, we believe that this waste is highly reusable as a starting material for the development of cosmeceutical products. Thus, this study allows us to motivate the destination of the waste of the production in a recyclable raw material for additional industrial processes, thereby promoting an eco-friendly circular economy operation.

Graph Neural Networks with Multi-features for Predicting Cocrystals using APIs and Coformers Interactions.

Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have gained direct pharmaceutical interest, along with their in vitro properties, and thus utilized as auxiliary solid dosage forms upon FDA guidance and approval on pharmaceutical cocrystals when reacting with coformers, as a potential and attractive route for drug substance development. However, screening and selecting suitable and appropriate coformers that may potentially react with APIs to successfully form cocrystals is a time-consuming, inefficient, economically expensive, and labour-intensive task. In this study, we implemented GNNs to predict the formation of cocrystals using our introduced API-coformers relational graph data. We further compared our work with previous studies that implemented descriptor-based models (e.g., random forest, support vector machine, extreme gradient boosting, and artificial neural networks). All built graph-based models show compelling performance accuracies (i.e., 91.36, 94.60 and 95. 95% for GCN, GraphSAGE, and RGCN respectively). RGCN demonstrated effectiveness and prevailed among the built graph-based models due to its capability to capture intricate and learn nuanced relationships between entities such as non-ionic and non-covalent interactions or link information between APIs and coformers which are crucial for accurate predictions and representations. These capabilities allows the model to adeptly learn the topological structure inherent in the graph data.

Impact of Citrate on Mitigating Iron Mediated Polysorbate 80 Degradation in Biotherapeutic Formulation Placebos.

Polysorbate 80 (PS80), a widely used polymeric surfactant in biotherapeutic formulation, possesses a unique structural composition that effectively prevents protein aggregation in highly concentrated protein drug formulations. However, PS80 is susceptible to hydrolysis, due to the presence of fatty acid esters that can be enzymatically hydrolyzed, The unsaturated bonds in the fatty acids are prone to oxidative degradation when exposed to air, especially in the presence of transition metals such as iron and copper, which may be introduced during production and purification processes or from contamination in raw materials used in drug formulation. The degradation of PS80, particularly through metal-mediated oxidative degradation, poses a significant challenge for the industry. Among the identified trace metals, iron plays a crucial role as the redox reaction between ferrous ion (Fe(II)) and ferric ion (Fe(III)) generates radicals that initiate the degradation process. In order to investigate the impact of iron on PS80 degradation and understand the mechanism of iron-catalyzed oxidation, we utilized charge-reduction mass spectrometry and two-dimensional ion density mapping technologies to characterize the degradation of PS80. This method has proven to be a convenient and effective tool for the quick and detailed profiling of PS80, allowing for visual monitoring and examination of the changes that reflect the difficult-to-identify and easy-to-miss oxidized species of PS80. Additionally, a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method was developed for the separation and measurement of Fe(II) and Fe(III). Through this investigation, we determined that the involvement of Fe(II)/Fe(III) in PS80 degradation is a temperature dependent process. Furthermore, we found citrate not only promotes the conversion of Fe(II) to Fe(III), but it also chelates Fe(III) and prevents its reduction to Fe(II), thus inhibiting the initiation of the PS80 degradation. Therefore, the addition of citrate can be a crucial ingredient for controlling the degradation of PS80 in biologic drug substances and products. Overall, this investigation has provided valuable insights to enhance product stability, optimize processes, and ensure the quality of formulations containing PS80.

Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Pseudarthria hookeri: A narrative review

Background: Pseudarthria hookeri Wight Arn. is a well-known and widely used medicinal plant in tropical Africa.Aim: The current study was aimed at documenting the ethnomedicinal uses, and botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of P. hookeri.Setting: This review provides an overview of the traditional and medicinal uses of P. hookeri, as well as its botanical, chemical and pharmacological properties.Method: The literature search on existing information on ethnomedicinal uses, botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of P. hookeri was conducted using online databases such as PubMed®, Web of Science, SciELO, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect®, SpringerLink® and Scopus® and also pre-electronic literature obtained from the university library.Results: Pseudarthria hookeri is used as aphrodisiac and ethnoveterinary medicine, and as traditional medicine for female reproductive problems, malaria, gastro-intestinal problems, respiratory infections, liver and skin problems. Chemical compounds identified from P. hookeri include flavonoids, acetate, anthraquinones, coumaronochromones, ether, oligothiophene, phenolic acid, alkaloids, catechic tannins, polyphenols, polyterpenes, quinones, saponosides and sterols. Pseudarthria hookeri crude extracts and some chemical compounds isolated from the species demonstrated anti-anaemic, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiplasmodial, antiproliferative, antischistosomal, oestrogenic and larvicidal activities.Conclusion: This review highlights the need for detailed ethnopharmacological assessments of P. hookeri focussing on its phytochemical, biological and toxicological properties, in vivo and clinical studies.Contribution: Pseudarthria hookeri is an important medicinal plant and has potential as a source of health and pharmaceutical products.

Development and characterization of a self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for Ornidazole to improve solubility and oral bioavailability of BCS class II drugs.

This study aimed to investigate the in vitro performance of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDSs) of Ornidazole (ORD), a poorly water-soluble drug. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems of ORD were prepared using various oils, non-ionic surfactants, and/or water-soluble co-solvents and assessed visually/by droplet size measurement. Equilibrium solubility of ORD in the anhydrous and diluted SNEDDS was conducted to achieve the maximum drug loading. The in vitro dissolution of SNEDDS was studied to compare the solubility of the representative formulations with API. The results from the characterization and solubility studies showed that SNEDDS formulations were stable with lower droplet sizes and showed higher ORD solubility. From the dissolution studies, it was found that the developed A7-SNEDDS formulation provided a significantly higher rate of ORD release (98.94 ± 0.68 in 1.0h) compared to API. ORD-loaded SNEDDS formulations could be a potential oral pharmaceutical product with high drug-loading capacity, improved drug dissolution, and enhanced oral bioavailability.

A General Strategy to Rapid and Sensitive Determination of Five High Boiling Point Solvents in Pharmaceuticals by RP-HPLC Combined with Precipitation Method.

The difficulty on determination of high boiling point solvents, always exist due to their low vapor pressure in headspace (HS) vial. What's worse, the commonly used GC diluents, such as N, N-dimethylacetamide, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, dimethyl sulfoxide, N, N-dimethylformamide and N-methylpyrrolidone are often remained in HS instrument after frequent injection into HS, thus would result in terrible positive interference problem. In this work, a fast and sensitive HPLC method in combination with a sample precipitation method, was proposed for the determination of above five high boiling point solvents in drug substances within 14.5min. The final method was validated with regard to limit of detection and limit of quantitation, precision, linearity and accuracy in accordance with ICH Q2 (R1). Finally, the proposed strategy was successfully applied for the analysis of high boiling point solvents used in three active pharmaceutical ingredients. The established generic strategy would provide another choice for the determination of high boiling point solvents in pharmaceuticals.

Plants, plant‐derived compounds, probiotics, and postbiotics as green agents to fight against poultry coccidiosis: A review

AbstractThe intestinal tract is the main place for animals to digest food and absorb nutrients, which also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens that invade the internal environment. Therefore, normal intestinal structure and function are essential for animal health. Poultry coccidiosis is an intestinal disease primarily caused by the parasitization of intestinal epithelial cells by protozoa of the genus Eimeria. The occurrence of coccidiosis not only compromises the intestinal integrity of poultry but also increases their disease susceptibility, thus posing a serious threat to the overall health and productivity of poultry. Nowadays, the primary methods for controlling and preventing coccidiosis in poultry are anticoccidial drugs or live oocyst vaccines. However, the use of the former may be associated with problems of resistance and drug residues, while the use of the latter may cause intestinal damage and significantly increase farming costs. For these reasons, it is critical to investigate green, safe, and cost‐effective natural alternative strategies such as phytochemicals and probiotics for controlling coccidiosis as well as mitigating the deleterious effects of coccidial infections in production. In this review, we aim to summarize the role, mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of natural products in the treatment of coccidiosis to lay a theoretical foundation for effective coccidiosis control.

A Validated Trigonelline-Based Method for the Standardization and Quality Control of Trigonella foenum-graecum L.

Background Fenugreek, or Trigonella foenum-graecum L, is an edible and medicinal plant of the Fabaceae family. Fenugreek seeds contain a variety of phytochemicals, including proteins, lipids, amino acids, vitamins, flavonoids, steroidal saponins, coumarin, and alkaloids. Trigonelline TG is a bioactive plant alkaloid initially extracted from fenugreek seeds. A substantial portion of fenugreek’s health benefits may rely on the presence of TG. This study addresses the research gap for a fast, green, and economical method for quantifying trigonelline (TG) in fenugreek. Methods Fenugreek seeds from various origins were extracted using three green solvents: acetone (ACt), ethanol (EtOH), and water (H2O). The UPLCMSMS method was developed and validated using a green mobile phase of H2O: EtOH, and an r2-value of 0.999 in the linearity range of 0.1-500 ppb was adopted. The method was validated with an accuracy of 98.6% for trace analysis of TG using a small amount (10 mg) of fenugreek samples from five different origins. Results The average extract yield (±SD) was 5.36±6.3, with the highest extract yield observed in H2O. The ESI (+ve) of the UPLCMSMS resulted in the fragmentation pattern (m/z) 138→94.10→92.05→78.20. The TG quantification revealed an average TG concentration of 181.4, with the highest amount of TG in H2O extract (392.7±132.4 ppb), followed by EtOH (91.9±83.3 ppb) and ACt (59.5±30.9 ppb). The TG amount observed in the validation step substantiated the efficiency and reproducibility of the developed method. Conclusions The method may be used as an effective tool for a green, rapid, economical, and eco-friendly extraction and quantification of TG in diverse matrices of pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, herbal, and food products.