Oral Fluid pH Research Articles

Changes in heavy metal levels in the oral fluid of young patients with and without plaque-induced gingivitis undergoing treatment with braces

Relevance. Research into the effects of nickel-titanium alloys and heavy metal ions on the development of inflammatory oral diseases is becoming increasingly significant in orthodontics. The relationship between toxic elements and inflammatory responses remains under-researched and controversial. Data on the connection between heavy metals and inflammatory reactions could influence the choice of orthodontic appliance materials and guide the subsequent management and monitoring of patients with braces. The question of the safe use of nickel-titanium alloy braces continues to be a relevant concern.Purpose. To assess the levels of heavy metals in the oral fluid of young patients with braces, both in those who developed plaque-induced gingivitis and those who did not.Materials and Methods. The study involved 50 clinically healthy patients (Groups I and II health categories) with intact teeth, including patients with compensated dental caries (isolated carious lesions – Grade I) and no periodontal diseases (PMA index <20), presenting with dental crowding and malocclusion (K07.2, K07.3). The average age of the patients was 22.1 ± 2.7 years, all of whom were undergoing treatment with metal braces. Oral fluid samples were analyzed for 12 heavy metal elements using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in a laboratory setting. Additionally, lysozyme activity and oral fluid pH were measured before appliance placement and six months into orthodontic treatment.Results. Adaptation to braces in young patients is frequently complicated by the development of gingivitis and periodontitis due to impaired oral hygiene and the mechanical pressure exerted on teeth and gums, leading to elemental imbalances. Patients with gingivitis during orthodontic treatment are particularly at risk of developing such imbalances and therefore require timely correction of their mineral metabolism.

LONG-TERM OUTCOMES OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN CHILDREN FOLLOWING RADICAL URANOSTAPHYLOPLASTY

The presence of congenital non-union of the palate in children does not allow to carry out hygienic measures to the full extent, therefore it requires carrying out planned remedial and medical and preventive measures at all stages of observation. The purpose of the work is to study the long-term outcomes of the effectiveness of treatment and preventive measures after the radical uranostaphyloplasty. Research methods. In order to objectively assess the dental situation in 17 patients, we assessed the hygiene indices of Green-Vermillion, Silness-Loe, РМА SBI, saliva secretion rate, oral fluid pH, optical density, viscosity, α-amylase activity, medium molecular weight content, the presence of sialic acids, and the content of total protein and oxyproline. Results and discussion. When examining children in 6 months after surgery, it was found out that during this period of time the Green-Vermillion, Silness-Loe and bleeding indexes worsened by 1,3; 1,2; 1,3 times, respectively, and the PMA index increased by 1,4 times. The picture of changes in the physicochemical and biochemical components of oral fluid and its qualitative properties looks different. We would like to remind you that after the completion of the first course of treatment and prevention measures, we failed to normalize the levels of some of them. Over a period of time of 6 months, there was a deepening of the negative trend and the rate of salivation was by 1,3 times lower, but the activity of α-amylase improved by 1,2 times compared to the previous period of examination. The indexes of average mass molecules, sialic acids, total protein and oxyproline increased again by 1.5; 1,4; 1,2; 1,3 times, respectively. The fact of the stability of indexes of hydrogen ion concentration, optical density and viscosity was encouraging, which indicated an improvement in the rheological properties of oral fluid. This situation prompts the need to develop new methodological approaches regarding long-term observation of children with congenital non-union of the palate and determining an algorithm for their medical support. Conclusion. Persistent deterioration in hygiene indexes, periodontal tissue condition, salivary gland secretory activity, and qualitative properties of oral fluid cannot be fully resolved even in the long term after surgical intervention. This necessitates regular treatment and preventive measures, along with continuous improvement of these strategies. Prospects for further research. Further research is planned.

INDEX ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF THE ORAL CAVITY IN PATIENTS WITH GASTRO-ESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE

It has been established that diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, namely gastroesophageal reflux disease, affect the oral cavity. It should be noted that GERD is one of the most common diseases of the digestive tract in the world. The close relationship of the oral cavity, due to the similarity of functions, the common blood supply, innervation, and the morphological structure of the gastrointestinal tract leads to a violation of immunological reactivity, physical and chemical changes in saliva. SORP is a powerful receptor field that perceives the receptor influences of the whole organism. Numerous studies by clinicians confirm that 75% of patients with ENT pathologies are examined for gastrointestinal tract diseases. With increased acidity of gastric juice, there is hypersalivation, hypertrophy of the filiform papillae of the tongue in combination with foci of desquamation, pallor and swelling of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, catarrhal gingivitis. With reduced acidity of gastric juice, there is a large number of plaques on the tongue, atrophy of filiform papillae, decreased salivation, dry lips, and angular cheilitis are observed. This is due to the weakening of the pharyngeal and cardinal valves of the stomach, as a result of which the contents of the stomach with its secretory component are thrown into the oral cavity, thereby affecting the taste buds. The index evaluation of the state of the oral cavity based on the index of plaque on the back of the tongue, the index of oral hygiene -OHI-S, the determination of the acidity of the oral fluid in patients with GERD indicates a dependence on the level of acidity of gastric juice. Gastroesophageal reflux disease negatively affects oral hygiene, the acid-alkaline balance of oral fluid, which leads to the formation of pathological processes in the oral cavity. Homeostasis of the oral cavity is maintained due to the acid-alkaline balance, the main indicator of which is the pH of the oral fluid. Oral fluid is considered an integral environment of the human body, therefore metabolic processes affect its composition.
 Aim. To study the indexes of the state of the oral cavity according to the indicators: index of plaque on the tongue according to (WTS); pH of oral fluid; hygiene index - OHI-S.
 Materials and methods. To achieve the goal, 60 patients aged 25 to 55 years were examined. Of them, 30 are practically healthy people, 30 are patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (of which 15 have increased acidity of gastric juice, and 15 have been examined with reduced acidity). IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS, WE STUDY INDICATORS index of plaque on the tongue according to (WTS); pH of oral fluid; hygiene index - OHI-S.
 Results. At the initial examination, plaque (W.T.C INDEX) was noted in patients with GERD. Thus, in the main group, the preference for a thick plaque on the back of the tongue was noted. Evaluating the state of oral hygiene (according to the Green-Vermillion index), it should be noted that, in general, hygiene was satisfactory in the main group of the examination. With increased acidity of gastric juice, at the age of 25-35, the satisfactory condition of the oral cavity according to the Green-Vermillion index was noted and was 1.4±0.1, and the group of female patients of the same category had an unsatisfactory state of oral hygiene and was 1.76±0 ,06. With low acidity, the hygienic index of the oral cavity in men aged 25-35 years was 1.3±0.1 and was satisfactory, while in women of the same age it was 2.0±0.4, which was unsatisfactory. Thus, in the 2nd group of women with reduced acidity aged 45-55 years, the indicator was 2.7±0.2, and in men of the same age, it was 2.3±0.3. Thus, when studying the pH of oral fluid in the main group, we noticed that the lower the pH level, the more acidic the environment. The acid-alkaline balance of the oral fluid is important for metabolism. Normally, the acidity of a person varies from 6.8-7.4 pH, and with a high rate of salivation it can reach 7.8 pH. With gastroesophageal reflux, which reaches the oral cavity, a decrease in the pH of saliva leads to pathological changes in the mucous membrane.
 Conclusion. So, the studied indices make it possible to assess the hygienic condition of the oral cavity, acid-alkaline balance in accordance with the level of acidity of gastric juice in GERD.

Results of the study of the mineralizing capacity and hydrogen indicator of the oral fluid in children taking into account the dental status and age

Caries is one of the most common dental diseases in children, which is characterized by enamel demineralization. The condition of the hard tissues of temporary and permanent teeth is influenced by a significant number of factors, including the oral fluid that is in direct contact with the teeth. The mineralizing ability of the oral fluid affects the state of the hard tissues of the teeth, that is, the acid resistance of the enamel, the decrease of which leads to demineralization with further progression of the carious process. The aim of the study was to study the indicators of the mineralizing potential and the pH of the oral fluid in children aged 7–12 years with caries of temporary and permanent teeth and to compare them with the indicators of children with intact teeth. The dental status of 223 children aged 7–12 years was studied (in each child, the condition of the hard tissues of the teeth was determined and the DMFT (Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth) in the temporary bite, DMFT/dmft (Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth) in the variable bite, dft (decayed and filled teeth) in the permanent bite index was calculated), mineralizing potential and pH of the oral fluid were calculated. Indicators were compared in children with and without caries. The course of caries of both temporary and permanent teeth in children occurs against the background of a decrease in pH and microcrystallization of oral fluid. This is especially noticeable in children who have affected permanent teeth. The caries rate of temporary and permanent teeth has inverse correlations with the pH and microcrystallization index of the oral fluid. The obtained data suggest the need for primary and secondary prevention, aimed at improving oral homeostasis indicators, planned remediation, which will make it possible to reduce the prevalence and intensity of caries in children, which will be the subject of our further research. Keywords: caries, intact teeth, pH of oral fluid, microcrystallization of oral fluid.

Tooth enamel demineralization in children during treatment with aligners: impact of oral hygiene and oral fluid pH (a pilot study)

Tooth enamel demineralization in children during treatment with aligners: impact of oral hygiene and oral fluid pH (a pilot study)

COVID-19: dental aspects and correlations of biochemical parameters

Relevance. Relevance. The COVID-19 pandemic posed significant challenges not only to society and the healthcare system but also to dental specialists. Hospitalization of patients with chronic generalized periodontitis associated with the COVID-19 course is known to adversely affect the overall condition and create the risk for disease severity aggravation. The study of inflammatory periodontal disease and COVID-19 correlation is relevant.Purpose. The study aimed to determine the features of inflammatory periodontal disease (IPD) course in patients after moderate COVID-19 by determining oral fluid (OF) and blood serum (BS) biochemical parameters.Material and methods. The study involved 165 subjects divided into three groups: Group 1 – patients with exacerbation of periodontal inflammation; Group 2 – inpatients with inflammatory periodontal disease associated with the course of verified moderate COVID-19; Group 3 – control (patients without IPD and verified COVID-19). The mean total-sample age was 32±13.0 years old, median 25.0, minimum 19 years old, and maximum 63 years old. All patients had oral organ and tissue examinations, which included only visual inspection (PMA index) and OF potential of hydrogen identification due to COVID-19 inpatients’ characteristics. Laboratory evaluation of OF and BS parameters included total protein, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transferase (AST), glucose, creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase (AP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP).Results. The study results showed OF and BS threshold value correlations; in the groups, there are trends, mild and moderate correlations between parameters CRP, AST, and LDH, including oral fluid pH and PMA index.Conclusion. The performed qualitative, quantitative, clinical and biochemical datum analysis broadens theoretical knowledge about a pathological shift in OF and BS in patients with IPD, which takes place during a moderate COVID-19 course.

Relationship between enamel resistance and physical properties of saliva in drug-addicted patients

Aim. To investigate the relationship between the physical properties of saliva and enamel resistance and caries intensity in drug-addicted patients. Materials and methods. The study involved 70 patients, who were divided into three groups: the main group (1) – 28 drug addicts diagnosed with caries, the comparison group (2) – 22 patients with caries of dental hard tissues without a history of drug addiction, and the control group (3) – 20 persons without carious lesions of dental hard tissues. We examined the rate of salivation, which was calculated by the formula: Rs = V / T, pH of oral fluid using litmus test strips (Kelilong Instruments, China), structural and functional stability of tooth enamel by the express method TER-test (V. R. Okushko, L. I. Kosareva, 1983), clinically assessed the rate of mineralization according to the Clinical Assessment of the Rate of Enamel Remineralization-test (T. L. Redinova, V. K. Leontiev and G. D. Ovrutsky, 1982), dental caries intensity using the DMF index; the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) was used to assess of the dental hard tissues. Results. In drug-addicted patients with caries of dental hard tissues, the slowest rate of salivation and significant changes in the oral fluid pH toward acidic were observed, namely 5.5 ± 0.09 units compared with patients of other groups. In drug addicts, the average TER-test score was 9.1 ± 0.4 points and was significantly higher than that in non-drug-addicted patients with dental caries (5.4 ± 0.2 points) and people without dental caries (1.9 ± 0.2 points). The Clinical Assessment of the Rate of Enamel Remineralization-test indicators of drug-addicted patients (6.1 ± 0.3 days) were also significantly higher than those of non-addicted and control group patients. The DMF index in drug-addicted patients was 16.4 ± 0.2 points showing a very high intensity of caries with a large proportion of deep carious lesions in the dental hard tissues. Conclusions. In drug addicts, the study results have indicated a 23 % pH shift of the oral fluid toward acidic, and a 22 % decrease in the rate of saliva secretion has also been recorded compared to the healthy individuals. These results were associated with a 79 % decrease in the tooth enamel durability and a 66 % decrease in the remineralizing capacity of the oral fluid in drug addicts as compared to the healthy individuals. The DMF index of group 1 patients differed from that of group 2 patients by 50 % and from group 3 individuals – by 98 %. Drug-addicted patients had 78 % more carious lesions in the dentin compared to non-drug-addicted patients with dental caries.

Usefulness of Oral Fluid for Measurement of Methylone and Its Metabolites: Correlation with Plasma Drug Concentrations and the Effect of Oral Fluid pH.

The aim of this study was to investigate methylone and its metabolites concentration in oral fluid following controlled increasing doses, focusing on the effect of oral fluid pH. Samples were obtained from a clinical trial where twelve healthy volunteers participated after ingestion of 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg of methylone. Concentration of methylone and its metabolites 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-N-methylcathinone (HMMC) and 3,4-methylenedioxycathinone in oral fluid were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated, and the oral fluid-to-plasma ratio (OF/P) at each time interval was calculated and correlated with the oral fluid pH using data from our previous study in plasma. Methylone was detected at all time intervals after each dose; MDC and HMMC were not detectable after the lowest dose. Oral fluid concentrations of methylone ranged between 88.3-503.8, 85.5-5002.3, 182.8-13,201.8 and 214.6-22,684.6 ng/mL following 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg doses, respectively, peaked between 1.5 and 2.0 h, and were followed by a progressive decrease. Oral fluid pH was demonstrated to be affected by methylone administration. Oral fluid is a valid alternative to plasma for methylone determination for clinical and toxicological studies, allowing for a simple, easy and non-invasive sample collection.

Biophysical parameters of oral fluid, periodontal tissues and buccal epithelial cells in adolescent athletes in the process of complex dental treatment

Annotation. The aim of the work was to evaluate the impact of the developed complex for the dental treatment of adolescent athletes on the biophysical parameters of their oral fluid, periodontal tissues and buccal epithelial cells. The study involved 42 boys aged 12-14, professionally involved in sports, with major dental diseases. The studies included spectrocolorimetric assessment of functional hyperemia of periodontal tissues, spectrocolorimetric assessment of the degree of inflammation in periodontal tissues using the Schiller-Pysarev test solution, assessment of oral fluid pH stability as one of the indicators of the level of non-specific resistance in the body and in the oral cavity in particular, and assessment of the charge state of cells buccal epithelium, the percentage of mobile nuclei and plasmalemma cells in the electric field and the ratio of the amplitudes of their movement. The computer application STATISTICA 6.1 was used for statistical analysis of the results and assessment of their reliability and errors. A statistically significant difference between alternative quantitative traits with a distribution corresponding to the normal law was evaluated using the Student's t-test (the difference was considered statistically significant at p<0.01). The use of the proposed therapeutic complex, which included “Albumin Egg Plus”, “Chlorophyll Spray”, “Active Sulfur”, “Active Fluoride” and toothpastes “Biodentis” and “Meridol”, in adolescent athletes of the main group helped to eliminate capillary spasms and increase blood flow in them under the action of masticatory load, which was already a normal physiological response, disrupted in the initial state. At the same time, the staining of the gums in Schiller-Pisarev solution decreased in children-athletes, which indicates a decrease in the degree of inflammation. Complex prophylaxis allowed to reduce the interval of fluctuations in the oral fluid pH value in individual samples for 1 year more than 4.67 times, which indicates a certain normalization of functional adaptive-compensatory reactions responsible for its stability. Under the influence of the developed therapy, the charge state of the buccal epithelial cells was also normalized. The obtained results testify to the positive influence of the developed complex on the biophysical parameters of oral fluid, periodontal tissues and buccal epithelial cells in adolescent athletes.

Use of synthetic peptides in the prevention of oral diseases

Among the protective factors of mixed saliva, antimicrobial peptides have received much attention. They have broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activities. Synthetic peptides are found in hygiene products, such as mouthwashes, sprays, and toothpastes. According to their manufacturers, the use of these products helps prevent oral bacterial infections. Objective. To study the effect of toothpastes and mouth spray, which contain synthetic peptide complexes, on the physicochemical parameters of mixed saliva in order to substantiate their preventive antibacterial effect. Material and methods. Mixed saliva from patients was examined before and after the use of the synthetic peptide-containing spray and toothpaste. The following salivary physicochemical parameters (pH, surface tension, and base buffer capacity) were measured. Results. The peptide-containing spray and toothpaste caused changes in the oral fluid pH within the normal range, which assisted in maintaining oral homeostasis and in effectively exerting the functions of mixed saliva. When the spray or toothpaste was used, the base buffer capacity was slightly reduced, which suggested that the synthetic peptides were able to neutralize oral fluid acids and thereby to enhance the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial functions of mixed saliva. The surface tension of saliva was increased with the peptide-containing spray and that was decreased with the peptide-containing toothpaste. This effect indicated the active ability of the synthetic peptides to be absorbed into blood and to have a direct effect on cell metabolism at the site of lesion (when using the spray), as well as the ability of the complexes to integrate into the colloidal system of saliva, which enhanced its reparative and protective properties (when using the toothpaste). Conclusion. The study shows an increase in the antibacterial effect of mixed saliva when using oral hygiene products containing peptides, which contributes to the prevention of risk factors for inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa and periodontium.

Оцінка змін біохімічного складу ротової рідини при фізичних навантаженнях високої інтенсивності

The purpose of the work was to study changes in the mineral composition, lactate content and pH of oral fluid under the influence of high-intensity physical exertion on the body of students with different physical training. Materials and methods. 28 students who were divided into 2 groups, depending on the level of physical training, took part in the study. Group 1 – students who attended only physical education classes. Group 2 – students who, in addition to academic classes, attended sports sections 3-4 times a week. Study participants were tested on a treadmill, performing high-intensity physical activity for 30 minutes. The research was conducted for 7 days. Saliva was taken at rest, in the morning on an empty stomach, and immediately after the end of the exercise test. The study of the content of inorganic phosphorus and total calcium was carried out using a ready-made set of chemical reagents, the pH of the oral fluid was determined using a laboratory pH meter. Lactate content was determined colorimetrically according to the Buchner method. Results and discussion. Under the conditions of intense physical exertion, in the oral fluid of students with a low level of physical training, a probable increase in the content of lactate, a decrease in the pH level and indicators of mineralization of hard tissues of the tooth, such as total calcium and inorganic phosphorus, were observed, which may indirectly indicate a violation of enamel mineralization processes and lead to the development of dental pathologies. In the oral fluid of students with a high level of physical training, only a tendency to a decrease in indicators of mineral metabolism and pH was noted against the background of a probable increase in lactate after intense exercise compared to a state of rest. Such changes may be related to the body's adaptation to intense physical exertion after several years of training. So, the proposed complex of biochemical research of oral fluid in students during constant intense physical activity made it possible to reveal the peculiarities of metabolic changes in oral fluid, which is important for more accurate diagnosis of dental diseases and the development of individual dental caries prevention programs. Conclusion. High-intensity physical exertion leads to slight fluctuations in the lactate content, pH indicator, and mineral composition in the oral fluid of students. The established changes depend entirely on the level of physical training of students and tolerance of physical load, and also reflect the adaptation capabilities of the body to physiological stress

DENTAL STATUS OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN WITH MOUTH BREATHING

There is an increase in the number of children who have complicated nose breathing and its oral type. Preschool children are of particular concern according to clinicians. These circumstances contribute to the occurrence of a cariogenic situation in the oral cavity, namely, a violation of the quantitative and qualitative composition of oral fluid, a decrease in its remineralizing ability, a deterioration of oral hygiene and an increase in the population of cariogenic microflora. The purpose of our study was to assess the dental status of preschool children with oral breathing to develop more effective methods of preventing caries of temporary teeth that can be applied chairside during the dental appointment.
 During the research two groups of examined children 3 to 6 years old were formed: Group I 89 people with oral breathing (35 with allergic rhinitis, 42 with adenoids hypertrophy, 12 with open bite); II group (control) – 76 somatically healthy children without signs of orthodontic pathology. The presence of oral breathing was determined using a functional breathing test. Dental status was assessed by caries indices, Fedorov-Volodkina hygiene index and oral fluid pH.
 Research results and their discussion. According to the results of the examination it was found that there was no significant difference in the prevalence and intensity of caries of deciduous teeth, oral hygiene and the pH of oral fluid in children with oral breathing depending on the presence of allergic rhinitis, adenoid hypertrophy and bite pathology (р≥0.05). Therefore, there is no need to consider each of the groups separately in further research.
 According to the obtained data we have a significant difference in the prevalence and intensity of caries of deciduous teeth between both research groups. According to the results of examinations the prevalence of caries in children with oral breathing is almost 2 times higher than in practically healthy children. The same situation is observed when determining the caries intensity parameters, both according to the index DEF (teeth) and DEF (surfaces).
 Having evaluated the results of hygiene index determination the same dependence was obtained, namely, significantly higher indicators are noted in children with oral breathing. According to the data it was found that the oral hygiene of children of the research group with caries was at the level of “poor”, without caries – “unsatisfactory”. The participants of the control group with caries corresponded to the lower margin of the “satisfactory” level and the subjects without caries corresponded to the upper limit of the “satisfactory” state of oral hygiene. Survayed with caries have significantly higher parameters than those without it in both groups (≤0.05).
 According to the results of the pH index determination of oral fluid in preschool children, the same significant dependency between the data was found, as in previous studies. A significant difference was also found between the pH values of the oral fluid depending on the presence tooth caries. The acidity of mixed saliva was always higher in children with dental caries than in children without it in both research groups. The highest values were more distinctive for children with oral breathing (р≤0.05).
 A lower oral hygiene level was found in children with oral breathing, which provokes a shift of the pH balance of the oral fluid to the acidic direction compared to practically healthy subjects. This situation is complicated by the presence of caries of deciduous teeth. The deterioration of the studied parameters with age is also noted, which allows us to assume the dependence of the oral hygiene condition, the pH index of mixed saliva with an increase in the occurrence of oral breathing and the duration of the adjunct pathology. The physical parameters of the oral fluid have a direct effect on the neutralization of acids and the improvement of the cleaning quality of hard tissues.
 Conclusion. Therefore, the obtained data can serve as a background for the prescription of the previously proposed complex of treatment and preventive measures in children with hypertrophy of adenoids [8] for persons with concomitant diseases characterized by oral breathing.
 The perspective of further research is the study of a more extended list of parameters of oral cavity homeostasis in children with oral breathing as well as the study of the influence of the treatment and prevention complex on these parameters.

Дослідження фізико-хімічних властивостей ротової рідини у працівників промислових виробництв із шкідливими чинниками

The purpose of the study was to investigate the physical and chemical properties of oral fluid in industrial workers with harmful factors. Materials and methods. To conduct this study 2 groups were formed. The main group (81 people) includes workers of three industrial productions of Ivano-Frankivsk region: workers of chemical production, glass production and workers of agro-industrial complex. The control group consisted of 60 administrative and support staff of these industries, who did not come into contact with industrial hazards. The age of the subjects was 25-55 years. Work experience at the factory was from 0.5 to 15 years. The rate of salivation, viscosity and acidity of the oral fluid were studied. Results and discussion. Already in the first year of work in the conditions of harmful production the rate of secretion of mixed saliva in the subjects of the main group was lower compared to the control, but the recorded figure of 0.540.01ml/min was within the generally accepted norm. With work experience of 1-5 years, the secretion rate of mixed saliva in the main group decreased to 0.440.02 ml/min, which is by 1.2 times lower than that with work experience of up to one year and by 1.6 times lower compared to the control. With work experience of 5-10 years, the rate of salivation in the main group increased slightly to 0.470.01 ml/min, remaining significantly lower compared to the control. The lowest salivation rate is 0.390.02 ml/min, recorded in employees with more than 10 years of experience, which is by 1.4 times lower than in the case of experience up to 1 year and by 1.5 times lower than in the control. With the increase in work experience in the main group, there was a progressive increase in the viscosity of oral fluid, the maximum value of which is 2.180.19 MPas, found in people with work experience over 10 years, which is by 1.6 times higher than indicators of the group with experience up to 1 year and by 1.6 times higher than the value of the control group. With the increase of work experience in the subjects of the main group, a decrease in the pH of oral fluid from 6.750.09 with experience up to one year to 6.34  0.03 with experience over 10 years. The pH of oral fluid in subjects with more than one year of experience was lower both compared to 1 year of experience and compared to the control. The obtained data allowed to establish the following changes in the studied parameters: the rate of salivation on average was 0.440.02 ml/min, which is lower compared to the control group (0.730.01 ml/min) by 1.7 times. The mean value of the viscosity of the oral fluid (1.820.07 MPaS) was also significantly higher than the same in the control (1.330.03 MPaS) by 1.3 times. When determining the concentration of hydrogen ions in the oral fluid of the main group, the average pH value was 6.490.05, which is by 1.04 times lower than the value of 6.770.05 in the control group. Conclusion. The results of the study revealed changes in the oral homeostasis of industrial workers exposed to occupational pathogens: a decrease in salivation may indicate a violation of the secretory function of the salivary glands under the influence of harmful factors, which naturally affects increased saliva viscosity. The predominance of acidosis in the oral cavity and the reduction of the protective properties of saliva is an important factor in creating a periodontal situation in the oral cavity of workers and aggravating the course of periodontal disease in this category of the population. The analysis of the received data allows to assume that periodontopathogenic influence of a complex of harmful production factors of industrial production is realized largely due to change of properties of oral fluid of workers

Determination of Guanfacine in Oral Fluid and Serum of Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Short Communication.

Guanfacine, a selective α2A-adrenoreceptor agonist, is a second-line medication for treating children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperkinetic disorder. The dosage administered as milligram per body weight to balance the potential benefits and risks of treatment. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is useful for identifying a patient's therapeutic window to optimize individual drug dosing and reduce the risk of adverse drug reactions. However, in children and adolescents, intravenous sample collection is especially stressful and thus remains a primary challenge, restricting the use of TDM. Therefore, evaluating alternative specimens to facilitate TDM is a worthwhile task. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of using oral fluid for TDM of guanfacine in children and adolescents. In this article, 9 patients (median age 8.1 years; 6 boys and 3 girls) undergoing treatment with guanfacine were included. Simultaneously collected oral fluid and serum samples were deproteinized using methanol containing a stable isotope-labeled internal standard before the determination of guanfacine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pearson correlation and paired t test were used for statistical analysis. The mean serum guanfacine concentration was 3 times higher than that detected in oral fluid (7.47 ng/mL versus 2.36 ng/mL; t (8) = 5.94; P < 0.001). A strong positive linear correlation (r = 0.758, P = 0.018) was identified between oral fluid and serum concentrations. A strong but nonsignificant negative correlation (r = -0.574, P = 0.106) was detected between the oral fluid pH and oral fluid-to-serum concentration ratio. The strong correlation between oral fluid and serum concentration and the probable small effect of oral fluid pH on oral fluid-to-serum concentration ratio supports guanfacine as a suitable candidate for TDM in oral fluid.

Enamel resistance, properties of oral fluid and the concentration of 25-нydroxycalciferol in blood serum in children with celiac disease

Aim to study the properties of oral fluid and the concentration of 25-hydroxycalciferol in the blood serum of children with celiac disease due to their great theoretical and practical importance in assessing the resistance of teeth to caries for early diagnosis and choice of adequate preventive measures.&#x0D; Material and methods. The study involved 98 children aged 6 to 12 years. In all participants, the following caries-related factors were assessed: oral fluid pH, concentration of Streptococcus mutans in the oral cavity, kinematic viscosity of the oral fluid and salivation rate, remineralizing potential of saliva, intensity of caries, oral hygiene index, concentration of 25-hydroxycalciferol in blood serum.&#x0D; Results. A survey of 98 children aged 6 to 12 years showed a high risk for oral diseases in children with a confirmed diagnosis of celiac disease. The main risk factors are: high titer of Streptococcus mutans in the oral fluid, high kinematic viscosity, low salivation rate, acidic pH level of the oral fluid.&#x0D; Conclusion. The study showed that children with celiac disease who do not follow a diet have a low concentration of 25-hydroxycalciferol in the blood serum, probably, as the result of the specific vitamin absorption, which, in turn, reduces the remineralizing potential of saliva and the resistance of hard dental tissues to caries.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ КОМБИНАЦИЙ СРЕДСТВ ГИГИЕНЫ ПОЛОСТИ РТА У ДЕТЕЙ ПРИ РАЗНОМ УРОВНЕ АНТРОПОГЕННОЙ НАГРУЗКИ

Prevention of dental caries in children occupies one of the first places in pediatric dentistry. Indeed, during the period of tertiary mineralization of the enamel, it is necessary to pay special attention to the mineralization of the enamel of the teeth. The most urgent issue is the prevention of dental caries at this time. Correctly selected basic and additional oral hygiene products have a preventive effect. Dental caries has a multifactorial etiology. It can be a genetic factor, eating of carbohydrate foods and sugars in large amounts , poor oral hygiene,ecology and others. It has been proven that the technogenic load of the environment negatively affects the dental health of children. The children are most sensitive to environmental influences. The purpose of this work was to determine the most effective preventive action of the selected combinations of oral hygiene products for children of primary school age who were born and live in areas under different anthropogenic loads.&#x0D; Methodology. Various combinations of basic and additional oral hygiene products for primary school children, containing fluorine and amorphous nanohydroxyapatite, have been proposed. Studied: enamel caries resistance, oral fluid pH, oral fluid microcrystallization, tooth electrical conductivity, etc. According to the results of the study, the most effective combinations of oral hygiene products were selected for dental caries prevention of the primary school children who were born and live at different levels of anthropogenic load. The children and their parents were trained in the correct methodology for oral care and proper nutrition.

TACTICS OF DENTAL EXAMINATION OF WOMEN WITH PERIODONTAL DISEASE AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS AND THEIR SEXUAL PARTNERS

Numerous studies have proved that periodontal pathology is an issue that requires a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach in diagnosis, treatment and prevention, as most periodontal diseases are syndromic manifestations of somatic and psycho-somatic diseases, but there are little data on the periodontal status in patients with disturbance of the genital microflora. The aim of the study was to provide the grounds for the tactics of dental examination of child-bearing women with bacterial vaginosis and their sexual partners and to compare the results of different sex groups. Materials and methods. 28 heterosexual couples aged 18-45 years were examined. Objective periodontal examination included the calculation of Green-Vermilion oral hygiene index, papillary-marginal-alveolar index, complex periodontal index by P.A. Leus, Svrakov's iodine number. Amino test of oral fluid, assessment of oral fluid pH, identification of bacterial vaginosis pathogens, and in particular, Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae, in the oral cavity of the patients by polymerase chain reaction-diagnostics and bacterioscopically. Results. Chronic generalized catarrhal gingivitis was detected in 10.71% of the women, chronic generalized periodontitis in the initial stage was found out in 64.29% of the women, and chronic generalized periodontitis of the first degree in 25% of the female patients. Men, who were carriers of bacterial vaginosis, chronic generalized catarrhal gingivitis, made up 7.14%; chronic generalized periodontitis in the initial stage was found in 60.71% of the men and chronic generalized periodontitis was found in 32.14%. The values ​​of periodontal indices did not really differ between the indicators of different sex groups. Amino tests of the oral fluid in the women and men showed a positive result those points out the presence of volatile amines. The oral fluid pH is reduced in patients of both groups that indicate an inflammatory process in the oral cavity. All the patients have "key cells", which are exfoliated epitheliocytes with Atopobium vaginae and Gardnerella vaginalis adhered to them. This is one of the main markers of bacterial vaginosis. Conclusions. Summing up the results of the performed clinical and laboratory observations, it should be noted that when collecting the history of bearing aged women, the dentist should pay attention to the presence of diseases of the genital tract, and in particular, bacterial vaginosis. To detect inflammatory and inflammatory-dystrophic periodontal diseases in women of childbearing age, amino tests of oral fluid not only in women but also in their sexual partners for rapid diagnosis of pathogens such as bacterial vaginosis and vaginal vaginal vagina can be very informative.

DYNAMIC CHANGES IN PARAMETERS OF ORAL FLUID VISCOSITY AND pH IN CHILDREN WITH RECURRENT ACUTE RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS IN THE COURSE OF PREVENTIVE TREATMETN

A large number of common etiological factors, among which there are frequent recurrent acute respiratory viral infections, are known to contribute to the development of dental caries. The aim of this study is to investigate the dynamics of the parameters of oral fluid viscosity and pH in children with recurrent acute respiratory viral infections in the course of preventive treatment. The study included 80 children divided into 4 groups of 20 people in each. The viscosity of the oral fluid was assessed by the method of T. L. Redinova. The oral fluid pH was evaluated using the universal indicator paper. The findings obtained were statistically processed by the Student's t-distribution, the results were considered reliable at p ≤ 0.05. The incidence rate of acute respiratory viral infections was determined by studying medical records and by questioning the parents. The effectiveness of therapeutic and preventive measures was assessed in 1 and 6 months after the first visit to dentist’s office. The parameters of oral fluid viscosity were within the normal range in all groups under the study. The children of groups 3 and 4, who were found to more often suffer from acute respiratory viral infections demonstrated that in 6 months following the completion of the preventive treatment we elaborated this value remained lower than during the first examination. The study of the oral fluid pH in the children of the examined groups showed its positive changes in all cases. During the second examination, an increase in the parameters ​​was observed in all the test groups, but these changes were significant in the 4 group of children (6.90 ± 0.05 units), who kept the complex of preventive measured we designed. During the 3rd check-up in 6 months, the result remained stable in the children of the 3rd and 4th test groups (6.79 ± 0.05 units and 6.87 ± 0.06 units, respectively). We can suggest that significant improvement in the values of oral fluid viscosity and pH in all the test groups is due to regular oral care and good oral hygiene, use of therapeutic and prophylactic means as well as additional hygiene products.

Tu1249 - Rikkunshito, a Kampo Medicine, Prevents the PH of Oral Fluid from Decreasing by Promoting Salivary Secretion in Rats with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Tu1249 - Rikkunshito, a Kampo Medicine, Prevents the PH of Oral Fluid from Decreasing by Promoting Salivary Secretion in Rats with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Correlations Between pH Values of Oral Fluid and Dental Caries Epidemiologic Indicators in Children Aged within 6-12 Years

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations between the pH values of oral fluid and the epidemiologic indicators of dental caries in children aged between 6-12 years. Clinical examinations were performed on 1517 children and the analysis was made in groups of 6-8 years old (n=701) [male (n=353), female (n=348)], and 9-12 years old (n=786) [male (n=426), female (n=360)]. The research included the record the pH values of the oral fluid and clinical examinations for evaluation of the state of oral health, in conformity to the codes of the OMS carious affection level. For the determination and the record of pH values of the oral fluid we used GC Saliva pH Indicator kit. The study followed defs, deft, dmfs, dmft epidemiologic indices of dental caries. The determined values of oral fluid pH were between 5.0 and 6.4. The obtained values of indices in all studied groups and subgroups demonstrated the significant statistical difference between at least two values (p [ 0.001). 72% of the studied group presented with at least a dental surface affected in deciduous teeth, while only 40% of the children presented a carious process on the permanent teeth. The occlusal surface was the most frequently affected by dental caries, followed by the proximal surfaces (mesial and distal) and last being smooth surface caries. The study demonstrated the correlation between acidic values of oral fluid pH and the dental caries in the study group.