Phagocytic Index Of Neutrophils Research Articles

β-glucans from Euglena gracilis or Saccharomyces cerevisiae effects on immunity and inflammatory parameters in dogs.

Considering the differences in molecular structure and function, the effects of β-1,3-glucans from Euglena gracilis and β-1,3/1,6-glucans from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on immune and inflammatory activities in dogs were compared. Four diets were compared: control without β-glucans (CON), 0.15 mg/kg BW/day of β-1,3/1,6-glucans (Β-Y15), 0.15 mg/kg BW/day of β-1,3-glucans (Β-S15), and 0.30 mg/kg BW/day of β-1,3-glucans (Β-S30). Thirty-two healthy dogs (eight per diet) were organized in a block design. All animals were fed CON for a 42-day washout period and then sorted into one of four diets for 42 days. Blood and faeces were collected at the beginning and end of the food intake period and analysed for serum and faecal cytokines, ex vivo production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO), phagocytic activity of neutrophils and monocytes, C-reactive protein (CRP), ex vivo production of IgG, and faecal concentrations of IgA and calprotectin. Data were evaluated using analysis of covariance and compared using Tukey's test (P<0.05). Dogs fed Β-Y15 showed higher serum IL-2 than dogs fed Β-S30 (P<0.05). A higher phagocytic index of monocytes was observed in dogs fed the B-S15 diet than in those fed the other diets, and a higher neutrophil phagocytic index was observed for B-S15 and B-Y15 than in dogs fed the CON diet (P<0.05). Monocytes from dogs fed B-S15 and B-S30 produced more NO and less H2O2 than those from the CON and B-Y15 groups (P<0.05). Despite in the reference value, CRP levels were higher in dogs fed B-S15 and B-S30 diets (P<0.05). β-1,3/1,6-glucan showed cell-mediated activation of the immune system, with increased serum IL-2 and neutrophil phagocytic index, whereas β-1,3-glucan acted on the immune system by increasing the ex vivo production of NO by monocytes, neutrophil phagocytic index, and serum CRP. Calprotectin and CRP levels did not support inflammation or other health issues related to β-glucan intake. In conclusion, both β-glucan sources modulated some immune and inflammatory parameters in dogs, however, different pathways have been suggested for the recognition and action of these molecules, reinforcing the necessity for further mechanistic studies, especially for E. gracilis β-1,3-glucan.

Cord Blood Neutrophil Phagocytic Index in Neonates Born to Anemic Mothers and in Neonates Born with Risk of Early-onset Sepsis

Cord Blood Neutrophil Phagocytic Index in Neonates Born to Anemic Mothers and in Neonates Born with Risk of Early-onset Sepsis

Effects of Glutamine on Lymphocyte Proliferation and Intestinal Mucosal Immune Response in Heat-Stressed Broilers

ABSTRACT To investigate the protective effect of glutamine (Gln) on lymphocyte proliferation and the intestinal mucosal immune response in heat-stressed broilers, 360 21-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were assigned to 4 groups in a completely randomized design, each of which included 6 replicates with 15 birds per replicate for 21 days. The chickens were fed a basal diet under no stress (NS group), a basal diet under heat stress (HT group), or a basal diet under heat stress with the addition of either 0.5 % or 1.0 % Gln. The results showed that the broilers in the HT group exhibited fewer proliferating peripheral lymphocytes, a lower growth performance, phagocytic rate and index of neutrophils, fewer goblet cells in whole intestine and intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) cells in the ileum, a lower sIgA content in the duodenum and the jejunum, a lower immunoglobulin content of serum and intestinal mucosa, than those of the NS group (p<0.05). Diets supplemented with Gln increased growth performance, the number of proliferating peripheral lymphocytes, the phagocytic rate and phagocytic index of neutrophils, the number of whole intestine goblet cells and ileum IEL cells, the sIgA contents of the duodenum and the jejunum, and the immunoglobulin contents of serum and intestinal mucosa (p<0.05) in broilers exposed to HT. In conclusion, Gln can enhance intestinal immune function in broiler chickens by stimulating T and B lymphocyte proliferation, increasing the number of goblet cells and IEL cells, as well as increasing the content of sIgA and immunoglobulin secretion.

Functional activity of blood neutrophiles in acute inflammatory diseases of the abdominal organs and abdominal tuberculosis

The diagnosis of various pathomorphological forms of acute appendicitis (AA), acute mesadenitis (AM), and abdominal tuberculosis (AT) remains an urgent problem in medicine. Neutrophilic granulocytes are the first link in the nonspecific immune response to inflammation, which is mediated by phagocytosis and intracellular bactericidal systems. Therefore, the research aimed to establish the features of the functional state of neutrophilic granulocytes in the blood of patients with AA, AM, and AT.Materials and methods. 30 practically healthy, 27 patients with AM, 40 patients with acute phlegmonous appendicitis were examined; 20 patients with acute gangrenous appendicitis, 30 patients with AT. The phagocytic activity of neutrophils in the test with latex granules, redox activity (spontaneous HCT test), cationic lysosomal proteins in the cytochemical test with bromine phenol blue was determined in the blood.Results. Phagocytic activity of neutrophils in patients with destructive forms of AA and AT was lower, and in the group of patients with AM – did not differ from control values. The phagocytic index of neutrophils in patients with destructive forms of AA was 1.5 times lower (p&lt;0.05), and the phagocytic number in patients with gangrenous AA was 1.7 times lower than in healthy individuals (p&lt;0.05). In patients with AM, the percentage of HCT-positive neutrophils was 1.3 times higher, in patients with destructive forms of AA and AT – 2 times higher than in healthy groups (p&lt;0.05). The number of neutrophils containing cationic lysosomal proteins was also higher in destructive forms of AA, and in AM and AT - did not differ from the value in the control group.Conclusions. It has been established that peripheral blood neutrophils in conditions of acute destructive inflammation and abdominal tuberculosis have reduced absorption capacity with simultaneous significant activation of redox processes. Cytochemical tests to detect the phagocytic and metabolic activity of blood neutrophils are available and highly informative for the diagnosis and prediction of inflammation, as well as for the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral diseases

Development and Characterization of Polymeric Peptides for Antibody Tagging of Bacterial Targets.

Microbe-Binding Peptides (MBPs) are currently being investigated to address the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Strategies enhancing their antimicrobial activity have been developed, including peptide dimerization. Here, we present an alternative approach based on peptide polymerization, yielding hapten-labelled polymeric MBPs that mediate tagging of bacteria with anti-hapten antibodies, for enhanced immune recognition by host phagocytes. C-terminally amidated analogs of the bacterial-binding peptide IIGGR were synthesized, with or without addition of cysteine residues at both N- and C-termini. Peptides were subjected to oxidizing conditions in a dimethyl-sulfoxide/water solvent system, and polymerization was demonstrated using SDS-PAGE. Peptides were then N-terminally labelled with a trinitrophenyl (TNP) group using trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS). Binding to representative bacteria was demonstrated by ELISA using anti-TNP antibodies and was quantified as half-maximal effective concentration (EC50). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and concentration yielding 50% hemolysis (H50) were estimated. Neutrophil phagocytic index was determined for TNP-labelled polymeric bacterial- binding peptide (Pbac) with anti-TNP antibodies and/or serum complement. Polydisperse Pbac was synthesized. EC50 was lower for Pbac than for the corresponding monomeric form (Mbac), for both Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. MIC and H50 were >250μg/mL for both Pbac and Mbac. A complement-independent increase in neutrophil phagocytic index was observed for E. coli treated with TNP-labelled Pbac in conjunction with anti-TNP antibodies. Our data suggest that hapten-labelled polymeric bacterial-binding peptides may easily be produced from even crude synthetic oligopeptide precursors, and that such bacterial-binding peptides in conjunction with cognate anti-hapten antibodies can enhance immune recognition of bacteria by host phagocytes.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ КЛИНИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЯВЛЕНИЙ, КЛЕТОЧНОГО И ГУМОРАЛЬНОГО ИММУНИТЕТА НОВОРОЖДЁННЫХ ПРИ ВНУТРИУТРОБНЫХ МИКСТ-ИНФЕКЦИЯХ

Objective: To study the features of clinical manifestations, cellular and humoral immunity of newborns with intrauterine mixed infections (IUMI). Methods: A comprehensive survey of 45 infants with IUMI was carried out. Depending on the classification of IUMI they were divided into 3 main groups: group I – 24 patients (53%) with the viral-bacterial association, group II – 12 patients (27%) with the viral-viral association, and group III – 9 patients (20%) with the viral-parasitic association. The control group consisted of 10 newborns born from uninfected, somatically healthy mothers. Diagnosis of IUMI was based on the detection of specific antibodies of the IgA, IgG and IgM classes, as well as phagocytic activity and phagocytic index of leukocytes. In addition, general clinical, biochemical, bacteriological and instrumental research methods have been conducted. Results: The blood serum IgA and IgM indices in patients of the main group were significantly higher, and the mean IgG values were lower compared to the control group. Analysis of cellular immunity parameters in the main group showed a decrease in the number of mature T-lymphocytes (CD3), B-lymphocytes (CD20), the number of T-helpers and cells that produce IL-2 in the peripheral blood, compared with the control group. In the main group, there was also an increase in the number of apoptosis cells (CD95), cells with high cytotoxic activity (CD25, CD71) and the percentage of natural killer cells (CD16). A decrease in the phagocytic activity and phagocytic index of neutrophils was recorded, which indicates the insufficiency of the nonspecific component of immunity. Conclusions: In newborns, various changes were found both on the part of specific and nonspecific components of immunity. This indicates the development of secondary immunodeficiency in this category of patients and makes it necessary to add to the main treatment of immune corrective therapy. Keywords: Congenital infections, mixed intrauterine infections, TORCH syndrome, opportunistic infections, secondary immunodeficiency.

Effect of quercetin and its combination with cyclodextrin on the healing of burn wounds in laboratory rats

. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of quercetin (QC) and its complex with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (QECD) in healing burn related skin wounds in the rat model. Male Wistar rats were subjected to third-degree burn injury of skin in the interscapular area using a metal rod heated to 80 °C. The area of the skin which the burn was applied to was secured from the surroundings by the protective chamber. In order to estimate the efficacy of different treatment modalities the experiments were carried out in two stages. On first stage of the study, the group of animals (n = 21) was subjected to burn injury and the wound surface was not affected with additional procedures except the substances for treatment being applied. During the second stage of the study with another group of animals (n = 18) the removal of necrotic tissue was carried out over the period of 3 to 7 days. The progress of the wound healing was followed by performing morphometric analyses in order to determine complete re-epithelialization. The phagocytic index of neutrophils was determined in washouts from the wounds during the healing process. The animals used on the first stage of the study were sacrificed at day 21 of the experiment and those on the second stage at day 43 and the tissues were subjected to histological examination. The amounts of white blood cells and phagocytic index of neutrophils were calculated in blood samples followed by the measurements of metabolic activities of neutrophils. The removal of necrotic tissue has been found to promote better wound healing caused by thermal exposure. No reliable evidence has been obtained on QC or QECD abilities to significantly accelerate the burn wound epithelialization. The square of the secondary wound scab covered the damaged skin surface has been found to be decreased in the first group of animals on the 14th day followed by the exposure while the rate of wound epithelialization has been found to be increased in the second group of animals at the final stage of wound healing under the treatment with substances being investigated. As a result the ability of QE and QECD to normalize the white blood cell differential, phagocytic and metabolic activities of neutrophils recruited to a wound and neutrophil blood levels has been found.

Neutrophil secretion modulates neutrophil and monocyte functions during hyperglucose and/or hyperinsulin conditions in vitro

Neutrophils, the first cells that come to the infection site, regulate the recruitment and functioning of monocytes. Alteration in neutrophil secretions during pathological conditions result in altered neutrophil and monocyte functions. As hyperglucose and hyperisulin conditions are known to prime cells of innate immune system, the role of neutrophil secretion in activating or priming neutrophils and monocytes during these conditions was studied.Neutrophils were isolated and treated with hyperglucose, hyperinsulin or hyperglucose + hyperinsulin conditions in vitro and the neutrophil supernatants were collected. Neutrophil and monocyte cells treated with these supernatants were then studied for their functions such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, NBT reduction and killing ability.Secretions of unstimulated neutrophils suppressed chemotaxis, phagocytosis and killing ability of monocytes but it did not affect the functions of neutrophils. Hyperinsulin and hyperglucose + hyperinsulin-induced neutrophil secretions caused reduction in phagocytic index of neutrophils without affecting other functions. Neutrophil secretions collected during hyperglucose or hyperinsulin did not alter monocyte functions significantly when compared to secretion collected from unstimulated neutrophils. In conclusion, the study reveals the role of neutrophil secretions in modulating neutrophil and monocyte functions in hyperglucose and hyperinsulin conditions.

Effects of lentinan on the function of phagocyte in long-term heavy-duty exercising mice

Excessive exercise can lead to decreased immune function of phagocytes. This study used 50 male Kunming mice aged 40 days to evaluate the effects of lentinan (LNT) on the number of functional blood cells, the phagocytosis, peripheral blood neutrophils, and peritoneal macrophages of long-term heavy-duty exercising mice. The mice were subjected to 45 min of 5% load weight swimming training for 4 weeks, 6 times per week. Different doses of LNT were administered in the HL + T group (400 mg/kg/day), ML + T group (200 mg/kg/day), LL + T group (100 mg/kg/day), and S + T group (saline only) during the 4 weeks of excessive exercise. The phagocytic function of mice in each group was measured after long-term heavy-load exercise. The results showed that the number of white blood cells decreased significantly; the number of neutrophils and the phagocytic index of blood neutrophils in mice were significantly decreased at the end of the exercise. The macrophage phagocytosis index also decreased significantly on the fourth day after the end of the exercise. The difference was significant, and the difference in the phagocytosis rate was not obvious. The numbers of white blood cells in ML + T and HL + T groups were significantly higher than that in S + T and LL + T groups. The number of neutrophils in the ML + T and HL + T groups was significantly higher than that in the S + T and LL + T groups. The phagocytic rate and phagocytic index of neutrophils in the HL + T group were also significantly higher than those in the S + T group. The macrophage phagocytosis rate of ML + T and LL + T mice was significantly higher than that of S + T, and the phagocytic index difference was not significant. Four weeks of heavy-load exercise resulted in a decrease in phagocytic immune function in mice. Excessive exercise while feeding on LNT can improve the immune function of mice phagocytic cells. There was a positive correlation between the effect of LNT on the function of phagocytes and the LNT dose.

FAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTES IN PATIENTS WITH HBV-INFECTIONS

Abstract. Elimination of HBV can not be achieved without an effective antiviral immune response. One of the achievements in the field of immunology was the discovery of the interaction between resident macrophages - Kupffer cells (KC) and macrophages that are transformed from monocytes. Monocytes play crucial role in the innate and adaptive immune system, carry out phagocytosis, represent an antigen and produce cytokines. The timely response of mononuclear cells to HBV guarantees the development of the subsequent adequate immune processes. The aim of the work – studying the dynamics of indicators of phagocytic activity of monocytes in the blood of patients with HBV-infection. Material and methods. 108 patients with acute hepatitis B were under observation. 56 men and 52 women with an average 34±1,88 (from 18 to 69 years old). 17 healthy persons were included into a control group. In order to estimate phagocytic activity of neutrophils (PAN) phagocytic index of neutrophils (PIN) and phagocytic number of neutrophils (PNN) with incubation period of 30, 60 and 180 minutes have been detected. Results. Indicators of PIM in acute hepatitis B have been reduced by 1.1-3.2 times compared with the control group, perhaps due to a decrease in the number of phagocytic monocytes in the blood of patients with HBV infection. The intensity of reduction of phagocytic reactions of monocytes correlates with the degree of GV severity. It can be suggested that a significant reduction in the number of phagocytes in the peripheral blood of infected patients is connected with the redistribution of phenotypes of monocytes and the recruitment of these immune cells in the inflammatory site. The increase in the level of PNM up to 1.8 times among patients with acute hepatitis B may indicate significant compensatory possibilities of monocytes by increasing their absorption capacity. The use of symbiotic in the complex therapy for patients with acute hepatitis B increases the intensity of phagocytosis, which shows an increase in the number of monocytes entering phagocytosis, however, their level does not reach the values of the control group.

ФАГОЦИТАРНА АКТИВНІСТЬ НЕЙТРОФІЛІВ У ХВОРИХ НА ГОСТРИЙ ГЕПАТИТ В

Проникаючи в організм, інфекційні агенти стикаються з вродженими імунними клітинами, серед яких фагоцити знаходяться на першій лінії захисту.Мета роботи – вивчення функціонального стану поліморфноядерних нейтрофілів у крові хворих на гострий гепатит В (ГГВ) різного ступеня тяжкості у динаміці загальноприйнятого лікування та після призначення симбіотика. Пацієнти і методи. Під спостереженням перебувало 108 хворих на ГГВ, від 18 до 69 років (середній вік − 34,0±1,9 роки), з них 56 чоловіків і 52 жінки. Конт­рольну групу склали 17 здорових осіб. Для оцінки фагоцитарної активності нейтрофілів (ФАН) визначали фагоцитарний індекс нейтрофілів (ФІН) і фагоцитарне число нейтрофілів (ФЧН) з періодами інкубації 30, 60 і 180 хв.Висновки. Виявлено значні компенсаторні можливості нейтрофілів, які здатні в умовах інтенсивного HBV навантаження підтримувати загальний баланс у фагоцитарній системі. Включення симбіотика до спільної схеми терапії підвищує як інтенсивність фагоцитозу, так і регулює поглинаючі можливості нейтрофілів у хворих на HBV-інфекцію різного ступеня тяжкості.

Cytokine Response and Immunological Studies in Camels (Camelus Dromedarius) with Respiratory Diseases at Matrouh Province

This study aimed to shed light on the response of proinflammatory cytokines in camels with respiratory diseases and investigate their relationship with other immunological parameters like acute phase proteins (APPs), oxidant-antioxidant parameters, complement and immunoglobulins to explore their clinical importance as diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets for treating respiratory diseases. Forty she-camels (Camelus dromedarius) were used in this study. Twenty she-camels were experiencing respiratory signs in light of clinical examination and was considered as the diseased group. Another 20 she-camels were apparently healthy and served as control group. Blood samples were collected from both groups and were assayed for the selected biochemical and immunological parameters. The results showed that compared to control group, the diseased camels demonstrated significant increases in the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α), acute phase proteins (fibrinogen, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and serum amyloid A), oxidative markers (malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide), immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG and IgM), phagocytic activity and phagocytic index of neutrophils and serum elecrophoretic profiles ( total protein, alpha 1 globulins, alpha 2 globulins, beta globulins, gamma globulins and total globulin). On the other hand significant decreases were reported in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, complement 3, complement 4, serum enzymatic activities of the antioxidants (catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase), serum levels of albumin and A/G ratio. In conclusion, the study can document the importance of proinflammatory cytokines signaling in the development of respiratory diseases in camels and thus they can serve as prognostic and diagnostic markers for the disease. Further, their role as the main generator for the inflammatory response may rise their importance as therapeutic targets for treating the disease in camels. This study also suggests fibrinogen to be a more reliable diagnostic acute phase protein in camels suffering respiratory diseases.

Prepartum concentrate supplementation of a diet based on medium-quality grass silage: Effects on performance, health, fertility, metabolic function, and immune function of low body condition score cows

When cows with a “higher” body condition score (BCS) are oversupplied with energy during the dry period, postpartum energy balance is normally reduced, which can have a detrimental effect on immune competence and increase the infectious disease risk. However, within grassland-based systems higher yielding cows frequently have a low BCS at drying off. The effects on performance, health, and metabolic and immune functions of providing additional energy to cows with low BCS during the dry period is less certain. To address this uncertainty, 53 multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows (mean BCS of 2.5; 1–5 scale) were allocated to 1 of 2 treatments at dry-off: silage only or silage plus concentrates. Cows on the silage-only treatment were offered ad libitum access to medium-quality grass silage. Cows on the silage-plus-concentrate treatment were offered ad libitum access to a mixed ration comprising the same grass silage plus concentrates [in a 75:25 dry matter (DM) ratio], which provided a mean concentrate DM intake of 3.0kg/cow per day. Postpartum, cows were offered a common mixed ration comprising grass silage and concentrates (in a 40:60 DM ratio) for a 70-d period. Offering concentrates during the dry period increased DM intake, tended to increase energy balance, and increased body weight (BW) and BCS gain prepartum. Offering concentrates during the dry period increased BW and BCS loss postpartum and tended to increase milk fat percentage and serum nonesterified fatty acid concentration, but it did not affect postpartum DM intake, energy balance, and milk yield. Although the percentage of phagocytosis-positive neutrophils did not differ, neutrophils from cows on the silage-plus-concentrate treatment had higher phagocytic fluorescence intensity at 1 and 2 wk postpartum and higher phagocytic index at 1 wk postpartum. Serum haptoglobin concentrations and IFN-γ production by pokeweed mitogen stimulated whole blood culture were unaffected by treatment, although haptoglobin concentrations increased and IFN-γ production decreased peripartum. Offering concentrates during the dry period increased the incidence of lameness postpartum, although other health and fertility parameters were unaffected. In conclusion, supplementing low BCS cows with concentrates during the dry period had no effect on performance and fertility and resulted in a higher neutrophil phagocytic index at 1 wk postpartum and an increased incidence of lameness compared with offering cows a grass silage–only diet prepartum.

Influence of progesterone on functional activity of neutrophils in threatening preterm labor

Aim of the study. To assess the influence of exogenous progesterone on the functional activity of neutrophils in patients, whose pregnancies proceeded with clinical signs of threatened abortion. Materials and methods. The material used for the study were peripheral blood neutrophils of 32 women, who were hospitalized with a diagnosis of "threatening premature labor" in the term of 22-34 weeks and whose pregnancies later ended in spontaneous preterm (group 1, 10 patients) and term (group 2, 22 patients) birth. Women of 1st and 2nd groups were comparable in age, gestational age and serum concentration of endogenous progesterone. The study was conducted in vitro. Neutrophils were isolated by settling for NBT-test and phagocytosis reaction, and by centrifugation on a double density gradient of ficoll-verografin in order to assess the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Neutrophils were added to a suspension of exogenous progesterone at concentrations of 10 ng/ml, 20 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml. The oxidation activity of neutrophils was measured in the spontaneous and stimulated (with Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 1×108 bacterial cells in 1 ml) types of NBT-test with microscopic evaluation of the results. The ability of neutrophils to form extracellular traps was evaluated in spontaneous and stimulated (with Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 1×108 bacterial cells in 1 ml) types of the test using color dye Hoechst 33342, followed by fluorescent microscopy. Results. Progesterone (10 ng/ml) significantly decreased spontaneous neutrophil oxidative activity [17.0% (12.0-26.0%) and 7.0% (4.0-10.0%), p&lt;0.05] in patients of group 1, but not in patients of group 2. There was no effect of progesterone at studied concentrations on stimulated neutrophil oxidative activity in women of groups 1 and 2. When 20 ng/ml progesterone was added there was a decrease in neutrophil phagocytic index in patients of group 2 [66% (55-77%) and 51% (40-69%), p&lt;0.05]. Progesterone (100 ng/ml) caused an increase in spontaneous NET-forming function in both groups and had no effect on stimulated function. Conclusions. Progesterone is able to provide various immunomodulatory effects on neutrophils of patients, whose pregnancies ended in preterm and term birth. Exogenous progesterone is able to provide various immunomodulatory effects on neutrophils of patients, whose pregnancies ended in preterm and term birth. It reduced the increased spontaneous oxidative activity of neutrophils in women with adverse pregnancy outcomes and lowered phagocytic number in patients with favorable pregnancy outcome. This drug also stimulated spontaneous NET-forming function of the cells, regardless of the pregnancy outcome.

O74. Granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis index affected by plasma factors in normal and preeclamptic pregnancy

Introduction Phagocytic function of neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes is poorly examined in healthy and preeclamptic pregnancies. Phagocytosis in an important function of innate immune system which protects the mother and the fetus with elimination of microbes and probably microparticles. Objectives We examined the phagocytic index of non-pregnant, healthy pregnant and preeclamptic women. We also described the effect of different plasma samples on phagocytic function of neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes of the three groups. Methods Five healthy pregnant, preeclamptic pregnant and non-pregnant women were enrolled into our study. Cells and plasma samples were isolated from peripherial blood samples. Cells of the three groups were incubated in autologous and different plasma samples and evaluated by their phagocytic index with an immunofluorescent microscope after internalization of zymosan molecules. Results Phagocytic index of monocytes and granulocytes was decreased in healthy pregnancy and further decreased in preeclampsia. Phagocytic index of cells from non pregnant women was inhibited by plasma from healthy pregnant women and further decreased by plasma from preeclamptic women. Phagocytosis of cells from healthy pregnant women was increased by plasma from non-pregnant women and decreased by plasma from preeclamptic women. Phagocytic index of cells from preeclamptic women was increased by plasma from healthy pregnant women and further increased by plasma from non-pregnant women. Conclusions Phagocytic function of granulocytes and monocytes decreased significantly in healthy pregnancy and further decreased in preeclampsia compared with non-pregnant controls. The reduced phagocytic index of neutrophils and monocytes in healthy pregnancy may be caused by immunosuppressive factors present in maternal plasma. This mechanism can be part of the maternal immunosuppression for the protection of the fetus. Failure of this mechanism and further inhibition of phagocytosis in preeclampsia may take part in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.

Ticagrelor potentiates adenosine-induced stimulation of neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis

In the PLATO study, ticagrelor was associated with fewer pulmonary infections and subsequent deaths than clopidogrel. Neutrophils are a first-line defence against bacterial lung infection; ticagrelor inhibits cellular uptake of adenosine, a known regulator of neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis. We assessed whether the inhibition of adenosine uptake by ticagrelor influences neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Neutrophils and erythrocytes were isolated from healthy volunteers. Concentration-dependent effects of adenosine on IL-8-induced neutrophil chemotaxis were investigated and the involved receptors identified using adenosine receptor antagonists. The modulatory effects of ticagrelor on adenosine-mediated changes in neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae were determined in the presence of erythrocytes to replicate physiological conditions of cellular adenosine uptake. Low-concentration adenosine (10−8M) significantly increased IL-8-induced neutrophil chemotaxis (% neutrophil chemotaxis: adenosine 28.7%±4.4 vs. control 22.6%±2.4; p<0.01) by acting on the high-affinity A1 receptor. Erythrocytes attenuated the effect of adenosine, although this was preserved by ticagrelor and dipyridamole (another inhibitor of adenosine uptake) but not by control or by cangrelor. Similarly, in the presence of erythrocytes, a low concentration of adenosine (10−8M) significantly increased neutrophil phagocytic index compared to control when ticagrelor was present (37.6±6.6 vs. 28.0±6.6; p=0.028) but had no effect in the absence of ticagrelor. We therefore conclude that the inhibition of cellular adenosine reuptake by ticagrelor potentiates the effects of a nanomolar concentration of adenosine on neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis. This represents a potential mechanism by which ticagrelor could influence host defence against bacterial lung infection.

IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPY OF CHRONIC RECURRENT CYSTITIS IN WOMEN

The role ofimmunomodulatory therapy to stimulate bactericidal properties humoral defensecells of neutrophilsin patients suffering fromrecurrent bladder infection. Found that the inclusion ofthe immunomodulatorin the treatment regimen of exacerbations of chronic cystitis contributes to increasing the activation of phagocytic index of neutrophils and reserve leads to a significant decrease in the frequency of exacerbations of the disease after basic andpreventive courses of treatment.

Protective and curative effect of silymarin against chlorpyrifos-induced immunotoxicity in rats

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphorus insecticide throughout the world inagriculture and anti-termites around homes. Silymarin is a naturally occurring substance and hasantioxidant effects. For decades, it has been used clinically in Europe for the treatment ofalcoholic liver disease and as anti-hepatotoxic agent. Therefore, the present study aimed toassess the protective and curative effect of silymarin in attenuating the CPF-inducedimmunotoxicity in rats, by measuring the level of immunoglobulin G (IgG), lymphocyteviability, neutrophil phagocytic function assay, total white blood cells count (WBC) and relativedifferential white blood cells count, as well as nitric oxide (NO) level and catalase activity. Thetreatment with CPF decreased lymphocyte viability, neutrophil phagocytic index, total whiteblood cells count, relative lymphocyte count, IgG concentration and catalase activity. On theother hand, a high level of NO was detected upon animal treatment with CPF. Interestingly,pre- and post-treatment with silymarin to CPF-treated group improved the lymphocyte viability,total white blood cells count, relative lymphocyte count, catalase activity and the NO level. Preandpost-treatment with silymarin recovered phagocytic activity of neutrophils and restored IgGlevel. In conclusion, silymarin has both protective and curative effects against CPF-inducedimmunotoxicity may be through its anti-oxidant effects.

Evaluation of sub-chronic chlorpyrifos poisoningon immunological and biochemical changes in ratsand protective effect of eugenol

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most widely used organophosphorus (OP) insecticides until 2000 when the United States Environmental Protection Agency restricted some of its domestic uses due to its toxicity. Despite this, CPF remains one of the most widely used OP insecticides. Eugenol is a flavoring agent used in cosmetic and food products. Furthermore, eugenol acts as a pro-oxidant and as an anti-oxidant, under certain circumstances. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the possible immuno-toxicogical consequences produced by CPF on different immunological aspects and to assess the protective role of eugenol in attenuating the CPF-induced immunotoxicity. The changes in humoral and cell mediated-immunity were evaluated by measuring the level of immunoglobulin (IgG), lymphocyte viability, neutrophil phagocytic function assay, total white blood cells count (WBC) and relative differential white blood cells count. On the biochemical level, estimation of nitric oxide (NO) level and catalase activity was also undertaken. The treatment with CPF showed an inhibitory effect on the level of lymphocyte viability, neutrophil phagocytic index, total white blood cells count, relative lymphocyte count, IgG concentration and catalase activity. On the other hand, a high level of NO was detected upon animal treatment with CPF. Interestingly, eugenol pre- and post-treatment to CPF-treated group improved the lymphocyte viability, total white blood cells count, relative lymphocyte count, catalase activity and the NO level. Moreover, eugenol pre- and post-treatment recovered phagocytic activity of neutrophils and restored IgG level. In conclusion, eugenol has protective and curative roles in attenuating the CPF-induced immunotoxicity.

Meglumine antimonate directly increases phagocytosis, superoxide anion and TNF-α production, but only via TNF-α it indirectly increases nitric oxide production by phagocytes of healthy individuals, in vitro

Leishmania has developed mechanisms to escape from immune defense of phagocytes by inhibiting microbicidal oxygen and nitrogen radicals. This work evaluated the influence of meglumine antimonate (Sb V) on the phagocyte functions involved in the defense against leishmania, through phagocytosis, reactive oxygen, nitrogen and TNF-α production in the absence or presence of the drug, in vitro. Meglumine antimonate increased the number of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ingested by monocyte and the percentage of these cells engaged in phagocytosis, which resulted in an increase of the monocyte phagocytic index by 158%. Meglumine antimonate also increased the number of S. cerevisiae ingested by neutrophil and the percentage of these cells engaged in phagocytosis, increasing the neutrophil phagocytic index by 219%. The median of percent reduction of NBT was significantly increased after treatment with this pentavalent antimony from 89.5% to 96.5%. Meglumine antimonate had no influence on nitric oxide production, but it significantly increased the mean ± SEM production of tumor necrosis factor by 230%. However, monocytes incubated with TNF significantly increased NO production. This antimonial increased the phagocytic capacity of monocytes and neutrophils and enhanced superoxide anion production by phagocytes, which represent the first line of defense against the parasite. Furthermore, meglumine antimonate increased TNF, and via this cytokine, it may also indirectly increase NO production. Our data suggest that these immunomodulatory effects of meglumine antimonate may play a role in fighting leishmania and that meglumine antimonate provides the phagocytes with a mechanism that prevents leishmania from escaping immune defense.