Pharmaceutical Industry Research Articles

Review on novel targeted enzyme drug delivery systems: enzymosomes.

The goal of this review is to present enzymosomes as an innovative means for site-specific drug delivery. Enzymosomes make use of an enzyme's special characteristics, such as its capacity to accelerate the reaction rate and bind to a particular substrate at a regulated rate. Enzymosomes are created when an enzyme forms a covalent linkage with a liposome or lipid vesicle surface. To construct enzymosomes with specialized activities, enzymes are linked using acylation, direct conjugation, physical adsorption, and encapsulation techniques. By reducing the negative side effects of earlier treatment techniques and exhibiting efficient medication release, these cutting-edge drug delivery systems improve long-term sickness treatments. They could be a good substitute for antiplatelet medication, gout treatment, and other traditional medicines. Recently developed supramolecular vesicular delivery systems called enzymosomes have the potential to improve drug targeting, physicochemical characteristics, and ultimately bioavailability in the pharmaceutical industry. Enzymosomes have advantages over narrow-therapeutic index pharmaceuticals as focusing on their site of action enhances both their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles. Additionally, it reduces changes in normal enzymatic activity, which enhances the half-life of an enzyme and accomplishes enzyme activity on specific locations.

Oncology drug pricing: potential medicare savings on cancer-directed and supportive care medications through the Mark Cuban cost plus drug model.

Prescription drug costs within oncology remain a challenge for many patients with cancer. The Mark Cuban Cost Plus Drug Company (MCCPDC) launched in 2022, aiming to provide transparently priced medications at reduced costs. In this study, we sought to describe the potential impact of MCCPDC on Medicare Part-D oncology spending related to cancer-directed (n = 7) and supportive care (n = 26) drugs. We extracted data for drug-specific Part-D claims and spending for 2021. Using 90-count purchases from MCCPDC, we found potential Part-D savings of $857.8 million (91% savings) across the 7 cancer-directed drugs and $28.7 million (67% savings) across 21/26 (5/26 did not demonstrate savings) supportive care drugs. Collectively, our findings support that alternative purchasing models like MCCPDC may promote substantial health care savings.

Bioactivities of Prunus mahaleb: A Mini Review

The mahaleb cherry, which has the scientific name Prunus mahaleb L., is a fragrant shrub plant belonging to the Rosaceae family. The plant is commonly cultivated in the Mediterranean area. The people cultivated it for its essential oil and seeds, which have great therapeutic and nutritional value. It is widely distributed over North Africa, Central Asia, and Central-South Europe. The plant contains a variety of active constituents like coumarins, vital oils, polyphonic ingredients, and other phytochemical compounds that possess many pharmacological activities capable of improving people’s health. These activities include antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, gastro-protective, neuroprotective, and diabetic management actions. Overall data for this literature review was collected from online sources such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, Research Gate, Elsevier, PubMed, and Web Science. In addition to that, the library of the pharmacognosy department was utilized to collect supplementary information on photochemical constituents, pharmacognosy, and pharmacological applications of mahaleb cherry. The gathered data was carefully examined and authenticated. The main aim of this review article is to uncover potential therapeutic activities of this plant that could be valuable in the future for therapeutic nutrition, as well as food and pharmaceutical industries.

The Insight Meditation Enhanced Stress, Depression, and Anxiety Reduction in Working Professionals Like Medical Representatives Determined by Using Serum Cortisol Level and Electroencephalogram: A Qualitative Study

The Indian pharmaceutical industry is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the Indian economy and ranks among the top 15 drug-manufacturing countries globally. Among the fastest-growing industries in the world, the pharmaceutical industry has increased over the years. A pharmaceutical company appoints a medical representative to make their products easily reach healthcare specialists and then be used by the general public. The medical representatives construct a well- built network with doctors, clinical specialists, medical practitioners, paramedical experts, Dietitians and nutritionists, paediatricians, gynaecologists, psychiatrists, etc. The problem of stress is widespread in every job description, and it may affect directly or indirectly in the form of health issues and low productivity; the demands of achieving targets induced among medical representatives. Much of this credit goes to Medical Sales Representatives or Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives (also known as MR, PSR) who are solely responsible for the promotion of products among Physicians, Hospitals, and pharmacies and are accountable for sales results. They act as the face of the Pharma company contributing to a better quality of life for customers, building goodwill, and increasing the company’s market share. Pharmaceutical sales representatives (PSR) play a large role in helping an industry in a rapidly changing environment to achieve a new corporate vision and normally these medical representatives are in the highest stress position. Most pharmaceutical sales representatives experience significant job stress and unhappiness levels. Stress, depression, and anxiety are the most common psychiatric disorders all over the world. One of India's oldest meditation methods, vipassana also known as Insight meditation, helps a person become aware of things as they are. The goal of the Vipassana method, which aids in self-change via self-observation, is to finally arrive at a condition of inner and exterior peace and mental equilibrium. It is a process of "Self- exploration" to the normal base of the brain and body that removes mental smog and results in a healthier personality filled with love and empathy. Electroencephalography (EEG) is an efficient modality that helps to acquire brain signals corresponding to various states from the scalp surface area. These signals are generally categorized as delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma based on signal frequencies ranging from 0.1 Hz to more than 100 Hz. This paper primarily focuses on EEG signals and their characterization for various states of the human body. Beta wave induced the production of cortisol. Also, the beta wave is necessary for our everyday lives, such as thought, communicating, arguing, and problem-solving, during conscious mental work. This Beta wave can also lead to tension, anxiety, and restlessness as they enable us to think properly. Persistently elevated cortisol concentrations are associated with metabolic disorders. Cortisol is a vital hormone sometimes known as the stress hormone in humans, as it is involved in the body's natural response to physical or emotional stress. cortisol has effects on memory, mood, and neurological diseases. Cortisol is best known for mediating the body’s reaction to stress. This study aims to review the existing research and challenges of serum cortisol levels (cortisol is an indicator of stress) and EEG signals with the Insight meditation effect.

A Computational Predictor for Accurate Identification of Tumor Homing Peptides by Integrating Sequential and Deep BiLSTM Features.

Cancer remains a severe illness, and current research indicates that tumor homing peptides (THPs) play an important part in cancer therapy. The identification of THPs can provide crucial insights for drug-discovery and pharmaceutical industries as they allow for tailored medication delivery towards cancer cells. These peptides have a high affinity enabling particular receptors present upon tumor surfaces, allowing for the creation of precision medications that reduce off-target consequences and enhance cancer patient treatment results. Wet-lab techniques are considered essential tools for studying THPs; however, they're labor-extensive and time-consuming, therefore making prediction of THPs a challenging task for the researchers. Computational-techniques, on the other hand, are considered significant tools in identifying THPs according to the sequence data. Despite many strategies have been presented to predict new THP, there is still a need to develop a robust method with higher rates of success. In this paper, we developed a novel framework, THP-DF, for accurately identifying THPs on a large-scale. Firstly, the peptide sequences are encoded through various sequential features. Secondly, each feature is passed to BiLSTM and attention layers to extract simplified deep features. Finally, an ensemble-framework is formed via integrating sequential- and deep features which are fed to a support vector machine which with 10-fold cross-validation to carry to validate the efficiency. The experimental results showed that THP-DF worked better on both [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] datasets by achieving accuracy of > 95% which are higher than existing predictors both datasets. This indicates that the proposed predictor could be a beneficial tool to precisely and rapidly identify THPs and will contribute to the cutting-edge cancer treatment strategies and pharmaceuticals.

Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) and Its Copolymers: A Review on Recent Advances in the Areas of Sensing and Biosensing

AbstractStimuli‐responsive polymers have received increasing attention for various applications due to their ability to adapt physical and chemical properties in response to external environmental stimuli. In this regard, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is the most extensively studied stimuli‐responsive polymer and, consequently has been prominently featured in (bio)‐sensor development, adaptive coating technology, drug delivery, wound healing, tissue regeneration, artificial actuator design, sensor technology, responsive coatings, and soft robotics. This success can be mainly attributed to the accessible and versatile nature of the PNIPAM platform, thus allowing the synthesis of a wide variety of copolymer architectures, topologies and compositions. Within this review, the structural and compositional features of PNIPAM‐based materials in sensor and biosensor applications are discussed with a focus on the literature from 2016 until now. The reader is provided with the current state of the art regarding PNIPAM‐based sensor development and their molecular design. Finally, the challenges ahead in the successful implementation of PNIPAM‐based sensors are highlighted, as well as the opportunities in the rational design of improved PNIPAM‐based sensors. Altogether, this review provides comprehensive insights into the exciting and rapidly expanding field of PNIPAM‐based sensing systems, which will benefit the chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, and biotech industries is believed.

Nano Encapsulation of An Essential Oil Transpire the Therapeutic Approach.

Essential oils are natural compounds extracted from plants that are volatile and sensitive to heat. Due to their therapeutic value, essential oils are now used in many industries, including the sanitary, cosmetic, agricultural, food, and pharmaceutical industries. These are complex mixtures of a wide range of volatile molecules, including phenol-derived aliphatic and aromatic compounds and terpenoids. Essential oils have been used medicinally since ancient times for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, insecticidal, sedative, antiinflammatory, and anaesthetic properties. However, essential oils come with inherent limitations; thus, nanoencapsulation is advocated as a remedy as it has the potential to enhance the stability, solubility, and effectiveness of formulations based on essential oils, all while preserving the therapeutic drug blood levels. It is not always viable to use essential oils independently in treatment due to several restrictions; however, nanodelivery technologies appear capable of overcoming these challenges. The therapeutic efficacy that is achieved can be affected by several factors, including the selection of the essential oil as well as the system of nanodelivery. Today, nanoencapsulation is capable of enabling the simultaneous delivery of multiple oils, providing synergistic effects, and facilitating the development of combinational therapies. Additionally, they may have potential applications in preserving food to prolong the shelf life of quickspoiling items and their fragrances. While there is already much research on the characterisation of EOs, this review evaluates the features of the nanoparticles employed for the delivery of essential oils and their impact on the functionality of nano-delivered essential oils and their beneficial uses.

Rola i wykorzystanie badań wysokoprzepustowych w poszukiwaniu związków chemicznych o działaniu terapeutycznym

With the development of medicine and the aging population, the demand for more effective therapies is escalating. A tool that facilitates the discovery and introduction of new therapeutic drugs is High-Throughput Screening (HTS). These tests, consisting of a wide set of various assays, allow testing hundreds of thousands of compounds in a short period of time. The aim is to accurately identify active compounds that could become potential therapeutic candidates in the pharmaceutical industry. HTS is the first step in the quest for potential drugs, therefore it is one of the crucial tests that determine whether a particular drug candidate will be discovered. In this review, different stages of high-throughput screening studies will be described, as well as methods utilized in these studies. The necessary steps in the optimization of these tests, selection of equipment, automation and key quality control parameters for reliably performed screening will also be presented.

Implementing Lean 4.0: a review of case studies in pharmaceutical industry transformation

PurposeThe purpose of this systematic review is to critically analyze pharmaceutical industry case studies on the implementation of Lean 4.0 methodologies to synthesize key lessons, benefits and best practices. The goal is to inform decisions and guide investments in related technologies for enhancing quality, compliance, efficiency and responsiveness across production and supply chain processes.Design/methodology/approachThe article utilized a systematic literature review (SLR) methodology following five phases: formulating research questions, locating relevant articles, selecting and evaluating articles, analyzing and synthesizing findings and reporting results. The SLR aimed to critically analyze pharmaceutical industry case studies on Lean 4.0 implementation to synthesize key lessons, benefits and best practices.FindingsKey findings reveal recurrent efficiency gains, obstacles around legacy system integration and data governance as well as necessary operator training investments alongside technological upgrades. On average, quality assurance reliability improved by over 50%, while inventory waste declined by 57% based on quantified metrics across documented initiatives synthesizing robotics, sensors and analytics.Research limitations/implicationsAs a comprehensive literature review, findings depend on available documented implementations within the search period rather than direct case evaluations. Reporting bias may also skew toward more successful accounts.Practical implicationsSynthesized implementation patterns, performance outcomes and concealed pitfalls provide pharmaceutical leaders with an evidence-based reference guide aiding adoption strategy development, resource planning and workforce transitioning crucial for Lean 4.0 assimilation.Originality/valueThis systematic assessment of pharmaceutical Lean 4.0 adoption offers an unprecedented perspective into the real-world issues, dependencies and modifications necessary for successful integration, absent from conceptual projections or isolated case studies alone until now.

Biopolymer-Based Hydrogel Incorporated with Naproxen Sodium and Lidocaine Hydrochloride for Controlled Drug Delivery

Sodium hyaluronate (HA) is a natural polysaccharide. This biopolymer occurs in many tissues of living organisms. The regenerating, nourishing, and moisturizing properties as well as the rheological properties of HA enable its application in the pharmaceutical industry as a carrier of medicinal substances. The aim of this work was to assess the release of naproxen sodium (Nap) in the presence of lidocaine hydrochloride (Lid) from the biopolymer-based hydrogels and to determine the respective kinetic parameters of this process. The possible interaction between the HA polysaccharide carrier and the selected drugs was also investigated. Three hydrogels containing Nap and Lid with different concentrations of the biopolymer were prepared. The release of Nap was studied by employing USP apparatus 5. The infrared study and differential scanning calorimetry analysis of physical mixtures and dried formulations were performed. The highest amount of Nap was released from the formulation with the lowest concentration of the biopolymer. The most representative kinetic model that described the dissolution of Nap was obtained through the Korsmeyer–Peppas equation. The release rate constants were in the range of 1.0 ± 0.1 × 10−2 min−n–1.7 ± 0.1 × 10−2 min−n. Lid did not influence the dissolution of Nap from the formulations tested; however, in the desiccated samples of assessed formulations, the interaction between the polysaccharide and both drugs was observed.

Enhancing the Solubility, Stability, and Bioavailability of Retinol Acetate through Mechanochemistry.

This study utilizes mechanochemistry to prepare retinol acetate (RA) solid dispersion (RA-sodium starch octenyl succinate (SSOS)), resulting in improved solubility, stability, and bioavailability compared with raw RA and commercial RA microcapsules. RA, poloxamer 188, SSOS, and milling beads (8 mm) were mixed in a ratio of 2:1:8:220 (w/w) and ball-milled at 100 rpm for 3 h. RA-SSOS exhibited a solubility of 1020.35 μL/mL and a 98.09% retention rate after aging at 30 °C. Rats fed with RA-SSOS showed an ∼30% increase in organ RA content. Characterization analysis attributed the solubility and stabilization of RA-SSOS to hydrogen bonding between RA and SSOS, along with an amorphous state. RA-SSOS offers significant advantages for the pharmaceutical and food industries, leveraging mechanochemistry to enhance solid dispersions for hydrophobic compounds and optimize drug delivery.

Investigating the feasibility and potential of combining industry AMR monitoring systems: a comparison with WHO GLASS

Background Efforts to estimate the global burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have highlighted gaps in existing surveillance systems. Data gathered from hospital networks globally by pharmaceutical industries to monitor antibiotic efficacy in different bacteria represent an additional source to track the temporal evolution of AMR. Here, we analysed available industry monitoring systems to assess to which extent combining them could help fill the gaps in our current understanding of AMR levels and trends. Methods We analysed six industry monitoring systems (ATLAS, GEARS, SIDERO-WT, KEYSTONE, DREAM, and SOAR) obtained from the Vivli platform and reviewed their respective isolates collection and analysis protocols. Using the R software, we designed a pipeline to harmonise and combine these into a single dataset. We assessed the reliability of resistance estimates from these sources by comparing the combined dataset to the publicly available subset of WHO GLASS for shared bacteria-antibiotic-country-year combinations. Results Combined, the industry monitoring systems cover 18 years (4 years for GLASS), 85 countries (71), 412 bacterial species (8), and 75 antibiotics (25). Although all industry systems followed a similar centralised testing approach, the criteria for isolate collection were unclear (patients selection, associated sampling periods…). For E.coli, K. pneumoniae and S. aureus, at least 65% of comparable resistance proportions were within 0.1 of the corresponding estimate in GLASS. We did not identify systemic bias towards resistance in industry systems compared to GLASS. Conclusions Combining industry monitoring systems can substantially strengthen our knowledge of global AMR burden across bacterial species and countries. High agreement values for available comparisons with GLASS suggest that data for other bacteria-antibiotic-country-year combinations only present in industry systems could complement GLASS, particularly for Priority Pathogens currently not covered. This valuable information on resistance levels could help clinicians and stakeholders prioritize testing and select appropriate antibiotics in settings with limited surveillance data.

Trend of pharmaceuticals 3D printing in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: An overview, regulatory perspective and future outlook

The traditional method of producing medicine using the “one-size fits all” model is becoming a major issue for pharmaceutical manufacturers due to its inability to produce customizable medicines for individuals’ needs. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a new disruptive technology that offers many benefits to the pharmaceutical industry by revolutionizing the way pharmaceuticals are developed and manufactured. 3D printing technology enables the on-demand production of personalized medicine with tailored dosage, shape and release characteristics. Despite the lack of clear regulatory guidance, there is substantial interest in adopting 3D printing technology in the large-scale manufacturing of medicine. This review aims to evaluate the research efforts of 3D printing technology in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, with a particular emphasis on pharmaceutical research and development. Our analysis indicates an upsurge in the overall research activity of 3D printing technology but there is limited progress in pharmaceuticals research and development. While the MENA region still lags, there is evidence of the regional interest in expanding the 3D printing technology applications in different sectors including pharmaceuticals. 3D printing holds great promise for pharmaceutical development within the MENA region and its advancement will require a strong collaboration between academic researchers and industry partners in parallel with drafting detailed guidelines from regulatory authorities.

Editorial: AI and new digital technologies have transformed alcohol and other drug industries lobbying

Editorial: AI and new digital technologies have transformed alcohol and other drug industries lobbying

Stabilization of zein nanoparticles with tween-80 and fucoidan for encapsulation of eugenol via a nozzle simulation chip

Eugenol (EU), a natural bioactive compound found in various plants, offers numerous health benefits, but its application in the food and pharmaceutical industry is limited by its high volatility, instability, and low water solubility. Therefore, this study aimed to utilize the surface coating technique to develop zein-tween-80-fucoidan (Z-T-FD) composite nanoparticles for encapsulating eugenol using a nozzle simulation chip. The physicochemical characteristics of the composite nanoparticles were examined by varying the weight ratios of Z, T, and FD. Results showed that the Z-T-FD weight ratio of 5:1:15 exhibited excellent colloidal stability under a range of conditions, including pH (2–8), salt concentrations (10–500 mmol/L), heating (80 °C), and storage (30 days). Encapsulation of EU into Z-T-FD nanoparticles (0.5:5:1:15) resulted in an encapsulation efficiency of 49.29 ± 1.00%, loading capacity of 0.46 ± 0.05%, particle size of 205.01 ± 3.25 nm, PDI of 0.179 ± 0.006, and zeta-potential of 37.12 ± 1.87 mV. Spherical structures were formed through hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and molecular docking. Furthermore, the EU-Z-T-FD (0.5:5:1:15) nanoparticles displayed higher in vitro antioxidant properties (with DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging properties at 75.28 ± 0.16% and 39.13 ± 1.22%, respectively), in vitro bioaccessibility (64.78 ± 1.37%), and retention rates under thermal and storage conditions for EU compared to other formulations. These findings demonstrate that the Z-T-FD nanoparticle system can effectively encapsulate, protect, and deliver eugenol, making it a promising option for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Synthesis of (Hetero)biaryls via Nickel Catalyzed Reductive Cross‐Electrophile Coupling Between (Hetero)aryl Iodides and Bromides

(Hetero)biaryls are fundamental building blocks in the pharmaceutical industry and rapid access to these scaffolds is imperative for the success of numerous medicinal chemistry campaigns. Herein, a highly general, mild, and chemoselective reductive cross‐electrophile coupling between (hetero)aryl iodides and heteroaryl bromides is reported. By employing more reactive (hetero)aryl halides, a broad range of successful substrates (45 examples) were identified. The reaction was also found to be chemoselective for C(sp2)–C(sp2) bond formation between (hetero)aryl iodides and bromides over (hetero)aryl chlorides, which were generally inert under the described reaction conditions. The efficiency of the procedure is also further demonstrated in parallel synthesis library format, on gram scale, as well as in the formal synthesis of Ruxolitinib, a potent JAK inhibitor. As such, we anticipate this method will find widespread utility in the assembly of (hetero)biaryls for medicinal chemistry efforts.

Modelling the Combined Effect of Green Leadership and Human Resource Management in Moving to Green Supply Chain Performance Enhancement in Saudi Arabia

Previous research has been limited in examining the causal relationship between green transformational leadership (GTL) and green supply chain management (GSCM), with the intermediary influence of green human resource management (GHRM), within the pharmaceutical sector of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This gap persisted despite the recognition in Saudi Vision 2030 of logistics, specifically, supply chain management (SCM), as fundamental to the national development agenda, given that contemporary competitiveness lies in the efficacy of supply chains (SCs) rather than individual companies. Moreover, the achievement of economic progress hinges significantly on how well these accomplishments align with sustainability demands and obstacles. This paper aims to investigate the extent to which GTL fosters GRHM practices to enhance the maturity of GSCM performance in the pharmaceutical industry in the KSA. In other words, the research goal is to explain the variance of GSCM due to GHRM and GTL. Drawing upon the Resource-Based View (RBV) and the Ability–Motivation–Opportunity theory (AMO), GTL can enhance many aspects of GHRM, such as employee performance measurement, training content design, recruitment criteria, and green-based rewards policies, which positively influence GSCM practices. The methodology employed is deductive and translated into a questionnaire derived from a comprehensive review of the existing literature. This questionnaire was subsequently tested through the collection of 111 responses from pharmaceutical companies operating in the KSA. The results show the critical effects of GTL and GHRM on GSCM in this sector. The research provides fresh theoretical perspectives and actionable recommendations based on the outcomes. As for originality, this research explores the contribution of transformational leadership and green human resource management in enhancing SC sustainability. The research provides directions for future research to investigate the mediating or moderating impacts of other significant factors, such as green thinking or eco-friendly behaviour, on SCM sustainability. As for practical implications, this research came up with an in-depth understanding of SC managers and professionals regarding their practices related to sustainability.

Evaluation of Chemical Content and Phytochemical Composition of Yemeni Almond Cultivars

The almond plant is considered one of the most important agricultural crops economically, nutritionally, and healthily, its properties and chemical composition differ according to the places of its cultivation. This study aims to estimate the chemical and phytochemical content of some local cultivars of almonds in Yemen. The chemical components, minerals, and secondary metabolites were estimated in the seeds. The results of the chemical analysis showed that the studied cultivars of Yemeni almonds contained a high percentage of nutrients compared to the imported samples, the percentages of moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and ash were 2.88–3.39%, 12.7–19.15%, 36.87–65.34%, 13.23–38.02%, and 2.55–3.56%, respectively, and they contained a high content of some minerals such as iron, zinc, copper, and potassium. The total phenols in the studied almond cultivars ranged from 9.9–113 mg Gallic acid/g, and the total flavonoids ranged from 47.7–63.00 mg Rutin/g. It is concluded from the study that Yemeni almonds are characterized by unique properties that promise multiple uses in the food and pharmaceutical industries and in the prevention and treatment of many diseases.

Identifying Substructures That Facilitate Compounds to Penetrate the Blood-Brain Barrier via Passive Transport Using Machine Learning Explainer Models.

The local interpretable model-agnostic explanation (LIME) method was used to interpret two machine learning models of compounds penetrating the blood-brain barrier. The classification models, Random Forest, ExtraTrees, and Deep Residual Network, were trained and validated using the blood-brain barrier penetration dataset, which shows the penetrability of compounds in the blood-brain barrier. LIME was able to create explanations for such penetrability, highlighting the most important substructures of molecules that affect drug penetration in the barrier. The simple and intuitive outputs prove the applicability of this explainable model to interpreting the permeability of compounds across the blood-brain barrier in terms of molecular features. LIME explanations were filtered with a weight equal to or greater than 0.1 to obtain only the most relevant explanations. The results showed several structures that are important for blood-brain barrier penetration. In general, it was found that some compounds with nitrogenous substructures are more likely to permeate the blood-brain barrier. The application of these structural explanations may help the pharmaceutical industry and potential drug synthesis research groups to synthesize active molecules more rationally.

Bioprospecting of serratiopeptidase-producing bacteria from different sources

Anti-inflammatory enzymes have wide applications in the pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to find new and efficient strains for the commercial production of serratiopeptidase enzyme. Vast number of samples were processed for the isolation of potent strains. The experimental treatment includes processing of twenty soil samples, silkworm gut, and sugarcane stem. The total protein and protease activity was estimated by Lowry’s method and casein hydrolysis. The HRBC stabilization assay was performed for finding the anti-inflammatory potential of all strains. The serratiopeptidase production was confirmed by HPLC with the standard. Molecular characterization of selected potent strains was done by 16S rDNA and confirmed the taxonomy. The one step rapid purification of serratiopeptidase was performed by Ultra three phase partitioning method. The clot lysis potential of the Serratia marcescens VS56 was observed by modified Holmstorm method. The results of the study revealed that among the 60 strains, 12 strains were protease-positive on skim milk agar plates and showed significant protease activity. All 12 strains were screened for serratiopeptidase using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and VS56, VS10, VS12 and VS18 showed a similar retention time (4.66 ± 0.10 min) with standard. The selected potent strain, Serratia marcescens VS56 showed a proteolytic activity of 21.30 units/mL and produced a total protein of 102 mg/mL. The HRBC suspension results also showed a percentage of 94.6 ± 1.00 protection, which was compared to the standard diclofenac. The clot lysis potential of Serratia marcescens VS56 was 53% in 4 h. Furthermore, the molecular weight of the protein was identified to confirm the presence of serratiopeptidase. The study hence contributed successfully to isolating, screening, and identifying a potent producer for serratiopeptidase from an environmental source. This inherent advantage of the strain will undoubtedly contribute much to the coco comm commercial production of serratiopeptidase in the near future.