Phaleria Macrocarpa Fruit Research Articles

Qualitative and Quantitative Tests on the Ingredients of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) Fruit Extract as an Alternative Therapy for Infertility in Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a gynecological disease with complaints of pain, infertility, or both, up to 35-50%. The fruit extract of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) contains antioxidants and anti-inflammatories, has anticancer prospects and is expected to have ingredients as an alternative therapy for treating infertility in endometriosis. To conduct qualitative and quantitative tests on the content of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract, which is expected to contain substances that act as an alternative to infertility therapy in endometriosis. Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) was ripened, and its seeds were extracted using 95% ethanol twice. The results of extracts 1 and 2 were combined and then examined by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The research was conducted at the Pharmacognosy-Phytochemical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Qualitative test showed that 95% ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit contains flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and steroids. Quantitative test using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method obtained a flavonoid content of 131.51-189.89µg/ml, equivalent to quercetin, in 6 repetitions, with a wavelength of 510 nm. Phaleria macrocarpa fruit contained flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and steroids. The level of steroids contained in the fruit extract of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) had not been obtained in this study.

The Impact of Phaleria macrocarpa Fruit Flavonoid Extract on Endometrial Thickness in Mice Menopausal Model

This study aims to determine how the effect of flavonoid phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract on the endometrial thickness of Mus musculus which is used as an experimental animal with a menopause model. This study employed a randomized post-test-only control group design on 32 female mice. Ovariectomy simulated menopause, followed by treatment with flavonoid from Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract. Post-observariectomized, follicle-stimulating hormone levels indicated menopausal status. Hematoxylin-Eosin methods assessed endometrial thickness. The result indicated reduced endometrial thinning in the positive control group (K+). Conversely, the treatment group (P1-P4) exhibited increased endometrial thickness post-flavonoid extract administration. Ovariectomized-induced estrogen decline resulted in reduced endometrial thinning, mimicking menopausal conditions. Statistically, flavonoid extract administration increased endometrial thickness in ovariectomized-induced menopausal mice, with optimal effect observed at 7.5 mg/mice/day for 14 days. The preferred intervention dose for altering endometrial thickness in menopausal conditions was identified as P1 (3.75 mg/mice/day). In conclusion, a flavonoid from Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract mitigates endometrial thinning in the menopausal mice model. For implication in menopausal women, clinical trials need to be conducted to evaluate the dosage of these flavonoids for their potential as a natural SERM (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator) before clinical application in managing endometrial health. Additionally, research on molecular effects particularly regarding ER (Estrogen Receptors) in the endometrial organ, is needed to confirm their phytoestrogenic effect.

Bischofia javanica and Phaleria macrocarpa nano herbal combination on blood and liver-kidney biochemistry in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma-induced rats

This research explores a contemporary approach to managing Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) by integrating nano-technology into herbal production, combining Bischofia javanica leaves and Phaleria macrocarpa fruits. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-induced OSCC rats were treated with nano herbals from Bischofia javanica leaves, Phaleria macrocarpa fruits, a combination of both, and Vitamin C as a control. Blood and organ analyses were compared with negative and positive controls. BaP induction in OSCC revealed cell transformation into carcinoma, confirmed by Papanicolaou staining. OSCC induction also caused significant changes in Complete Blood Count (CBC) and serum lipid profile. Nano herbals from both plants showed potential in reducing hematological and lipid damage in OSCC, especially in white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and platelets. Statistical analysis also indicated that the combination of nano herbals was more effective in reducing (Low-Density Lipoprotein) LDL and total cholesterol levels than uncombined use while increasing (High-Density Lipoprotein) HDL levels comparable to Vitamin C. Liver and kidney functions were also significantly affected by OSCC, with nano herbals showing potential in normalizing albumin levels and positively impacting liver enzymes. In conclusion, both individually and in combination, nano herbals from Bischofia javanica leaves, and Phaleria macrocarpa fruits have the potential to be a promising treatment strategy for OSCC.

Metabolomics combined with chemometric analysis to identify α-glucosidase inhibitors in Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extracts and its molecular docking simulation

Phaleria macrocarpa is a medicinal plant widely available in Malaysia. The plant parts have been traditionally used as an antidiabetic remedy. This study aimed to identify the putative inhibitors of the α-glucosidase enzyme from P. macrocarpa using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS)-based metabolomics approach and further subjected them to in silico molecular docking analysis to elucidate the possible mechanism of action. This study assessed the inhibitory potential of P. macrocarpa fruit extracts (aqueous, 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, and 100 % ethanol) against the α-glucosidase enzyme using GC–MS and chemometric analysis. Orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) combined with GC–MS analysis were applied to correlate the inhibition of enzyme activity to the metabolites profile of P. macrocarpa. All the potential inhibitors identified were further docked to the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) protein crystal structure (PDB3A4A). The generated score scatter plot of OPLS showed a recognizable separation of all the extracts into six different clusters. GC–MS, incorporated with multivariate data analysis techniques, was used to identify significant chemical markers. Methyl α-d-glucopyranoside, squalene, palmitic acid, myo-inositol and isoquinoline metabolites were identified as putative inhibitors against α-glucosidase activity from P. macrocarpa. In conclusion, the GC–MS-based metabolomics approach identified potential chemical markers of P. macrocarpa that could be utilized in the development of herbal based medicine.

Advancing Sustainable Herbal Medicine: Synthesizing Nanoparticles from Medicinal Plants

The crucial challenge in herbal medicine development lies in ensuring the safety, quality, and effectiveness of herbal materials to comply with the regulatory standards in the herbal medicine industry. This research aims to synthesize nano-based herbal medicine by combining two medicinal plants: Bischofia javanica leaves and Phaleria macrocarpa fruits. Through the High-Energy Milling (HEM) process, both materials are transformed into nanoparticles to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of active compounds. The herbal medicine standards are measured through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Particle Size Analysis (PSA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) tests. The SEM analysis results indicate optimal dispersion of nanoparticles, while PSA analysis reveals a reduction in particle size and increased homogeneity after nanonization with HEM. FTIR analysis results show various functional groups in nanoparticles, indicating the potential interaction between the combined components. The effectiveness of nanoparticles in the Rattus norvegicus Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) model demonstrates an increase in lipid profile comparable to the effectiveness of Vitamin C. These findings highlight the potential of combined herbal treatment with nanoparticles produced by HEM, offering better efficacy and potential safety improvement, particularly in addressing lipid metabolism disorders.

The Effect of Flavonoid Extract from Phaleria macrocarpa to Proliferating Factors (MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-7) in Endometriosis Mice Model

Introduction: Endometriosis is an inflammatory disease influenced by estrogen characterized by ectopic growth of the endometrial stroma and glands. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) is a proteolytic enzyme that has an important role in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix in normal tissues but also contributes to pathologies such as tumor invasion. The therapy has many drawbacks, including being expensive and in need of herbal therapy as an alternative. Phaleria macrocarpa is a native plant of Indonesia that contains flavonoids. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Phaleria macrocarpa flavonoid isolate on the development of apoptosis, proliferation, and angiogenesis in mice model endometriosis. Material and Methods: This research is a true experimental study with a Randomized Post-Test Only with a Control Group in the laboratory. Samples are divided into six groups, a control group and an intervention group, administered with flavonoid extract from Phaleria macrocarpa. Data analysis was carried out by using the Independent T-Test with SPSS for Windows 19.0 software. Results: Each control and intervention group consisted of 6 mice. The normality test for each variable shows p> 0.05. Administration of flavonoid in each group shows a significant decrease in MMP-1 (20.4 ± 7.74 vs 65.68 ± 10.97, p=0.000), MMP-3 (53.34 ± 9.66 vs67.47 ± 10.05, p=0.000), and MMP-7 expression (40.52 ± 5.43 vs 54.13 ± 4.08, p=0.000). Conclusion: Flavonoids from the Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract were able to reduce the expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-7 in mice model endometriosis.

Physicochemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Activities of God’s Crown Fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa) with Variation of Roasting Processes

Roasting process is the most important process in processing Phaleria macrocarpa (also called as Mahkota Dewa/God’s Crown) into dried tea product. It aims to change the color, texture, and reduce the water content of Phaleria macrocarpa to extend the shelf life and simplify the distribution and serving process. This study aims to determine the effects of temperature and time in the roasting process on the physicochemical properties of Phaleria macrocarpa including water content, color, texture, and their effect on antioxidant activity (AOA) using DPPH method. The design experiment for this study was by varying the treatments at temperature of 80℃, 100℃, and 120℃ and time at 40, 60, and 80 minutes in the process of roasting Phaleria macrocarpa fruit. Furthermore, the tea of Phaleria macrocarpa produced in each treatment and the standard samples from the industry were analyzed for its physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the correlation coefficient (r value) between the variables of temperature and time on water content, color, and AOA was 0.827; 0.944; and 0.886 respectively. Increasing temperature and roasting time caused a decrease in water content, color and AOA; however, multiple regression analysis showed a weak correlation between temperature and time on the texture of Phaleria macrocarpa with a correlation coefficient (r value) of 0.095. The best treatment based on research that has been done was found at a temperature of 100℃ for 60 minutes with a total score of effectiveness index (EI) of 0.688. In this treatment it was found the average water content at 1.31 ± 0.20%, lightness at 21.80, redness at 5.10, yellowness at 9.65, texture at 1.16 kgf, and AOA at 82.33 ± 0.30%. Meanwhile, the best physicochemical characteristics and AOA based on the effectiveness index showed results close to the standard sample test values. The slight difference was found in the value of the water content in which at the same temperature and roasting time it showed different values between the test samples and standard samples. The water content in standard samples showed a higher value, probably due to poor storage process. Hence, it is deemed necessary to improve the storage process of Phaleria macrocarpa tea product on industrial scale.

Evaluation of Subacute Toxicity of Flavonoid from Phaleria Macrocarpa Fruit Extract in Mice

Background: Traditional medicine and supplements including Phaleria macrocarpa or Mahkota Dewa are extensively utilised. Rape fruit of phaleria macrocarpa contains flavonoid as a secondary metabolite that has a beneficial effect on endometriosis treatment and other illnesses. The purpose of this study was to look into the subacute toxicity of flavonoid from phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract on the brain and heart of BALB/c female mice. Method: The BALB/c female mice aged 6-8 weeks with a body weight of 20-30gr were divided into four groups and treated for 28 days. The control group received simply water, whereas the treatment group received flavonoid at doses of 500mg/kg/day, 1000mg/kg/day, and 2000mg/kg/day. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed and important organs were extracted and assessed. The organ weight was assessed using macroscopy, and the brain and heart were assessed using microscopy (histopathological abnormalities). Result: The BALB/c female mice treated with oral administration flavonoid from phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract showed no clinical abnormalities and no change in organ weight compared to the control groups (p>0,5) in subacute toxicity experiments. There were no abnormalities in the organs of the treated mice at a dose of 500mg/kg/day, according to histopatological testing. Conclusion: As a result, flavonoid had no harmful impact in brain and heart mice after subacute therapy up to a level of 500 mg/kg/ body weight. High doses of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day are not recommended for long-term use.

Phytochemical Screening of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.) and Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol Extract Against Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria

Phaleria macrocarpa is known as one of the medicinal plants in Indonesia. Almost all parts of the plant have chemical content that is useful for being used as medicine. The growing use of crown plants by the community for various diseases requires a series of tests to obtain traditional medicine preparations that are safe for human use. The purpose of this study was to identify the content of secondary metabolite compounds (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, and glycosides) and the antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus with the good method because the good method has the advantage that it is easier to measure the area of the inhibition zone formed because an antibacterial activity is not only on the upper surface of nutrient agar but also at the bottom. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the flesh of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff). The results of testing the antibacterial activity of an ethanol extract of crown Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) fruit flesh (Boerl) were positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and steroids. Boerl.) showed effective results at a concentration of 40 mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with an inhibition zone diameter of 14 mm; the antibacterial activity was categorized as strong.

Antiproliferative Potency of God’s Crown Fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa) Extract Against Breast Cancer Cell

Breast cancer is a sickness caused by abnormal cell growth in the breast. Mahkota Dewa fruit or god’s crown fruit products (Phaleria macrocarpa) contain flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and tannins associated with active compounds. This work directs to influence the potency of P. macrocarpa fruit as an antiproliferative agent against breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cells). The antiproliferative potency of P. macrocarpa fruit was proved by extracting and fractionating P. macrocarpa fruit using maceration. The cytotoxicity of extracts and fractions was determined using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The antiproliferative potency against MCF-7 cells was tested using the hemacytometer approach. This work demonstrates the crude ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and water fraction. The LC50 values in crude ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and water fraction were 13.72 ppm, 147.55 ppm, 405.81 ppm, and 149. 07 ppm severally. Phaleria macrocarpa fruit has shown antiproliferation potency against MCF-7 cells. The maximum part of crude ethanol extract antiproliferative potency (56 ppm) effectively suppressed MCF-7 cell growth by 70. 9% while doxorubicin (100 ppm) by 46. 92%. This work confirms that crude ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa fruit interacts synergistically as an antiproliferative compound against MCF-7 cells.

Phaleria macrocarpa Flavonoid as a Potent MMP-1 Inhibitor for Endometriosis Therapy: In silico Study

Introduction: Endometriosis is a gynaecological disorder in women and causes infertility. Several therapeutic were developed to reduce endometriosis cases, one of them was matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor. This study investigated the potential activity of the flavonoids in Phaleria macrocarpa fruit as MMP1 inhibitors for endometriosis. Methods: In silico modelling was used in this study. Six flavonoid structures were retrieved from PubChem NCBI database. A targeted protein, MMP1 was taken out from Protein Data Bank with ID 1CGE and predicted the active sites. Six flavonoids and MMP1 was interacted by molecular docking using Molegro virtual Docker version 5 and analyzed using PyMol 2.2 and Discovery Studio version 21.1.1. Three-dimensional complex structure of flavonoids – MMP1 showed interaction in the same active sites and performed an amino acid residue Glu219 as catalytic site. Results: Six flavonoids of Phaleria macrocarpa were divided into two patterns and generated varied binding energy. Glycitin and Catechin 7-O-beta-D-xyloside showed low score of binding energy and depicted similar structure with four aromatic rings. 8-Prenylnaringenin performed lower binding energy than naringenin, eriodictyol, and 5-O-methylgenistein. Conclusion: In silico analysis suggested that six flavonoids compounds is potent as MMP1 inhibitor and might be interfered endometriosis pathophysiology. In vivo and in vivo investigations are required for further analysis.

Flavonoid Content Combination of Averrhoa bilimbi L and Phaleria macrocarpa Fruit Extract as Chemoprevention Agent against COVID-19

The covid pandemic that has occurred for more than two years is still not over. Even in January 2022, with the new variant, Omicron, the number of COVID-19 cases has increased dramatically. According to statistics, on January 25 there were 3,559,000,464 new cases of COVID-19 and an average of 7 days as many as 3,397,073 cases. Therefore, it is important to take preventive measures to avoid the COVID-19 virus. One of them by eating foods high in antioxidants. Some fruits that are high in antioxidants are Averrhoa bilimbi L and Phaleria macrocarpa. Flavonoids are one of the types of antioxidants found in Averrhoa bilimbi L and Phaleria macrocarpa which function to inhibit the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) by inhibiting enzymes in the formation of ROS and increasing the regulation and protection of antioxidants to prevent various negative impacts such as degenerative diseases and decreased immunity so that it can prevent exposure to the COVID-19 virus. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of flavonoids in the combination of extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi L and Phaleria macrocarpa. The method used is the UV-VIS spectrophotometry method. The result of this research is that the flavonoid content of Averrhoa bilimbi L is 2.32 mg/g, the extract of Phaleria macrocarpa is 4.83 mg/g and the combination of the two is 4.77 mg/g. From these results, it can be said that the extract of Phaleria macrocarpa has the highest flavonoid content of 4.83 mg/g. Abstrak: Pandemi COVID-19 yang sudah terjadi lebih dari dua tahun masih belum berakhir bahkan pada Januari 2022 dengan adanya varian baru yaitu omicron, jumlah kasus COVID-19 meningkat drastis. Menurut statistik, pada 25 Januari terdapat 3.559.000.464 kasus baru COVID-19 dan rata-rata 7 hari sebanyak 3.397.073 kasus. Oleh karena itu pentingnya upaya pencegahan agar terhindar dari virus COVID-19. Salah satunya dengan mengonsumsi makanan tinggi antioksidan. Beberapa buah yang tinggi antioksidan adalah buah belimbing wuluh dan buah mahkota dewa. Flavonoid merupakan salah satu jenis antioksidan yang terdapat pada buah belimbing wuluh dan buah mahkota dewa yang berfungsi menghambat pembentukan Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) dengan menghambat enzim dalam pembentukan ROS dan meningkatkan regulasi serta proteksi dari antioksidan sehingga dapat mencegah berbagai dampak negatifnya seperti penyakit degenerative dan penurunan imunitas sehingga dapat mencegah dari terpaparnya virus COVID-19. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui kadar flavonoid pada kombinasi ekstrak buah belimbing wuluh dan buah mahkota dewa. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode spektrofotometri UV-VIS. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu didapatkan kadar flavonoid buah belimbing wuluh sebesar 2.32 mg/g, ekstrak buah mahkota dewa sebesar 4.83 mg/g dan kombinasi dari keduanya sebesar 4.77 mg/g. Dari hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak buah mahkota dewa memiliki kadar flavonoid tertinggi yaitu 4.83 mg/g.

Evaluation of Gastroprotective Effect from Phaleria macrocarpa Fruits Extract on Gastric Ulcer in Male Wistar Rats

Abstract
 
 BACKGROUND: The long-term use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) triggers gastric mucosal damage and causes ulcers. Meanwhile, studies showed that God's crown fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa) contains secondary metabolites of flavonoids and tannins that can protect the gastric mucosa.
 AIM: This study aims to determine the gastroprotective effect of P. macrocarpa ethanolic extracts against gastric ulcers in rats induced with acetosal and ethanol. The extracts were obtained by maceration method using 96% ethanol as solvent.
 METHODS: The male rats used were divided into 7 groups for each test with ethanol and acetosal induction. Each group consisted of 5 rats, namely normal control, induction, carrier, positive control (sucralfate 360 mg/kg BW and omeprazole 3.6 mg/kg BW), and extract doses 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight. All groups were given treatment for 7 days except normal and induction controls. On day 6, rats were fasted for 36 hours and induced with acetosal/ethanol. In ethanol induction, the animal was sacrificed after 10 hours of immersion while in acetosal, the animal was sacrificed 6 hours later. The stomach section was taken for macroscopic, microscopic parameters and gastric acid secretion examination.
 RESULTS: The results of phytochemical screening showed that the extract contained flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and glycosides. In acetosal-induced ulcers, the administration of one dose of the extract reduced the number and score of ulcers, repair epithelial cells, increase pH, and total gastric acidity. Furthermore, the percentage of ulcer inhibition at the extract dose of 400 mg/kg BW was 91.91±3.74% in ethanol induction, and 59±13.08% in acetosal.
 CONCLUSION: The ethanolic extract of P. macrocarpa has a gastroprotective effect on acetosal-induced gastric ulcer rats.
 
 Keywords: Phaleria macrocarpa, Mahkota Dewa fruit, gastroprotective, gastric ulcers, extract

Protein from Phaleria macrocarpa Fruit Aqueous Extract Inhibits Early and Late Replication Phases of Human Herpes Virus Type-1

Background: Phaleria macrocarpa fruit is known to have protein but the antiviral activity potential has not been explored. Objective: To determine the antiviral activity of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit protein aqueous extract (PMFPAE) and the fractions against human herpesvirus type 1 (HHV-1). Methods: Protein from P. macrocarpa fruit aqueous extract was precipitated using ammonium sulphate and followed by fractionation on Sephadex G-25. Cytotoxicity was determined in Vero cells and followed by determination of antiviral activity by plaque reduction assay against a clinical strain of HHV-1. Effect of PMFPAE on virus replication was determined in pre-treatment, time-addition and time-removal assays. Results: PMFPAE and its fractions were non-cytotoxic to Vero cells with 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) values ranged between 96 ± 1.3 to 1450 ± 2 μg/mL. PMFPAE have good anti-HHV-1 activity with Selective Index (SI) of 80.6 but reduces in fractions P1 to P6 ranging between 4.2 and 67.9. Fractions with high SI were P1 and P2 contained high molecular weight (MW) proteins and P6 has the lowest MW suggestively peptides. Treatment with PMFPAE to host cells prior to virus infection had little effect on inhibiting HHV-1 replication. Treatment with PMFPAE affects virus early and late replication phase with plaque inhibition percentage increased during 10th to 16th hour post-infection. Conclusion: PMFPAE contained non-cytotoxic proteins that affects HHV-1 early and late replication phases. Proteins with high antiviral activity resides in fractions with high MW and very low MW peptides. Key words: Phaleria macrocarpa fruit protein, Fractionation, Cytotoxicity, Anti-Human herpes virus type-1.

The use of nanoencapsulation god’s crown (Phaleria macrocarpa) fruits extract in drinking water on growth performance in broiler chickens

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of nanoencapsulation of Phaleria macrocarpa fruits extract (NEPM) in drinking water and the effect on broiler growth performance. A total number of 200 male broiler chicks, aged eight days old, were distributed into 5 treatments with 4 replicates (10 birds in each replicate). The experimental treatments consisted of the basal diet (P0; negative control), and basal diet with antibiotic tetracycline supplementation (P1; positive control), and basal diets with 2.5% of Phaleria macrocarpa fruits extract (P2), 2.5% NEPM (P3), or 5.0% NEPM (P4). The basal diet was based on yellow corn and soybean meal that contains 20.44% crude protein, 2917.47 kcal/kg metabolizable energy, 0.84% Calcium, and 0.51% available Phosphorus. The diets and drinking water was supplied for ad libitum consumption. Parameters evaluated in the current study were growth performance (feed consumption and conversation, body weight gain, water consumption, slaughter and carcass weight, and carcass percentage), Data were analyzed using analysis of variance in a completely randomized design. Orthogonal contrast tests were used to separate data with a significant difference. Results showed that supplementation of NEPM in the drinking water did not affect growth performance of broiler chicken.

Comparison of the Effect of Ethanol Extracts of Phaleria macrocarpa (scheff.Boerl) Fruit and Metformin on the Kidney Function of Hyperglycaemic Rat Models

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that often causes diabetic nephropathy complications due to persistent hyperglycaemia. Phaleria macrocarpa (scheff. Boerl) is one of the plants that has been widely used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, but its effect on the risk of diabetic nephropathy is still unknown. A dose of 300mg / 200gbb / day is known as an effective dose that can significantly reduce blood sugar levels in diabetic rat. The Streptozotocin Effect (STZ) causes damage to the pancreas and causes hyperglycaemia. This study aims to compare the effect of Phaleria macrocarpa (scheff. Boerl) fruit extracts on urea and creatinine levels as a parameter of kidney function in hyperglycaemic mouse models. The study was carried out experimentally using the post-test only with control group design. Fifteen white rats were divided into 3 groups. All rats were induced with 40 mg / 200gbb of Streptozotocin (STZ) to experience hyperglycaemia. Group I as negative control was given aquades. Group II was given ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (scheff. Boerl) with a dose of 300 mg / 200gbw / day. Group III was given Metformin at a dose of 150 mg / 200gbw / day. On the 22nd day of treatment, blood specimens were taken for examination of urea and creatinine levels. The research data were statistically analyzed with α <0.05; CI95%. The mean of urea levels in Group I (79.80 ± 25.09 mg / dl), II (76.00 ± 22.59 mg / dl and III (59.60 ± 6.35 mg / dl). Kruskal-Wallis test results showed no significant difference in urea levels between treatment groups (p value = 0.273; CI95%). The mean of creatinine levels in Group I (0.68 ± 0.07 mg / dl), II (0.63 ± 0.14 md / dL) and III (0.98 ± 0.25 mg / dL). One Way Anova and Post hoc test results showed a significant difference in mean creatinine levels between Groups I and III (p = 0.014; 95% CI) and II with III ( p value = 0.006; CI95%). the results of this study can be concluded that the extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (scheff. Boerl) fruit flesh at a dose of 300 mg / 200gbb has better effectiveness than metformin dose 150 mg / 200gbb in repairing the kidney function of hyperglycaemia rats.

THE EFFECT OF PHALERIA MACROCARPA ETHNIC FOOD COMPLEMENTARY TO DECREASE BLOOD PRESSURE

Introduction: Hypertension is one of degenerative disease that is often found in the elderly group. Many studies have been developed to reduce blood pressure, including complementary therapies. One of the complementary therapies is by utilizing Phaleria Macrocarpa. This study was aimed to explain the effect of Phaleria macrocarpa ethnic food complementary to decrease blood pressure of elderly with hypertension. Methods : Design used in this study was quasy experiment design. The population was the elderly with hypertension in UPT PSTW Blitar (in Blitar and Tulungagung). Total sampel was 40 respondens, taken according to inclusion criteria. The independent variabel was Phaleria macrocarpa ethnic food complementary. The dependent variabel was blood pressure. Data were collected using measurement blood pressure and made ethnic food complementary with Standart Operational Procedure. Data were analzed using paired t-test and ANOVA with level of significance of ≤ 0,05. Results : The Results showed that there were effect of giving intervention by ethnic food complementary with phaleria macrocarpa fruit, leaf, or mixed (fruit and leaf) to decrease blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, and MAP). Conclusion : This intervention can be used as a complementary therapy herbal to decrease high blood pressure.

The Effect of Nano-Encapsulation Phaleria macrocarpa Fruits Extract in Drinking Water on the Digestive Tract and Carcass Characteristic of Broiler Chickens

The present study was to evaluate the effects of nano-encapsulated Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract (NEPM) in drinking water on the digestive organs and carcass characteristic of broiler chickens. A total number of two hundred male broiler chicks were randomly divided into five treatments with four replicates, each replicate contained ten chickens. Broiler chickens have received a basal diet supplemented with or without experimental treatments. Five experimental treatments were: control diet (T0; negative control), diet with tetracycline (T1; positive control), diet with 2.5% of Phaleria macrocarpa fruits extract (T2), diet with 2.5% NEPM (T3), and diet with 5.0% NEPM (T4). The diets were based on yellow corn and soybean meal and contained 20.44% crude protein, 2,917.47 kcal/kg metabolizable energy, 0.84% Calcium, and 0.51% available Phosphorus. On the 35th day, one bird from each replicate pen was slaughtered. Carcass characteristics and weights of digestive organs were measured. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA in a completely randomized design. The orthogonal contrast test was used to separate the mean when the P-value was less than 5%. Results showed that the use of nano-encapsulated Phaleria macrocarpa fruits extracts up to 5.0% in the diet did not give any significant effect on the carcass, digestive organs, heart and liver weights of broiler chickens. It can be concluded that the supplementation of Phaleria macrocarpa fruits extracts whether nano-encapsulated or not, did not affect carcass weight, weights of digestive organs and weights of the heart and liver of broiler chickens.

Formulation and Evaluation of Sunscreen Gels Containing Mangiferin Isolated from Phaleria macrocarpa Fruits

Objectives: Ultraviolet (UV)-mediated photoreaction and photo-oxidation damage the skin, which can be prevented by using sunscreens as photo protective agents. Mangiferin is a major constituent of Phaleria macrocarpa fruits that has both sunscreen and antioxidant activity. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate sunscreen gel made from mangiferin isolated from P. marcocarpha fruits. Methods: Sunscreen gels were formulated using three different concentrations of mangiferin (1.25%, 2.5%, and 5%) and their physicochemical parameters (color, odor, homogeneity, spread ability, pH, and accelerated stability) were tested. The in vitro Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of the gels was determined using UV spectrophotometry. Sensory evaluation (hedonic test) was performed with a panel of 32 untrained panelists. Skin irritation test was conducted on 20 female volunteers using a skin patch. Results: The three mangiferin sunscreen gels showed high absorbance at wavelengths of 290–360 nm. The SPF was 11.2, 38.6, and and 88.53 at a mangiferin concentration of 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5%, respectively. The gels’ pH was in the proper range (5.8–6.0), and they showed good spread ability, no phase separation, and acceptable consistency. They were found to be stable during a two-month stability study. A gel containing 2.5% concentration of mangiferin is the most preferred formula. In addition, they did not irritate the skin. Conclusion: Gels formulation containing mangiferin at concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, and 5% are effective as sunscreens. The gel meets the requirements on physicochemical parameters and is stable for two months storages at temperatures 8°C, 25°C and 40°C.

Correlation between the extraction yield of mangiferin to the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content of Phaleria macrocarpa fruits

This paper elucidates the correlation between the yield of mangiferin extraction from Phaleria macrocarpa fruits to the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (AA). Mangiferin extraction was performed using an ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) method. The effect of particle size, solvent to solid ratio, solvent type, ethanol concentration, sonication amplitude and extraction time were studied. The best UAE condition was found using a particle size of 125–250 μm, solvent to solid ratio of 40 mL/g, 40% ethanol, sonication amplitude of 60% and extraction time of 5 min, which produced 28.6 mg mangiferin/g DW, 78.7 mg GA/g DW, 263.2 mg QE/g DW and 57.2% DPPH-RSA. The regression analysis showed a significant (p < 0.05) correlation between the mangiferin yield and either TPC, TFC or AA. The finding reported in this work provides a useful method to predict the mangiferin yield based on TPC, TFC or AA, without needing the actual external standard.