Pharmaceutical Payments Research Articles

Poles’ expectations about the transparency of physicians’ and patient organizations’ relationships with the industry: the quest for shedding light on pharmaceutical payments

Poles’ expectations about the transparency of physicians’ and patient organizations’ relationships with the industry: the quest for shedding light on pharmaceutical payments

Abstract PO2-26-04: Nature and Trends of Pharmaceutical Payments to the Board Certified Breast Cancer Specialists in Japan between 2016 and 2019

Abstract Background The field of breast cancer care has experienced a rapid influx of new treatments, making it a potential focus for promotional activities by pharmaceutical companies. These financial relationships could turn into significant sources of conflict of interest within the healthcare sector, possibly leading to undue influence on breast cancer care. Despite the potential ramifications of these ties, there is a noticeable lack of understanding about the details of financial relationships between pharmaceutical companies and breast cancer specialists. The aim of this investigation was to understand the extent and distribution of financial relationships between pharmaceutical companies and breast cancer specialists, along with their trends over recent years in Japan. Methods Our study included all 1733 board-certified breast cancer specialists registered with the Japan Breast Cancer Society as of May 2021. We obtained data on the payments they received, along with the intended purpose of each payment, from 92 leading Japanese pharmaceutical companies between 2016 and 2019. This data was disclosed by the companies following the transparency guidelines set forth by the Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association. Firstly, we conducted a descriptive analysis of the extent and distribution of payments to specialists, including a calculation of the Gini index to illustrate the disparity of payments among these specialists. Secondly, we assessed the overall trends and individual-based payment patterns over a four-year period. Finally, we explored whether the introduction of new agents was associated with variations in payment values at the company level. Results In total, 64 companies made 11,774 payments, collectively amounting to 13,329,919 USD, with speaking fees comprising 81.4% of this total. Among the 1733 specialists, 1306 (75.4%) received at least one payment from these companies. The average payment per physician was 7,692 USD (with a standard deviation of 24,162), and the median payment was 2,044 USD (with an interquartile range from 798 to 5,207 USD). Among these specialists, 27 received payments of 100,000 USD or more. The Gini index was 0.99, indicating a significant disparity in payment distribution among the specialists. There was a rising trend in total payment values, from 2,883,954 USD in 2016, to 3,037,888 USD in 2017, 3,589,583 USD in 2018, and finally 3,820,041 USD in 2019. A notable increase in payment value occurred with Pfizer in 2018, following the launch of Palbociclib in December 2017. Similarly, Eli Lilly, which launched Abemaciclib in November 2018, also increased its payments to specialists from 2018 onward. Conclusion: The majority of board-certified specialists in Japan received payments from pharmaceutical companies between 2016 and 2019. However, these payments were concentrated among only a small fraction of the specialists. During the study period, the overall value of payments increased. This surge likely resulted from the launch of key drugs within the same class and with similar indications, specifically CDK4/6 inhibitors. Citation Format: Akihiko Ozaki, Kenji Gonda, Masahiro Wada, Hiroaki Saito, Erika Yamashita, Tetsuya Tanimoto. Nature and Trends of Pharmaceutical Payments to the Board Certified Breast Cancer Specialists in Japan between 2016 and 2019 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO2-26-04.

Nature and Trend of Pharmaceutical Payments to Japanese Board-Certified Neurologists Between 2016 and 2019: A Pre-emergence Analysis Amidst the Development of Next-Generation Alzheimer's Disease Drugs.

There is insufficient data on the financial relationships between Japanese neurologists and pharmaceutical companies prior to the advent of new-generation Alzheimer's disease drugs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the magnitude, prevalence, and trend of the financial relationship between Japanese neurologists and pharmaceutical companies between 2016 and 2019. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to evaluate the financial relationships between all board-certified neurology specialists and pharmaceutical companies in Japan from 2016 and 2019. Descriptive statistics were applied to measure the magnitude and prevalence of payments among specialists, as well as their trends during the study periods. In a four-year analysis, 77 pharmaceutical companies disbursed a total of USD 36,869,204 across 50,050 payments to 2,696 neurologists in Japan, revealing a mean payment of USD 10,809 per specialist. Notably, the Gini index of 0.997 indicated a high inequality in payment distribution, with a minority of specialists receiving a substantial proportion of payments. Trends displayed irregularities, but an overall increase in total payments from 2016 to 2019, with a significant contribution from the top 10 pharmaceutical companies accounting for 74.2% of total payments, with Takeda Pharmaceutical and Eisai Company notably increasing payments in 2019. There were notable geographical variations in neurologist and payment distribution across 47 prefectures. Our analysis of neurologist payments from pharmaceutical companies in Japan showed a substantial financial relationship with overall increases, yearly varied increments, and payment inequality. Caution is warranted as financial ties may intensify with the continued development of next-generation Alzheimer's disease drugs.

Increasing trends of pharmaceutical payments to breast cancer specialists in Japan: A retrospective study from 2016 to 2019.

The introduction of new drugs often leads to aggressive promotion and potential financial conflicts of interest, which may bias treatment decisions and potentially harm patients. The breast cancer therapeutics market is rapidly evolving globally, and Japan is no exception. This study aimed to analyze trends in pharmaceutical payments to breast cancer specialists in Japan from 2016 to 2019, focusing on company-level data, relationships with new drug introductions, and individual specialist payment patterns. This retrospective study examined financial relationships between pharmaceutical companies and breast cancer specialists in Japan from 2016 to 2019. The analysis focused on certified specialists as of May 2023 and used payment data from 93 pharmaceutical companies for activities such as lecturing, writing, and consulting. First, a company-level analysis examined total payments, categories, and trends for all companies and the top 10 individually; second, a specialist-level analysis looked at payment amounts amount and counts. The Gini index was employed to assess the concentration of payments among specialists. Total payments reached USD 13,329,911, growing at 10.1% annually, with 81.4% allocated to lecturing engagements. The top 10 companies, led by Chugai Pharmaceutical, Eisai, and AstraZeneca, accounted for 89.5% of all payments. Companies like Pfizer Japan and Eli Lilly Japan saw notable increases following the introduction of new drugs such as palbociclib and abemaciclib. Payment distribution was highly skewed, with an average of $7,692 per specialist but a median of only $2,884. A Gini index of 0.994 further confirmed that a small group of specialists received a disproportionately large share of the payments. From 2016 to 2019, pharmaceutical payments to Japanese breast cancer specialists increased significantly, coinciding with new drug introductions. The concentration of payments among a select group of specialists raises concerns about potential influences on clinical decision-making and guideline recommendations.

Pharmaceutical payments to Japanese board-certified dermatologists: a 4-year retrospective analysis of personal payments from pharmaceutical companies between 2016 and 2019

There are prevalent financial relationships between dermatologists and pharmaceutical companies in Japan. However, little was known about the extent of whole picture of the personal payments made to dermatologists by pharmaceutical companies. This study aimed to examine the personal payments to the board-certified dermatologists by the Japanese Dermatological Association from the pharmaceutical companies between 2016 and 2019. Using the publicly disclosed payments data by the pharmaceutical companies between 2016 and 2019, we evaluated the magnitude, prevalence, and trends in the personal payments made to all board-certified dermatologists for the lecturing, writing, and consulting compensations. The payments were descriptively analyzed overall and by dermatologist demographics. Additionally, the payment trends were assessed by generalized estimating equation models. Of 6883 active board-certified dermatologists, 3121 (45.3%) received a total of $33,223,806 personal payments between 2016 and 2019. The median per-physician payments and number of payments (interquartile range) were $1737 ($613–$5287) and 4.0 (2.0–10.0) over the 4 years, respectively. Only top 1%, 5%, 10% of dermatologists received 41.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 38.2–45.1%), 76.9% (95% CI 74.7–79.1%), and 87.6% (95% CI 86.2–88.9%) of overall payments. The number of dermatologists receiving payments and per-dermatologist payments increased by 4.3% (95% CI 3.1‒5.5%, p < 0.001) and 16.4% (95% CI 13.5‒19.4%, p < 0.001) each year. The board-certification in dermatology-oncology, in cosmetic dermatology, and male sex were significantly associated with higher personal payments with relative monetary values of 2.29 (95% CI 1.65–3.19, p < 0.001), 3.16 (95% CI 1.89–5.26, p < 0.001), and 5.38 (95% CI 4.12–7.04, p < 0.001). Less than half of Japanese board-certified dermatologists received lower personal payments from the pharmaceutical companies than those to other specialists. However, these personal payments were increasingly more prevalent and greater over the 4 years.

Cross-sectional analysis of pharmaceutical payments to Japanese board-certified gastroenterologists between 2016 and 2019

ObjectivesLimited evidence is available regarding the financial relationships between gastroenterologists and pharmaceutical companies in Japan. This study analysed the magnitude, prevalence and trends of personal payments made by major pharmaceutical...

Comparing pharmaceutical company payments in the four UK countries: a cross-sectional and social network analysis

ObjectivesTo examine the characteristics of pharmaceutical payments to healthcare and patient organisations in the four UK countries. Compare companies spending the most; types of organisations receiving payments and types of...

Value of Surgical and Nonsurgical Treatment for Sleep Apnea: A Closer Look at Health Care Utilization.

To determine how surgery, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and no treatment impact health care utilization in patients who have obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This is a retrospective cohort study of patients between the ages of 18 and 65 that were diagnosed with OSA (9thInternational Classification of Diseases) from January 2007 to December 2015. Data were collected over 2 years, and prediction modelswere generated to evaluate trends over time. A population-based study using real-world data and insurance databases. A total of 4,978,649 participants were identified, all with at least 25 months of continuous enrollment. Patients with previous soft tissue procedures not approved for OSA (nasal surgery), or without continuous insurance coverage were excluded. A total of 18,050 patients underwent surgery, 1,054,578 were untreated, and 799,370 received CPAP. IBM Marketscan Research database was utilized to describe patient-specific clinical utilization, and expenditures, across outpatient, and inpatient services, and medication prescriptions. When the cost of the interventionwas eliminated in the 2-year follow-up, the monthly payments of group 1 (surgery) were significantly less than group 3 (CPAP) in overall, inpatient, outpatient, and pharmaceutical payments (p < .001). The surgery group was associated with less cumulative payments compared to the other 2 groups when the cost of the intervention (CPAP or surgery) was eliminated in all comorbidities and age groups. Treating OSA with surgery can lessen overall health care utilization compared to no treatment and CPAP.

Pharmaceutical Payments to Japanese Board-Certified Head and Neck Surgeons Between 2016 and 2019.

To evaluate the magnitude, prevalence, and trend of the financial relationship between Japanese head and neck surgeons and pharmaceutical companies between 2016 and 2019. Cross-sectional analysis. Japan. This study evaluated personal payments concerning lecturing, consulting, and writing paid by 92 major pharmaceutical companies to all Japanese head and neck surgeons board-certified by the Japan Society for Head and Neck Surgery between 2016 and 2019. The payments were descriptively analyzed and payment trend were assessed using population-averaged generalized estimating equations. Further, the payments to board executive board members with specialist certification were also evaluated separately. Of all 443 board-certified head and neck surgeons in Japan, 365 (82.4%) received an average of $6443 (standard deviation: $12,875), while median payments were $2002 (interquartile ranges [IQR]$792-$4802). Executive board specialists with a voting right received much higher personal payments (median$26,013, IQR $12,747-$35,750) than the non-executive specialists (median $1926, IQR $765‒$4134, p < .001) and the executive board specialists without a voting right (median $4411, IQR $963-$5623, p = .015). The payments per specialist and prevalence of specialists with payments annually increased by 11.4% (95% CI: 5.8%-17.2%; p < .001) and 7.3% (95% CI: 3.8%-11.0%; p < .001), respectively. There were increasingly widespread and growing financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies among head and neck surgeons in Japan, alongside of introduction of novel drugs. The leading head and neck surgeons received much higher personal payments from pharmaceutical companies, and no sufficient regulation was implemented by the society in Japan.

HPR15 Out-of-Pocket Pharmaceutical Payments and Their Poverty Impact on Patients in Greece

HPR15 Out-of-Pocket Pharmaceutical Payments and Their Poverty Impact on Patients in Greece

The Hospital Management System

The hospital's management system includes improved profitability, improved administration, and better patient care. The goal of this study is to create a digital management system that will boost the hospital's effectiveness and systems integration standards. It was able to produce a module that would provide some facilities, like booking doctors, booking lab test slots, pharmacy services, and getting health programs. This system consists of an admin handling part, which means admin can manage users, pharmacy systems, health program management, and manage booking of doctor's appointments and lab tests. And through this system, the admin can generate multiple reports according to his needs[7]. A module that would manage the admission bills and pharmaceutical payments; and a module that could monitor the medicine inventory of the hospital pharmacy. Problem statement because hospitals are associated with ordinary people's lives and daily routines the manual handling of the record is time-consuming and highly prone to error. The purpose of this project is to automate, or make online, the process of day-to-day activities. Each phase guided the researchers in the development of the study and helped them organize the workflow of each task. In conclusion, the researchers found that the system could speed up the working progress and productivity of hospital employees. It could also generate hospital reports that could help the users to provide an overview of the hospital transaction within specific date. It also provided the facility for searching for the details of the inquiring patient in the receptionist module. The system could reduce the workloads in the hospital, resulting in better management and working performance. In general, the study resulted in a better improvement of hospital transactions. It has been recommended that there is a need to enhance the frontend design of the system.

Pharmaceutical Payments to Authors of Dermatology Guidelines After Publication.

Pharmaceutical Payments to Authors of Dermatology Guidelines After Publication.

Pharmaceutical Payments to Japanese Board-Certified Infectious Disease Specialists: A Four-Year Retrospective Analysis of Payments from 92 Pharmaceutical Companies between 2016 and 2019.

Backgrounds: Conflict of interest with pharmaceutical companies is one of the most concerned issues in infectious diseases. However, there is a lack of whole picture of detailed payments in Japan. Methods: This retrospective study assessed financial relationships between pharmaceutical companies and all infectious disease specialists board-certified by the Japanese Association for Infectious Disease, using publicly disclosed payment data from 92 major pharmaceutical companies. Descriptive analyses were conducted for the payments. Payment trends were examined by the generalized estimating equations. Results: Of 1614 board-certified infection disease specialists, 1055 (65.4%) received a total of $17,784,070 payments, corresponding to 21,680 contracts between 2016 and 2019. The mean ± SD and median (interquartile range: IQR) were $16,857 ± $45,010 and $3183 ($938–$11,250) in payments. All board executive members of Japanese Association of Infectious Disease received higher payments averaging $163,792. There were no significant changes in payments per specialist (annual change rate: −1.4% [95% CI: −4.7–2.3%], p = 0.48) and prevalence of specialists with payments (annual change rate: −1.4% [95% CI: −3.1–0.2%], p = 0.093) over the four years. Conclusion: There were substantial financial relationships between pharmaceutical companies and board-certified infectious disease specialists in Japan. Furthermore, high ranked specialists such as those in the executive board had stronger financial ties with the companies.

Financial Relationships between Pharmaceutical Companies and Rheumatologists in Japan: A Four-Year Analysis of Personal Pharmaceutical Payments between 2016 and 2019

Financial Relationships between Pharmaceutical Companies and Rheumatologists in Japan: A Four-Year Analysis of Personal Pharmaceutical Payments between 2016 and 2019

Pharmaceutical company payments to authors of the Japanese guidelines for the management of hypertension.

Antihypertensive drugs have been of significant interest to the pharmaceutical industry due to increasing sales opportunities in a global market. The financial relationships between pharmaceutical companies and the Japanese Society of Hypertension (JSH) have a possible influence on clinical practices in Japan. This study examined the distribution of pharmaceutical payments made to the authors of the revised Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH2019) and the transparency of the Conflict of Interest disclosure that each author made.We retrospectively obtained publicly available data regarding payments made by Japanese pharmaceutical companies to all authors of the JSH2019 in 2016. We also collected data on individual financial disclosure of JSH2019 authors to investigate whether their self-reported financial relationship with companies were compliant to the financial disclosure policy of JSH2019.The total and mean payment values reported by pharmaceutical companies were $4,246,436 and $21,447, respectively. Of the 198 authors, 171 (86.4%) authors received at least 1 payment. Of 74 authors required to disclose their conflict of interest (COI) the authors, one-third failed to follow the COI policy covering the clinical guidelines.Major pharmaceutical companies selling antihypertensive drug products in the Japanese market had a significant financial connection with the JSH2019 authors. Financial relationships between pharmaceutical companies and authors or Japanese medical societies are raising significant concerns about the credibility of clinical guidelines and the potentially biases and undue influences that they may cause, especially with respect to adverse prescription patterns.

Female dermatology journal editors accepting pharmaceutical payments: An analysis of the Open Payments database, 2013 to 2018.

BackgroundPharmaceutical payments may affect the interpretation of clinical research and prescribing patterns of physicians. Additionally, they may reflect gender disparities in academic dermatology with regard to social recognition and opportunities for career advancement.ObjectiveWe examined relationships with industry among male and female journal editors who accepted pharmaceutical payments in leading dermatology journals.MethodsWe assessed the seven US journals among the leading 20 dermatology journals as determined by impact factor and gathered data via the CMS Open Payments dataset.ResultsIn a cross-sectional study of 329 editors eligible to appear in the Open Payments website, we found that 218 (66.3%) received industry payments totaling $21,952,402. The mean and median dollar value of payments per editor was $100,699 and $3,638 (interquartile range, $364-$57,108). Food and beverage payments accounted for 63.0% of the $28,992 total payments, and the associated dollar value was $887,617 (4.04%). Gender disparities in corporate payments were observed in other contexts, but we did not find a similar relationship among leading dermatology journals.ConclusionOur work highlights that pharmaceutical payments exist among dermatology editors, providing a rationale for future research to address whether editor bias related to pharmaceutical payments exists and more granular studies on the role of gender with regard to navigating such payments.

Financial payments made by pharmaceutical companies to the authors of Japanese hematology clinical practice guidelines between 2016 and 2017

Financial conflicts of interest (FCOI) between pharmaceutical companies and physicians may negatively impact patient care. This is particularly relevant regarding clinical practice guidelines (CPG), where FCOI may inappropriately influence individual drugs' promotion or use. In a cross-sectional analysis of pharmaceutical company payments, we sought to elucidate the extent of FCOI between Japanese hematologists and drug promotion in CPG. Data collected from two professional medical associations and companies belonging to the Japanese Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association included the type and amount of company payments, individual financial disclosures, and new drug or indication approvals between 2015 and 2017. Of the 74 hematologists drafting CPG, 70 (94.6 %) received at least one payment during the study period. The cumulative median (interquartile range) value of these payments was $31,553 ($11,449-$74,390). Also, during this period, 26 new drugs or indications were approved and discussed in the CPG. Among the 79 pharmaceutical companies, the 11 (13.9 %) with newly approved and discussed drugs in the CPG made median (interquartile range) payments of $210,388 ($85,141-$292,536), while the remaining 68 (86.1 %) made $0 ($0-$9607) in payments. Disclosure of these payments was inconsistent. Such discrepancies suggest an association between pharmaceutical payments and drug approvals that only greater transparency can clarify. Consequently, a comprehensive overhaul of the current framework to control FCOI that includes legal regulation may be necessary.

Pharmaceutical Company Payments to Japanese Government Drug Regulation Committee Members.

Little is known about the characteristics and distribution of financial conflicts of interest (FCOIs) in the drug regulation process, both in Japan and globally. This study aimed to identify the characteristics and distribution of pharmaceutical payments to members of Japanese government drug regulation committees, and to assess the accuracy of their FCOI statements. Among members who worked for either of the five committees of the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council (PAFSC), which is the advisory committee for pharmaceutical affairs in Japan, from April 1, 2017 to March 31, 2019, the extent of payments in 2016 from 78 major pharmaceutical companies in Japan and the accuracy of the self-reported FCOI disclosures were assessed. Of 108 members, 54 (50%) were medical doctors. The payments to the PAFSC members totaled ¥115,765,006 ($1,064,017), and the mean (SD) payment was ¥1,071,898 ($9,852) (¥2,272,520 ($20,887)). Fifty-one members (47%) received at least one payment from a pharmaceutical company in 2016; 32 members (30%) received more than ¥500,000 ($4,600). Of 8,530 declarations from five councils, 409 (4.8%) of the FCOIs self-reported by the committee members were inaccurate. Of those inaccurate disclosures, 112 of 409 inaccurate disclosures (27.4%) would have prevented the recipients from participating in the drug-approval decision-making processes had they been correctly disclosed. Almost half of drug regulation committee members in Japan received at least one payment from pharmaceutical companies in 2016. Moreover, several FCOIs they reported were inaccurate.

The current status of pharmaceutical care provision in tertiary hospitals: results of a cross-sectional survey in China

BackgroundPharmaceutical care is attached with increasing importance around the world due to its clinical and economical effects. Tertiary hospitals are equipped with the richest healthcare resources and pioneer in the implementation of pharmaceutical care. Understanding current status of pharmaceutical care provision in tertiary hospitals not only helps to improve the practice in tertiary hospitals but also guide the development of pharmaceutical care in secondary and primary health institutions.MethodData of a cross-sectional survey were used. The cross-sectional survey was conducted from July 2015 to June 2016, involving 520 hospital directors, 740 clinical pharmacists, 1298 physicians, 778 dispensing pharmacists and 3096 patients from 292 hospitals of 23 provinces, 4 municipalities in mainland China. The survey aimed to comprehensively investigate the current status of pharmaceutical care and health care professional’s understanding of clinical pharmacist system in tertiary hospitals. This study reports results pertaining to current status of pharmaceutical care, including pharmacy department practice rules, guidelines and records, application of rational drug use software, staffing and working arrangement of clinical pharmacists and physicians, patients’ satisfaction toward pharmaceutical care.ResultsA majority of the tertiary hospitals established clinical pharmacist system (84.2%), clinical pharmacist management rules (89%), clinical pharmacists’ working ethics (89%) and applied clinical rational drug use software (93.8%). However, a number of hospitals did not establish a performance evaluation system (37%) and payment rules for pharmaceutical care (81.9%). Most of the clinical pharmacists met the educational background set by the government. Averagely there were 8.3 clinical pharmacists per hospital and 90.7% of the tertiary hospitals had at least five full-time clinical pharmacists. Pharmaceutical care services provided include checking prescriptions, making treatment plans and joining clinical rounds and etc. Both physicians and patients were generally satisfied with pharmaceutical care services provided.ConclusionChina has made progress in pharmaceutical care provision, but problems such as lack of rules for pharmaceutical care payment and a performance evaluation system, a monotonous variety of pharmaceutical care activities remain unsolved. Policy makers and hospitals directors are suggested to pay more attention to these problems.

Contributors

Previous articleNext article FreeContributorsFull TextPDF Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreBarbara Entwisle is the Kenan Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She is a social demographer whose research focuses on migration in relation to life course processes and in the context of changing social, natural, and built environments.Ashton M. Verdery is assistant professor of sociology, demography, and social data analytics at Pennsylvania State University. His research examines interactions between demographic change, social networks, and health and frequently relies on computational social science methods.Nathalie Williams is associate professor of sociology and international studies and an affiliate of the Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology and the South Asian Center at the University of Washington. Her work primarily focuses on the demographic and social consequences of climate change and armed conflict.Dohoon Lee is associate professor of sociology at Yonsei University, South Korea. His research centers on social stratification, demography, life course, and causal inference. He is interested in how nonlinear, asymmetric regularities arise in social relations and their implications for social inequality.Byungkyu Lee is assistant professor of sociology at Indiana University. He studies network dynamics in the field of medical sociology and political sociology. He is currently using large-scale medical claims and other administrative data to explain the rise of “deaths of despair” in the United States; he is examining the impact of state policy on the opioid epidemic and pharmaceutical payments to doctors. His other works investigate the co-evolution of cultural beliefs, networks, and political polarization using surveys and social media data.Nicole P. Marwell is associate professor of social service administration and sociology at the University of Chicago. Her research examines questions of urban governance, with a current focus on how different forms of knowledge—such as experimental evidence, political claims, and data analytics—are deployed in contested governance processes.Erez Aharon Marantz is a lecturer of sociology at Tel Aviv University. He uses computational methods to study transformations of markets and industries, and the way organizations and individuals motivate, and react to, these large-scale changes. His recent work focuses on how status mobility shapes innovation and on the emergence of professional communities in project-based labor markets. He received his PhD from New York University in 2019.Delia Baldassarri is professor of sociology at New York University. Her research interests are in social networks, political sociology, economic sociology, and analytical sociology. She is currently investigating the emergence of cooperation in complex societies, focusing on the effects of ethnic diversity and market integration on prosocial behavior.Nicholas Sabin is associate professor at the Facultad de Administración y Economía at the Universidad de Santiago de Chile and an international research fellow at the University of Oxford. His current research focuses on behavioral science and decision making, conducted with the Center for Experimental Social Sciences in Oxford and Santiago.Felix Reed-Tsochas is professor of complex systems at the Saïd Business School, University of Oxford. His research is highly interdisciplinary and uses computational and mathematical methods to model complex systems and networks. Current applications include the impact on health outcomes of nosocomial patient-patient contacts, the social and behavioral etiology of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries, studies of social influence in online platforms, the use of cellphone data to track social interactions, and complexity in supply networks. Previous articleNext article DetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Sociology Volume 125, Number 6May 2020 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/709744 Views: 170 © 2020 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Crossref reports no articles citing this article.