Development Of Pharmaceutical Products Research Articles

ОПЫТ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ФУНКЦИИ ЖЕЛАТЕЛЬНОСТИ ХАРРИНГТОНА ПРИ ВЫБОРЕ ОПТИМАЛЬНОГО СОСТАВА ПЛЁНОК И ГЕЛЯ С НАФТОХИНОНОВЫМ КОМПЛЕКСОМ

When a new pharmaceutical product development comes to the stage of selecting the optimal combination of components, researchers often need a comprehensive assessment method for experimental samples. The difficulty is caused by overall complexity of choosing the correct qualitative and quantitative parameters expressed in different units of measurement and establishing priorities between the criteria for the combined assessment. In this case membership functions can help, for example the generalized Harrington desirability function, which allows to combine individual indicators that differ in value and dimension. The article provides examples of the practical application of the generalized Harrington desirability function in assessing several parameters of experimental samples of films and gel developed by us with a naphthoquinone complex of Lithospermum erythrorhizon in order to determine the best composition of these forms. The chosen method made it possible to calculate the generalized desirability for each experimental sample, taking into account all the studied criteria and to determine the most successful experimental samples for further work.

Three-Dimensional Printing Technology in Drug Design and Development: Feasibility, Challenges, and Potential Applications

Background/Objectives: The present investigation evaluates the impact of 3D-printing technology on the design of pharmaceutical drugs, considering the feasibility issues and problems concerning technological, pharmaceutical, and clinical matters. This paper aims to review how 3D printing can modify the traditional manufacturing of drugs with personalized medicine-therapy outcomes being individualized and optimized, hence improving patients’ compliance. Methods: The historical development of 3D printing from rapid prototyping to advanced pharmaceutical applications is discussed. A comparison is then made between traditional drug manufacturing approaches and the different techniques of 3D printing, including stereolithography, material extrusion, and binder jetting. Feasibility is assessed based on clinical trials and studies evaluating the efficacy, safety, bioavailability, and cost-effectiveness of 3D-printed drugs. Results: Current evidence indicates that material selection, regulatory barriers, and scalability issues are some of the major challenges to be overcome for wider acceptance. Other matters, such as ethical issues concerning patient data privacy, the misuse of 3D-printing technology, and technical complexities related to pharmaceutical 3D printing, are discussed further. Future applications also include bioprinting and in situ printing together with their implications for personalized drug delivery, which will also be discussed. Conclusions: This review stresses that intersectoral collaboration and the updating of regulatory frameworks are a must to overcome the barriers that confront 3D-printing applications in drug development. can could be an opportunity for innovative licensing and manufacturing techniques in pharmaceutical product development that can change the paradigm of personalized medicine through modern printing techniques.

Phytochemistry, antibacterial and antioxidant properties from Adinandra hongiaoensis and Polyspora huongiana (Theaceae)

Adinandra hongiaoensis and Polyspora huongiana are the rare and native species found in Vietnam. Firstly, the present studies demonstrated the chemical components, antioxidant and antibacterial effects of the acetone extracts from these plants. Here, a total of 54 constituents are identified in the leaf extracts of 2 studied species using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. The P. huongiana extract displayed activity against 3 Staphylococcus strains, including S. saprophyticus, S. aureus ATCC 29213 and S. aureus ATCC 25923 while the A. hongiaoensis extract was not active any studied bacteria. In addition, A. hongiaoensis and P. huongiana extracts was found effective against the DPPH radical scavenger with IC50 value of 213.31 and 47.60 µg/mL respectively. Hopefully, the results of this report will provide a premise further research to apply these species in pharmaceutical product development in the future.

Sapindaceae fruits: A comprehensive overview on phytochemicals, nutraceuticals and health benefits application

The article delves into the intricate realm of the Sapindaceae family, shedding light on the many phytomedicinal advantages that these fruits offer. This family boasts an array of economically significant fruits, including Litchi (Litchi chinensis), Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), Longan (Dimocarpus longan), Guarana (Paullinia cupana), Ackee (Blighia sapida) and Soapberry (Sapindus saponaria), each of which has its own set of medicinal characteristics. The Sapindaceae family, also known as the soapberry family, comprises numerous tropical and subtropical plant species known for their phytochemical properties and potential health benefits. Despite the well-known medicinal properties of Sapindaceae fruits, there is a lack of a comprehensive compilation that combines knowledge about their important components, nutritional value, traditional value and medicinal properties. This review aims to address this gap by providing assessments of the medicinal potential of Sapindaceae fruits and their prospects as food products. The study focuses on the chemicals, nutrients and medicinal properties of Sapindaceae fruits, excluding studies lacking therapeutic relevance. Findings show that Sapindaceae fruits contain bioactive compounds such as saponins, flavonoids and phenolic acids, which are antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-obesity and anti-diabetic. In addition, these fruits are rich in essential nutrients, including vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber, which supports their use as functional foods and vitamins. The review suggests future research on sustainable uptake and development of nutrients from Sapindaceae, which could increase their use in healthcare and potentially lead to the development of cost-effective pharmaceutical products for consumers and the agricultural sector.

Antioxidant Properties of Postbiotics: An Overview on the Analysis and Evaluation Methods.

Antioxidants found naturally in foods have a significant effect on preventing several human diseases. However, the use of synthetic antioxidants in studies has raised concerns about their potential link to liver disease and cancer. The findings show that postbiotics have the potential to act as a suitable alternative to chemical antioxidants in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. Postbiotics are bioactive compounds generated by probiotic bacteria as they ferment prebiotic fibers in the gut. These compounds can also be produced from a variety of substrates, including non-prebiotic carbohydrates such as starches and sugars, as well as proteins and organic acids, all of which probiotics utilize during the fermentation process. These are known for their antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties that help improve human health. Various methodologies have been suggested to assess the antioxidant characteristics of postbiotics. While there are several techniques to evaluate the antioxidant properties of foods and their bioactive compounds, the absence of a convenient and uncomplicated method is remarkable. However, cell-based assays have become increasingly important as an intermediate method that bridges the gap between chemical experiments and in vivo research due to the limitations of in vitro and in vivo assays. This review highlights the necessity of transitioning towards more biologically relevant cell-based assays to effectively evaluate the antioxidant activity of postbiotics. These experiments are crucial for assessing the biological efficacy of dietary antioxidants. This review focuses on the latest applications of the Caco-2 cell line in the assessment of cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and bioavailability. Understanding the impact of processing processes on the biological properties of postbiotic antioxidants can facilitate the development of new food and pharmaceutical products.

Computer-Aided formulation design for pharmaceutical drug product development, part 01: Materials exploration through a visualization tool

An interactive tool has been developed to help design oral solid dosage form formulations. The tool enables quantitative explorations and comparisons of physical, bulk, and mechanical properties, and takes into account functional characteristics as well. In this manner, comparisons and clustering of both excipients and APIs can be carried out. These comparisons enable the generation of alternatives as well as surrogate identification, so as to spare resources and material.Multiple data sources were merged to create a “joint” data table with all relevant properties. Four main workflow activities are supported: Explore Materials, Search Similar APIs, Search Similar Excipients and Search Material Clusters.Multi-dimensional filtering can be superimposed to each functionality. Suggested visualizations are made particularly accessible by providing them as “standard plots”.The underlying philosophy is to empower formulation scientists to explore options, rather than prescribe decisions on exclusively mathematical grounds. The tool described here is the first step towards a holistic optimization incorporating predictions of mixture properties. Methodology of use is illustrated through three material selection application examples.

A Systematic Review on Biochemical Perspectives on Natural Products in Wound Healing: Exploring Phytochemicals in Tissue Repair and Scar Prevention.

Wound healing is a critical process in tissue repair following injury, and traditional herbal therapies have long been utilized to facilitate this process. This review delves into the mechanistic understanding of the significant contribution of pharmacologically demonstrated natural products in wound healing. Natural products, often perceived as complex yet safely consumed compared to synthetic chemicals, play a crucial role in enhancing the wound-healing process. Drawing upon a comprehensive search strategy utilizing databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, this review synthesizes evidence on the role of natural products in wound healing. While the exact pharmacological mechanisms of secondary metabolites in wound healing remain to be fully elucidated, compounds from alkaloids, phenols, terpenes, and other sources are explored here to delineate their specific roles in wound repair. Each phytochemical group exerts distinct actions in tissue repair, with some displaying multifaceted roles in various pathways, potentially enhancing their therapeutic value, supported by reported safety profiles. Additionally, these compounds exhibit promise in the prevention of keloids and scars. Their potential alongside economic feasibility may propel them towards pharmaceutical product development. Several isolated compounds, including chlorogenic acid, thymol, and eugenol from natural sources, are undergoing investigation in clinical trials, with many reaching advanced stages. This review provides mechanistic insights into the significant role of pharmacologically demonstrated natural products in wound healing processes.

Quality risk management and data integrity in R&D laboratories supporting CMC lifecycle of biological products

The development of pharmaceutical products is the critical bridge that moves a potential new medicine from academic discovery to applied treatment of patients. It translates an idea for a new drug to bench-level research on how it can be manufactured, formulated, characterized and controlled for use in non-clinical and early clinical trials.From pre-clinical R&D discovery work through the commercial launch, substantial R&D CMC data is generated to develop and optimize cGMP manufacturing and testing operations, while also supporting product comparability, elucidating product / impurity structures, assessing critical quality attributes, developing the drug delivery mode, and developing the product formulation for long-term stability. Significant R&D CMC work continues post-approval to support continuous improvement and market expansion of the commercial product. These activities are crucial elements of Product Lifecycle Management, and taken together, they comprise Pharmaceutical Quality or Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls (CMC). The objective of this paper is to mitigate the regulatory ambiguity of R&D quality systems with practical, risk-based examples and recommendations when conducting supportive CMC studies for biological products.Making sound strategic CMC decisions under any circumstances assumes data from R&D studies are reliable, traceable, and complete. While there are specific regulatory guidelines on phase-appropriate cGMP activities, none exist for quality practices in R&D CMC laboratories conducting non-cGMP studies. Hindsight is not the time to discover that R&D studies lack key elements that would otherwise have allowed the data to be directly presented to regulators, if needed. There is a strong prospective business interest in protecting considerable investments made for CMC R&D studies. Therefore, establishment of a robust and stage-appropriate R&D laboratory quality system is essential for companies seeking to capitalize on prior knowledge, protect investments, and be prepared for accelerated approval pathways.

Pharmaceutical Product Development: Quality by Design (QbD)

A popular modern strategy in pharmaceutical development is called "quality by design," or QBD, which started with established goals including the product's safety and efficacy. Safety and product efficacy are the primary goals of QBD in pharmaceutical development. With QBD, the design itself is emphasized for excellence. QBD was introduced by the Food and Drug Administration in order to comprehend the production process. An overview of the pharmaceutical quality system, quality risk management, and international council for harmonization (ICH) rules for product development is provided in this article in order to preserve product quality. The scientific foundation of QBD, regulatory industry perspectives, and QBD technologies were briefly discussed. There was a focus on excipients, manufacturing process development, container closure systems, and pharmacological substances. The Q9 guidelines for quality risk management, Q10 guidelines for pharmaceutical quality systems, and Q8 guidelines for pharmaceutical development form its basis. In the research and production of pharmaceuticals, it also provides an application of Quality by Design.

Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Fabrication of 3D Printed Technology in Pharmaceutical Development and Its Application

The concept of personalized medicine tailored to individual patients has garnered considerable attention recently, particularly in exploring the potential of 3D printing technology within the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. 3D printing involves the layer-by-layer creation of three-dimensional objects from digital designs. This review aim to provide an in-depth discussion focusing on 3D printing technology, its role in drug delivery systems, and its application in the pharmaceutical product development process. Commonly categorized by material layering methods, 3D printers typically fall into inkjet, extrusion, or laser-based systems. The review delves into these different types of 3D printers and their diverse applications in drug delivery across various sectors. Additionally, it encompasses a selection of recent research conducted in the pharmaceutical realm concerning 3D printing for drug delivery applications and challenges. Keywords: 3D printed formulation, Laser based printing, inkjet printing, extrusion-based printing

The Role of CMC Statisticians: Co-Practitioners of the Scientific Method.

Chemistry, manufacturing, and control (CMC) statisticians play a key role in the development and lifecycle management of pharmaceutical and biological products, working with their non-statistician partners to manage product quality. Information used to make quality decisions comes from studies, where success is facilitated through adherence to the scientific method. This is carried out in four steps: (1) an objective, (2) design, (3) conduct, and (4) analysis. Careful consideration of each step helps to ensure that a study conclusion and associated decision is correct. This can be a development decision related to the validity of an assay or a quality decision like conformance to specifications. Importantly, all decisions are made with risk. Conventional statistical risks such as Type 1 and Type 2 errors can be coupled with associated impacts to manage patient value as well as development and commercial costs. The CMC statistician brings focus on managing risk across the steps of the scientific method, leading to optimal product development and robust supply of life saving drugs and biologicals.

Antimicrobial Activity of Positively Charged Oligopeptides with Theoretical High α-Helix Content against Cutibacterium acnes.

Cutibacterium acnes is abundant and commonly exists as a superficial bacteria on human skin. Recently, the resistance of C. acnes to antimicrobial agents has become a serious concern, necessitating the development of alternative pharmaceutical products with antimicrobial activity against C. acnes. To address this need, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of CKR-13-a mutant oligopeptide of FK-13 with increased net charge and theoretical α-helical content-against C. acnes in modified Gifu Anaerobic Medium broth by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). CKR-13 exerted greater antimicrobial activity against C. acnes than FK-13 in the broth at pH 7.0. The antimicrobial activity of CKR-13 with RXM against C. albicans was pH-dependent. The ionization of CKR-13 and pH-dependent growth delay of C. albicans was suggested to be associated with the increase in CKR-13 antimicrobial activity.

Guidelines for clinical evaluation of chronic kidney disease in early stages

BackgroundFor the development of pharmaceutical products in kidney field, appropriate surrogate endpoints which can predict long-term prognosis are needed as an alternative to hard endpoints, such as end-stage kidney disease. Though international workshop has proposed estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) slope reduction of 0.5–1.0 mL/min/1.73 m /year and 30% decrease in albuminuria/proteinuria as surrogate endpoints in early and advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), it was not clear whether these are applicable to Japanese patients.MethodsWe analyzed J-CKD-DB and CKD-JAC, Japanese databases/cohorts of CKD patients, and J-DREAMS, a Japanese database of patients with diabetes mellitus to investigate the applicability of eGFR slope and albuminuria/proteinuria to the Japanese population. Systematic review on those endpoints was also conducted including the results of clinical trials published after the above proposal.ResultsOur analysis showed an association between eGFR slope and the risk of end-stage kidney disease. A 30% decrease in albuminuria/proteinuria over 2 years corresponded to a 20% decrease in the risk of end-stage kidney disease patients with baseline UACR ≥ 30 mg/gCre or UPCR ≥ 0.15 g/gCre in the analysis of CKD-JAC, though this analysis was not performed on the other database/cohort. Those results suggested similar trends to those of the systematic review.ConclusionThe results suggested that eGFR slope and decreased albuminuria/proteinuria may be used as a surrogate endpoint in clinical trials for early CKD (including diabetic kidney disease) in Japanese population, though its validity and cutoff values must be carefully considered based on the latest evidence and other factors.

Modeling, the Optimization of the Composition of Emulgels with Ciclopirox Olamine, and Quality Assessment.

The design and development of pharmaceutical products require specific knowledge, time, and investment. Response surface methodology (RSM) is a widely used technique in the design of experiments (DoE) to optimize various processes and products. The aim of this study was to model and produce experimental emulgels containing 1% ciclopirox olamine and to evaluate their physical, rheological, and mechanical properties and their ability to release ciclopirox olamine. The objective was to optimize the composition of the experimental emulgel containing 1% ciclopirox olamine by applying a central composite design based on selected criteria. The surfactant (polysorbate 80) had the greatest influence on the physical, rheological, and mechanical properties of the emulgels, as well as on the release of ciclopirox olamine from these systems. During the optimization process, an emulgel of optimal composition was generated containing 38.27% mineral oil, 6.56% polysorbate 80, and 55.17% hydrogel containing 1% ciclopirox olamine, meeting specified criteria (dependent variables) including the maximum flux of ciclopirox olamine, the minimum sol-gel transition temperature (Tsol/gel), and the minimum particle size of the oil phase. The oil phase particle size (D50) of this emulgel was determined to be 0.337 µm, the system Tsol/gel was 9.1 °C, and the flux of ciclopirox olamine from this gel matrix was calculated to be 1.44 mg/cm2. This emulgel of optimal composition could be used to treat fungal skin diseases.

Assessment of nutraceutical value, physicochemical, and anti-inflammatory profile of Odonthalia floccose and Odonthalia dentata

The nutraceutical value, and physicochemical profile as well as anti-inflammatory activity potential of Odonthalia floccose and Odonthalia dentata (red macroalgae) dry biomass were investigated in this study. Proximate composition study results revealed that the dry biomass of O. floccose and O. dentae were found to be as ash: 9.11 & 8.7 g 100 g−1, moisture: 8.24 & 8.1 g 100 g−1, total fat: 6.9 & 7.2 g 100 g−1, protein: 24.52 & 25.6 g 100 g−1, and total carbohydrate/polysaccharides: 53.84 & 48.85 g 100 g−1 of dry weight biomass respectively. Both algae biomass contain considerable quantity of minerals (Fe, Cu, Mg, and Zn). Furthermore, the major saturated fatty acids (6.24 & 5.82 g FAME 100 g−1 of total fat of O. floccose and O. dentate) (ΣFAs) present in the test algae were stearic acid, palmitic acid, and margaric acids. O. floccose and O. dentata also contain remarkable protein composition profile that compiled with considerable quantity of essential and non-essential amino acids. The vitamins such as vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, C, and E of O. floccose and O. dentate biomass were also identified at sufficient quantity level. The swelling capacity (SWC), water holding capacity (WHC), and oil holding capacity (OHC) properties of O. floccose and O. dentate at various temperature conditions (25 and 37 ᵒC) were found to be 8.11 & 7.02 mL g−1 and 8.95 & 7.55 mL g−1, 5.1 & 4.87 and 4.8 & 4.1 mL g−1, as well as 2.11 & 1.81 and 1.96 & 1.89 mL g−1 respectively. Among these two marine red macroalgae samples, the O. dentate showed better anti-inflammatory activity than O. floccose at 150 μg mL−1 dosage. Thus, this O. floccose and O. dentate biomass can be considerable as nutritional supplement and pharmaceutical product development related research.

Structural Evolution of the Pharmaceutical Peptide Octreotide upon Controlled Relative Humidity and Temperature Variation

Octreotide is the first synthetic peptide hormone, consisting of eight amino acids, that mimics the activity of somatostatin, a natural hormone in the body. During the past decades, advanced instrumentation and crystallographic software have established X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) as a valuable tool for extracting structural information from biological macromolecules. The latter was demonstrated by the successful structural determination of octreotide at a remarkably high d-spacing resolution (1.87 Å) (PDB code: 6vc1). This study focuses on the response of octreotide to different humidity levels and temperatures, with a particular focus on the stability of the polycrystalline sample. XRPD measurements were accomplished employing an Anton Paar MHC-trans humidity-temperature chamber installed within a laboratory X’Pert Pro diffractometer (Malvern Panalytical). The chamber is employed to control and maintain precise humidity and temperature levels of samples during XRPD data collection. Pawley analysis of the collected data sets revealed that the octreotide polycrystalline sample is remarkably stable, and no structural transitions were observed. The compound retains its orthorhombic symmetry (space group: P212121, a = 18.57744(4) Å, b = 30.17338(6) Å, c = 39.70590(9) Å, d ~ 2.35 Å). However, a characteristic structural evolution in terms of lattice parameters and volume of the unit cell is reported mainly upon controlled relative humidity variation. In addition, an improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio in the XRPD data under a cycle of dehydration/rehydration is reported. These results underline the importance of considering the impact of environmental factors, such as humidity and temperature, in the context of structure-based drug design, thereby contributing to the development of more effective and stable pharmaceutical products.

MODERNIZING NUTAN PHARMACEUTICALS: THE IMPACT OF PHP TECHNOLOGY ON PHARMACY OPERATIONS

Abstract: Nutan Pharma is a leading pharmaceutical company that focuses on innovation and excellence in healthcare. The company is known for its commitment to research, development, and production of high-quality pharmaceutical products. Its success is attributed to its dedication to adhering to the highest standards of quality and safety throughout the pharmaceutical lifecycle. Nutan Pharma’s diverse portfolio covers various therapeutic areas, including cardiovascular health, oncology, neurology, and infectious diseases. The company collaborates with leading research institutions and healthcare organizations to push the boundaries of scientific discovery. Nutan Pharma is poised to continue its growth trajectory, guided by a commitment to excellence and a vision of shaping a healthier future for generations to come. With a commitment to scientific advancement, operational excellence, and customer satisfaction, Nutan Pharma remains a trusted ally in the global fight against disease and a beacon of hope for patients worldwide. IndexTerms – HTML, CSS, Javascript. Bootstrap, MySQL, PHP.

Development of carminative syrup to improve gastrointestinal prophylaxis

The carminative qualities of spices like asafoetida, clove, cumin, cardamom, fennel, honey, cinnamon and black pepper are highlighted in particular. Medicinal plants are widely recognized as a crucial and valuable resource for the development of pharmaceutical products. These herbal products possess carminative properties and offer additional health benefits in a wide range of therapeutic uses of carminative like as Anti-microbial, Diuretic, Irritable bowel syndrome, etc. To enhance their effects, formulations were made utilizing a geometrical approach and different weights of these powders were combined and evaluated. To confirm the quality and safety of the carminative syrup, organoleptic evaluation, physicochemical characteristics, rheological evaluation, and carminative potential were evaluated.

Screening and identification of selenium-enriched purine-lowering Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactococcus lactis with high stress tolerance and antioxidant capacity

Hyperuricemia and selenium (Se) deficiency have become world wide health issues, necessitating the development of new technologies for the prevention of hyperuricemia and daily Se supplementation. This study explored a feasible way by providing new lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with both Se-enrichment and purine-lowering functions. The expected LAB were firstly screened out and identified from fermented tea grown in seleniferous areas by a five-step screening method. Among thirty-six candidate strains exhibiting superior Se-enriched ability, seven of them showed excellent uric acid absorption, in vitro xanthine oxidase and uric acid oxidase activities. In particular, Lactobacillus plantarum L123 and Lactococcus lactis L126 degraded inosine and guanosine to hypoxanthine and guanine with degradation rates of 100%, 96.88% ± 0.33% and 93.61% ± 1.06%, 81.15% ± 1.83%, respectively, and metabolized the substrates of hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid into the final product allantoin. Their clearing rates of three free radicals (DPPH, •OH and ABTS+• free radical) were higher than 94% after reaction for 30 min. More than 85% of L123 and 50% of L126 could survive at pH 1.5 for 3 h, while their Se-enriched counterparts showed more enhanced acid tolerance. Both L123 and L126 with or without Se-enrichment tolerated 0.5% bile salt with survival rates above 80%. These Novel LAB provide a promising avenue for the development of new health food and pharmaceutical products that combine Se supplementation with hyperuricemia treatment.

Sources of Cysteine-Based Pharmaceutical Drugs and Their Halal Aspects in Pharmaceutical Product Development

Indonesia is the country with the largest Muslim population in the world, so supplements and medicines consumed must be halal (permissible in Islamic law). Cysteine is an essential amino acid that is crucial to human biological functions. Cysteine can be used as a mucolytic agent to help thin mucus in respiratory diseases such as bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It also serves as an antidote to acetaminophen for detoxification purposes or as an antidote to counteract paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose, a commonly used drug to relieve pain and reduce fever. Additionally, it functions as a supplement. This research aims to comprehensively review the sources of cysteine, its production, and its use in pharmaceuticals, as well as the opinions of scholars regarding the halal aspects that need to be considered in developing pharmaceutical products containing cysteine. The methods employed include searching through references from research articles obtained from Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, NCBI, Elsevier, and the Qur'an, Hadiths, and other Islamic literature sources. The compound structures are depicted using the ChemSketch tool from ACD/Labs. Mucolytic and acetaminophen drugs, such as acetylcysteine, can be derived from both animal and plant sources through chemical and non-chemical separation processes. Cysteine is generally a precursor for the synthesis of acetylcysteine. Cysteine sourced from specific organs, such as pig hair, has differing opinions among various scholars regarding its permissibility. However, the prevailing view and fatwa tend to lean towards its prohibition, depending on the source, process, and urgency of its use.