Pharmaceutical Enterprises Research Articles

EVALUATION OF STUDENTS' TRAINING LEVEL IN THE ELECTIVE DISCIPLINE "QUALITY SYSTEMS IN PHARMACY"

The pharmaceutical industry is rapidly developing and implementing new innovative approaches and legal regulation of the quality management system of medicinal products, which includes a set of methods, processes and resources that are necessary for quality management. Therefore, the study by students of the specialty 226 "Pharmacy, industrial pharmacy" of the elective discipline "Quality systems in pharmacy" is an important area of professional training of a qualified specialist who will master the methodology of quality management, normative-legislative and organizational-economic aspects of quality control of medicinal products at pharmaceutical enterprises. Training of domestic students in the field of drug technology is an important direction of pharmaceutical education today. The main tasks of studying the elective discipline "Quality Systems in Pharmacy" are: formation of students of higher education in general knowledge about the quality indicators of medicinal products according to the stage of their life cycle by fulfilling the requirements of proper pharmaceutical practices and developing documentation in accordance with their requirements; formation of practical skills; raising the level of general and scientific development of students of higher education, forming their outlook and perspective as modern qualified specialists in the field of pharmacy. The purpose of the work was to study the assessment of the level of training of domestic students in the elective discipline "Quality Systems in Pharmacy". Materials and methods. We used an empirical research method (questionnaire). Questionnaire was a key research method, as it allows to get answers from the student audience regarding the organization of the educational process. A survey was conducted to assess the level of preparation of domestic students of the 5th year of the Faculty of Pharmacy who completed the study of the selective discipline "Quality Systems in Pharmacy". 50 full-time students and 2 distance learning students took part in the survey. Out of all the respondents, only one studies on budget forms of education. Research results. According to the curriculum, the elective discipline "Quality Systems in Pharmacy" at the Faculty of Pharmacy of IFNMU is studied in the V course in the IX semester, at the stage when students have already acquired basic knowledge of pharmaceutical disciplines. The discipline is chosen by already formed specialists who possess a large stock of theoretical knowledge and practical skills and are motivated to study a new subject, so it remains for the teacher to systematize information for the proper conduct of the discipline study course. 3 ECTS credits are provided for the study of the discipline in the curriculum. The discipline includes 20 hours of lectures, 30 hours of practical classes, 40 hours of independent student work and ends with a module. Lecture and practical material taught at the level of modern scientific and practical data with the aim of forming students' program results. We conducted an analysis of problems in the organization of the educational process for students of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University during full-time education. The success of implementing the selective discipline "Quality Systems in Pharmacy" and ensuring a high level of training depends primarily on the quality of the work of scientific and pedagogical workers.

Factors affecting the performance of government R&D support programs in pharmaceutical enterprises

Purpose The government support for research and development (R&D) initiatives in the pharmaceutical sector has been declining. The purpose of this study is to analyze factors influencing the efficacy of government R&D support programs directed at pharmaceutical enterprises in South Korea, aiming to provide valuable insights for policymakers responsible for resource allocation in the pharmaceutical industry. Design/methodology/approach The study uses data from 490 R&D projects conducted by 106 pharmaceutical enterprises between 2018 and 2020, sourced from the National Technical Information Service and Drug Approval Research and Technology repositories. The data were analyzed using negative binomial regression analysis operated by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Findings Applied research, cooperative research and the number of doctoral researchers positively impact both the quantitative and qualitative performance of the papers. The number of doctoral researchers, government research funds and the ratio of private investment to total R&D investment positively impacted the quantitative and qualitative performance of patents. However, enterprise age negatively affected patent performance. Notably, sales were significantly associated with patent qualitative performance but not with patent quantitative performance. Originality/value While previous studies have primarily focused on specific types of government R&D support or individual sectors, this study provides a broader perspective by incorporating a variety of variables, to examine the overall performance of government R&D programs in the pharmaceutical sector. This paper addresses the growing concern over declining government support and offers insights that were not fully explored in prior studies. By doing so, this research highlights the importance of understanding how diverse factors collectively influence the effectiveness of government R&D support, providing new directions for innovation and excellence in the pharmaceutical industry.

Influence of Chinese National Centralized Drug Procurement policy on pharmaceutical corporate R&D investment

ABSTRACT The Chinese National Centralized Drug Procurement (CNCDP) policy has dramatically changed the Chinese drug market and influenced the production and R&D behaviour of pharmaceutical companies. This study empirically examined the impact of the CNCDP policy on pharmaceutical enterprises’ R&D investment and its mechanism using the difference-in-differences (DID) estimation. The findings demonstrate that this policy has a significant positive impact on corporate R&D investment. Moreover, selling expenses and accounts receivable play a crucial mediating role between them. However, there is no corresponding increase in the patent output of pharmaceutical enterprises. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the policy exerts a more substantial influence on non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs) and chemical drug manufacturers than on state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and comprehensive firms. Therefore, it is recommended that the government continue to implement procurement policies, combat medical corruption, urge hospitals to pay promptly for medicines, broaden the scope of procured medicines, and promote the conversion of companies’ R&D investment into high-quality outcomes. These findings offer valuable guidance for developing countries in formulating policies to bolster the R&D competitiveness of their pharmaceutical industries and secure the supply of medicines.

Characterization and genome sequence of N,N-dimethylformamide degradation in Paracoccus sulfuroxidans DM175A1-1 isolated from activated sludge of wastewater.

N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is an organic solvent with stable chemical properties and high boiling point. Based on its good solubility, DMF is widely used in synthetic textile, leather, electronics, pharmaceutical and pesticide industries. However, the DMF pollutes the environment and does harm to human liver function, kidney function, and nerve function. Herein, an efficient DMF-degrading strain, DM175A1-1, was isolated and identified as Paracoccus sulfuroxidans. This strain can use DMF as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Whole-genome sequencing of strain DM175A1-1 revealed that it has a 3.99-Mbp chromosome a 120-kbp plasmid1 and a 40-kbp plasmid2. The chromosome specifically harbors the dmfA1 and dmfA2 essential for the initial steps of DMF degradation. And it also carries the some part of genes facilitating subsequent methylotrophic metabolism and glutathione-dependent pathway. Through further DMF tolerance degradation experiments, DM175A1-1 can tolerate DMF concentrations up to 10,000 mg/L, whereas the majority of Paracoccus strains could only show degradation activity below 1,000 mg/L. And the efficiency of organic nitrogen conversion to NH3-N in DMF can reach 99.0% when the hydraulic retention time (HRT) is controlled at 5 days. Meanwhile, it showed a significant degradation effect at a pharmaceutical enterprise in Zhejiang Province with high concentration of DMF wastewater. This study provides a new strain Paracoccus sulfuroxidans DM175A1-1 which shows a significant influence on DMF degradation, and reveals the characterization on its DMF degradation. It lays the foundation for the application of biological method in the efficient degradation of DMF in industrial wastewater.

NK model simulation study of intelligent manufacturing transformation path selection in pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises

Under the wave of Industry 4.0, traditional pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises are in urgent need of intelligent manufacturing transformation and upgrading, and exploring the optimal realization path of intelligent manufacturing transformation can help accelerate the transformation process of pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises. This paper uses grounded theory research methods to conduct a multi-case study to summarize six influencing factors of the intelligent manufacturing transformation of Chinese pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises; and then analyzes the correlation between the intelligent manufacturing influencing factors based on the DEMATEL method and the NK model, and identifies the key influencing factors according to this, and then draws the fitness landscape map of the intelligent manufacturing transformation, and finally arrives at the optimal path selection of the intelligent manufacturing transformation of pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises. The study enriches and extends the research paradigm of intelligent manufacturing transformation, and provides lessons for pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises to realize intelligent manufacturing transformation and upgrading.

An integrated group decision support framework utilizing Pythagorean fuzzy DEMATEL–CoCoSo approach for medicine cold chain logistics provider selection

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to establish a synthetic group decision framework based on the Pythagorean fuzzy (PF) set to select the optimal medicine cold chain logistics provider (MCCLP). Fierce market competition makes enterprises must constantly improve every link in the process of enterprise sustainable development. The evaluation of MCCLP in pharmaceutical enterprises is an important link to enhance the comprehensive competitiveness. Because of the fuzziness of expert cognition and the complexity of the decision procedure, PF set can effectively handle the uncertainty and ambiguity in the process of multi-criteria group decision decision-making (MCGDM).Design/methodology/approachThis paper develops an integrated group decision framework through combining the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique and combined compromise solution (CoCoSo) approach to select a satisfactory MCCLP within PF circumstances. First, the PF set is used to process the ambiguity and uncertainty of the cognition ability of experts. Second, a novel PF knowledge measure is propounded to measure the vagueness of the PF set. Third, a comprehensive criterion weight determination technique is developed through aggregating subjective weights attained utilizing the PF DEMATEL approach and objective weight deduced by knowledge measure method. Furthermore, an integrated MCGDM approach based on synthetic weight and CoCoSo method is constructed.FindingsThe outcomes of sensibility analysis and comparison investigation show that the suggested decision framework can help decision experts to choose a satisfactory MCCLP scientifically and reasonably. Accordingly, the propounded comprehensive decision framework can be recommended to enterprises and organizations to assess the MCCLP for their improvement of core competitiveness.Originality/valueMCCLP selection is not only momentous for pharmaceutical enterprises to improve transportation quality and ensure medicine safety but also provides a strong guarantee for enterprises to improve their core competitiveness. Nevertheless, enterprises face certain challenges due to the uncertainty of the assessment environment as well as human cognition in the process of choosing a satisfactory MCCLP. PF set possesses a formidable capability to address the uncertainty and imprecision information in the process of MCGDM. Therefore, pharmaceutical enterprises can implement the proposed method to evaluate the suppliers to further improve the comprehensive profit of enterprises.

Research on Supplier Selection of Pharmaceutical Enterprises under the Dual Carbon Target

With the proposal of national carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets, green supply chain management has become one of the important means of reducing carbon emissions. Based on elaborating on the connotation of new quality productivity, this article analyzes the supplier selection problem of pharmaceutical enterprises under the dual carbon target. A pharmaceutical supplier evaluation index system has been established from five aspects related to low-carbon and environmental protection, including technological innovation, research and development capabilities, digitization, intelligent production, environmental protection technology, and so on, with five primary indicators and 18 secondary indicators. Secondly, a game theory combination weighting method combining the G1 method and entropy weight method is used to determine the weights of indicators. A pharmaceutical supplier evaluation model is established by combining the matter element extension model. A company is used as an example to evaluate its 8 candidate suppliers and select the best supplier. Finally, corresponding measures are proposed to promote the healthy and sustainable development of pharmaceutical enterprises.

Can intelligent manufacturing drive green development in China's pharmaceutical industry? -- Evidence from listed enterprises

The pharmaceutical industry's historical extensive pollution emissions have caused severe environmental issues. In the context of the evolving intelligent age, it is urgent to investigate the potential of intelligent manufacturing in improving the environmental performance of the pharmaceutical industry. Our study employs panel data from 110 publicly listed pharmaceutical enterprises covering the period from 2012 to 2020 to assess the impact of intelligent manufacturing on the environmental performance of the pharmaceutical sector. The results reveal a substantial positive effect of intelligent manufacturing on the environmental performance of these enterprises. Additionally, we identify three primary mechanisms for this enhancement: supply chain optimization, the emergence of technological innovations, and structural optimization. A notable observation is that enterprises not certified in environmental management systems or operating within highly competitive markets exhibit a greater potential for enhancing their environmental performance. Drawing upon these insights, our study proposes detailed policy recommendations to leverage intelligent manufacturing for the sustainable progression of the pharmaceutical industry.

Membrane Physiology Symposium April 22nd-23rd, 2024, Napa California, USA.

The Membrane Physiology Symposium was created with the goal of joining basic research with technology companies, where questions and conversations are open and welcomed in a universal language. For many years, academic physiology research areas have been naturally siloed into their own niche communities, which can surely be beneficial. Linking different technological application areas with varied research sectors is an integral formula for successful scientific breakthroughs. The meeting covers a wide variety of topics related to channelopathies, neurological and cardiac disease, drug development, and therapeutic applications, with research programs represented by core academic facilities, medical science institutions, small and large pharmaceutical enterprises, as well as novel cell-based and reagent providers. For this reason, gathering the brightest minds of all relevant fields in one integrative forum is essential for new avenues of discovery, development, and process optimization to occur.

Can the digital transformation of pharmaceutical enterprises' finance improve healthcare equity?

Using big data, cloud computing, and blockchain technologies, enterprise finance is gradually transitioning towards digital transformation. Academia has already researched the motivations, efficiency improvements, and ethical impacts of the digital transformation of enterprises' finances. However, there is little research from the social equity perspective to explore the impact of enterprise financial digitization transformation on regional social welfare. As important entities for improving residents' health conditions, pharmaceutical enterprises have not fully studied whether their financial digitization transformation can improve the quality and efficiency of healthcare services and enhance regional healthcare equity. Therefore, this study focuses on listed Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises from 2018 to 2022, empirically examining the impact of pharmaceutical enterprises' digital transformation on regional healthcare equity. Using A Hospital in China as a case study, the process of its financial digitization transformation is deeply analyzed. The results show that the financial digitization transformation of pharmaceutical enterprises has a significant positive impact on regional healthcare equity, and it can be further enhanced by improving financial flexibility and increasing data assets. These findings contribute to accurately assessing the social responsibilities of pharmaceutical enterprises and provide new perspectives and evidence for improving regional social welfare levels.

Exploring the Impacts of Green Supply Chain Integration and Ambidextrous Green Innovation on the Financial Performance of China’s Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Enterprises

This study focuses on the factors affecting the financial performance of pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises. Based on dynamic capability theory and ambidextrous innovation theory, this study adopts the Resource–Behavior–Performance framework to investigate how green supply chain integration (GSCI) and ambidextrous green innovation affect financial performance. The proposed hypotheses were tested through structural equation modeling using data from 400 China’s pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises. The results indicate that the various dimensions of GSCI and ambidextrous green innovation yield distinct outcomes. Among the three dimensions of GSCI, only green supplier integration and green customer integration significantly impact financial performance directly, unlike green internal integration. Among the two dimensions of ambidextrous green innovation, only exploitative green innovation significantly influences financial performance, acting as a mediator between the GSCI dimensions and financial performance, while exploratory green innovation does not. The main advantages of this study include considering the connotation and value of GSCI from a green dynamic capability perspective, as well as the effects of exploratory and exploitative green innovation as intermediary behaviors while simultaneously considering the performance effects of GSCI and ambidextrous green innovation. This study offers novel academic insights and practical guidelines for pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises to integrate GSCI and ambidextrous green innovation, with the aim of achieving better financial performance in their sustainable development efforts.

Practical Research on the Comprehensive Quality of School-Enterprise Joint Precision Training of Higher Vocational Pharmacy Professionals

With the deepening of China's higher vocational education reform, the innovation of talent training mode has become the key to improve the quality of education and adapt to the needs of society. Especially in the field of pharmacy, the comprehensive requirements for the quality of professional and technical personnel are increasing day by day. Centering on the precise training mode of school-enterprise cooperation, this paper conducts practical research on the comprehensive quality training of pharmacy professionals in higher vocational colleges, aiming to explore and optimize the talent training program, in order to better adapt to the diversified needs of the development of enterprises in the industry. The research adopts the method of combining quantitative data analysis with qualitative research, and many representative pharmaceutical enterprises were selected to carry out research together with five higher vocational colleges in the province. Through in-depth interviews with 100 students and 40 corporate instructors, as well as tracking the student internship and project cooperation process, multi-dimensional data including internship effectiveness, skill mastery level, job adaptability and innovative thinking ability were collected. The research results show that the precise training mode of school-enterprise cooperation has significantly improved students' professional skills and practical ability, and the employment rate of students has increased by 15% compared with the traditional mode. However, the survey also found that this model is insufficient in terms of students' independent learning ability and the depth of theoretical knowledge. To this end, the research puts forward targeted improvement measures, such as increasing case teaching, simulation experiment and enterprise internal training, to strengthen students' self-study ability and innovative thinking. The conclusions and suggestions of this study provide a reference for the school-enterprise cooperation mode in other professional fields, and have certain guiding significance and practical value for the development of local higher vocational education.

Can the separation of marketing authorization from manufacturing authorization stimulate pharmaceutical innovation? Evidence from China's pharmaceutical industry reform

Using data from A-share pharmaceutical manufacturing listed companies between 2011 and 2021, this paper constructs a difference in differences (DID) model to systematically analyze the impact of China's Marketing Authorization Holder (MAH) system pilot policy on pharmaceutical enterprise innovation. Our findings indicate that implementing the MAH system can significantly stimulate innovation in pharmaceutical enterprises, both in terms of input and output. Additionally, local intellectual property protection positively moderates the incentive effect of MAH system on pharmaceutical innovation. The results of our heterogeneity analysis further demonstrate that the pilot policy of the MAH system exerts a stronger incentive effect on the innovation behavior of non-state-owned enterprises and enterprises in the growth and mature stage. Moreover, we provide evidence for the long-term impact of MAH system on innovation within pharmaceutical companies.

Do artificial intelligence system adoptions foster production management supply chain performance in pharmaceutical manufacturing firms? An empirical exploring study from the MENA region

PurposeThe goal of this study is to better understand the driving force behind the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in pharmaceutical manufacturing firms (PMFs) that are recognized as developing countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region that are listed by the Chambers of the Industries of Jordan, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Morocco, and Algeria. Furthermore, the effect of adopting and using AI in managing raw materials (RMs), products, parts, and components for PMFs through supply chains (SCs).Design/methodology/approachA self-administrated questionnaire survey was used to gather data from 95 out of 511 participating managers (e.g. manufacturing, supplying, IT, operational, and logistical managers) utilizing a quantitative technique with a random sample size. In fact, 18.8% of the 89 different manufacturing firms (MFs) in the MENA area responded, with five to six managers from each company. The raw data was analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).FindingsThe study’s findings show that the readiness to embrace artificial intelligence (AI) in the production management supply chain performance (PMSCP) of pharmaceutical manufacturing firms in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is positively and significantly influenced directly and indirectly by sustainable strategic supplier reliability (SSSR), shipping process dependability (SPD), technological factors (TFs), and infrastructure transformational development capability (ITDC).Originality/valueAs the studied countries are growing economies, such study findings might offer insightful consequences for stakeholders and policymakers regarding the significance of using artificial intelligence system adoptions in pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises in the MENA region. The managers may also concentrate on the strong positive direct and indirect links between SSSR, SPD, TFs, and ITDC preparedness to accept AI adoption and its applications and systems in supply chain and production management departments and the consequences of informational and product delivery.

Organization of reviews of a pharmaceutical enterprise quality management system functioning

Aim. To determine the state of organizing the process of analyzing the quality management system of a typical pharmaceutical enterprise in accordance with the current industry requirements of Good Manufacturing Practice and the ISO 9001:2015 standard, as well as substantiating effective approaches to improving this activity. Materials and methods. We used analysis, comparison, questionnaires, surveys and direct observations. The results were processed and verified using licensed Microsoft Office Excel software products. Results. The relevance of the development of quality management systems (QMS) of domestic pharmaceutical organizations in the period of martial law has been proven. The requirements of the DSTU ISO 9001:2015 standard, as well as the requirements of the guidelines on Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) of medicines for reviewing and analyzing QMS of pharmaceutical enterprises (PhE) have been analyzed. Approaches to the organization of QMS review at a number of domestic PhE have been studied; as a result, typical inconsistencies of these procedures have been determined. Based on the results of the study and the experience analyzed in supporting the QMS functioning of PhE, effective organizational approaches have been identified, and recommendations are given for the effective analysis of QMS of PhE. Conclusions. In the study conducted, a review of the practice of analyzing QMS at a number of domestic and foreign PhE has been carried out, and typical inconsistencies of this process have been identified and systematized. The requirements of the DSTU ISO 9001:2015 standard, as well as the industry requirements of the GMP guidelines for reviewing and analyzing the quality system of PhE have been analyzed. Based on the results of the research and the authors’ own experience in implementing and supporting the QMS functioning of PhE, the main organizational approaches and recommendations for analyzing QMS of PhE have been determined.

Entrepreneurial Skills and Performance of Pharmaceutical Firms in Anambra State Nigeria

This study is an eye-opener for pharmaceutical students to learn from the experience of older pharmaceutical retail businesses on survival skills required in Nigeria's health sector. The study examined how registered pharmaceutical retail enterprises in Nigeria's Anambra State performed with their entrepreneurial qualities. The research used a descriptive survey methodology. Using Taro Yamane’s statistical technique from 1961, a sample of 180 community pharmacy practitioners in the Nigerian state of Anambra with 328 registered licenses was selected. Regression and correlation analyses were the utilized statistical methods. The study results show that entrepreneurial mentoring and innovative capability significantly favours the success of pharmaceutical retail firms in the Nigerian state of Anambra. The study concludes that developing entrepreneurial abilities is essential for improved performance, regardless of how skilled community pharmacy practitioners may be. There were some recommendations in keeping with the study's findings.

The impact of centralized band purchasing of pharmaceuticals on innovation of Chinese pharmaceutical firms: an empirical study based on double difference models.

In 2018, China began to gradually promote the pilot policy of centralized band purchasing of medicines. Implementing this policy has resulted in a significant decrease in drug prices. However, there needs to be a clear consensus on the impact and mechanism of action on the innovation of pharmaceutical companies. Therefore. Taking the data of Chinese Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share pharmaceutical listed companies from 2016 to 2022 as a sample, this paper empirically investigates the impact of the centralized banded purchasing policy of drugs on the innovation of pharmaceutical enterprises by using a double difference model and further analyzes the mechanism of its action. The results show that implementing the centralized banded purchasing policy can promote pharmaceutical enterprises' innovation input and output, which is robust under the parallel trend and placebo tests. Further exploring the impact mechanism of the centralized band purchasing policy on pharmaceutical enterprises' innovation, it can be found that it promotes innovation inputs through three channels: government subsidies, enterprise profits, and operating income. In addition, the impact of centralized band purchasing on enterprise innovation is heterogeneous in terms of region, enterprise nature, and scale. Therefore, the positive effects of the centralized band purchasing policy on promoting innovation in pharmaceutical enterprises should be fully recognized, and enterprise heterogeneity should be taken into account when implementing the policy. This study provides empirical evidence on the implementation effect of the centralized banded purchasing policy and provides lessons for continuously optimizing the policy to promote the high-quality development of pharmaceutical enterprises.

Coping with drug shortages: A study of government-enterprise option cooperation stockpiling strategies for drugs in shortage considering API surrogate stockpiling subsidies.

Drug shortage is a global problem, and the development of government-enterprise cooperative stockpiles of drugs in shortage, combining physical and production capacity, has become one of the most important means of coping with drug shortages. However, existing studies have tended to overlook the fact that shortages of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) have become an important constraint on production capacity stockpiling and that the lack of incentives and provisions for coordination of benefits have led to a double marginal effect of joint stockpiling by government and enterprises of drugs in shortage. Accordingly, this study introduced the option contract to the drug supply system composed of government and pharmaceutical enterprises and used the subsidy of API storage in lieu as an important initiative to incentivize the reserve of APIs, to construct a model of shortage drug reserve under the government's leadership. This study aims to improve the effect of government-enterprise joint stockpiling of drugs in shortage, which is of great theoretical and practical significance. According to the classification of production license types of pharmaceutical enterprises, this study established a three-level supply chain decentralized decision-making model consisting of the government, formulation enterprises, and API enterprises, and a two-level supply chain centralized decision-making model consisting of the government and API Formulation (API-F) integrated enterprises, respectively. By solving the inverse order derivation, the government-enterprise option cooperation conditions and optimal decision-making strategy were derived. The study results showed that: (i) The addition of enterprise API stockpiling mode can help the government conventional reserves, and enterprise production capacity reserves, broaden the way of drug reserves, and improve the effect of government-enterprise option cooperation; (ii) when the probability of drug shortages is high, the government should prefer the cooperation of API-F integrated enterprises, which is conducive to reducing intermediate links and government costs and improving the supply responsiveness to shortages of medicines; (iii) Setting appropriate government subsidies for API storage can incentivize enterprises to stockpile APIs and improve drug production capacity and physical supply response capability. This study took the problem of socialized stockpiling of drugs in shortage as an entry point and explored the problems and solution strategies in the government-enterprise cooperative stockpiling of drugs in shortage, which not only made some theoretical contributions to the application of options contract in the government-enterprise cooperative stockpiling of drugs in shortage but also provided new ideas and theoretical basis for the improvement of the stockpiling work of drugs in shortage.

Clinical research progress of telomerase targeted cancer immunotherapy: a literature review.

Telomerase is activated or overexpressed in 85-90% of tumors, which maintains the length of telomere and has become an important anti-cancer target. Increasing clinical and preclinical data suggest that telomerase-targeted cancer immunotherapy could achieve effective killing of tumor cells in vivo. This article reviews the research progress of telomerase targeted cancer immunotherapy in clinical and pre-clinical trials, aiming to provide a reference for further clinical research and treatment of cancers. We investigated the research progress of telomerase immunotherapy in the last 20 years from four electronic databases. Telomerase-targeted immunotherapies have been developed with the arising of a new era in immuno-oncology, including peptide vaccines, DNA vaccines, dendritic cells (DCs), adoptive cell transfer (ACT) therapies, antibodies, etc. Some of them have been approved for undergoing clinical trials by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of various cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, leukaemia. Of all the treatment modalities, vaccines are the primary treatment methods, some of which have been even entered into phase III clinical trials. The main clinical application direction of telomerase vaccine is the combination with other drugs and treatment modalities, including combination with other vaccines targeting human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), traditional chemotherapy drugs and immunosuppressors. We also summarized the recent findings of immunotherapy targeting hTERT, focusing on various vaccines and the current status of associated clinical trials. We further discussed the advantages, disadvantages and potential developmental directions of various telomerase-targeted immunotherapies. Telomerase-targeted cancer immunotherapy has promising prospects in improving patient survival expectancy. This review may provide data support and design ideas for all researchers and pharmaceutical enterprises in this field.

Impact of National Centralized Drug Procurement policy on chemical pharmaceutical enterprises' R&D investment: a difference-in-differences analysis in China.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the National Centralized Drug Procurement (NCDP) policy on chemical pharmaceutical enterprises' R&D investment and provide references for improving NCDP policy design and encouraging innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. Using the panel data of 102 Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed enterprises from 2016 to 2022 under the chemical pharmaceutical classification of Shenwan in Wind database as the research sample, this study developed difference-in-differences (DID) models on bid-winning and bid-non-winning enterprises, respectively, to evaluate the impact of NCDP policy on their R&D investment. In addition, this study tested the heterogeneity of bid-winning enterprises based on the bid success rate, the decline of drug price, and enterprise size. The NCDP policy could encourage chemical pharmaceutical companies to increase R&D investment, but the low bid success rate and excessive drug price reduction would reduce their R&D enthusiasm, especially for small- and medium-sized enterprises. It is suggested that the NCDP policy should be further improved: first, revise the bidding rule of the NCDP policy and increase the bid success rate so that more enterprises can win bids, and second, to solve the problem of excessive drug price reduction, evaluate the rationality of bid-winning prices, and introduce a two-way selection mechanism between medical institutions and supply enterprises. Integrate pharmacoeconomic evaluation into the NCDP rules to form a benign competition among enterprises. Third, attention should be paid to supporting policies for small- and medium-sized enterprises. By increasing procurement volume, shortening payment time limits, and increasing the proportion of advance payments, enterprises' cash flow shortages can be alleviated, thus achieving fairness and inclusiveness in the implementation of the NCDP policy.