PGA Golf Research Articles

Hosting annual international sporting events and tourism: Formula 1, golf or tennis?

Hosting sports events to attract international tourists is a common policy practised by many host governments. Hosting mega-sports events like the Olympics is said to leave a legacy that could impact the attractiveness of a country/city in the long term. However, the opportunity to host these mega-events is limited and expensive. This study considers the economic impact of hosting annual international sporting events, specifically the extent to which Formula 1, ATP Tennis and PGA Golf can attract international tourists. Using monthly data from 1998 to 2018, we show that the effect differs from one sport to another within a country and the same sport across countries. Hosting the Formula 1 is most effective for Canada but has no significant impact in Australia and the United Kingdom. ATP Tennis and PGA Golf have a significant impact on at least two countries. Policy-makers must consider carefully the sport that gives the best bang-for-the-buck.

PGA 골프장 경영인 리더십 탐색연구

본 연구는 미국 스포츠와 레저산업 주요 분야인 골프산업 내 핵심 리더들인 미국프로골퍼협회(PGA) 소속 골프산업 경영인들의 리더십을 탐색한 연구이다. 기존의 스포츠리더십 연구의 경우, 경기 지도자들을 대상으로 주로 연구하였지만, 골프장 운영 성공의 핵심요인인 경영 효율성 향상을 위해서는 경기 지도자들의 리더십 뿐 아니라 경영인의 효과적인 리더십이 필요하다. 특히, 골프장 이용료의 지속적인 인상 및 점진적으로 줄어드는 골프 인구로 경영실적 악화를 방지하기 위해 방안 모색이 중요한 시점에서 그 방안 중 하나로 현장 골프장 경영인들의 리더십에 대한 이해가 필요하였다. 효과적 리더십은 해당 조직의 사업 위기 극복의 중요한 요소이며, 리더들의 리더십 실천은 효율적 경영 및 발전을 가능하게 하기 때문이다. 이에, 본 연구를 통해 PGA 골프장 경영인들의 리더십과 그들의 리더십행동원칙 실천을 이해하고자 하였으며 이를 통해 스포츠와 레저산업의 핵심 기반 역할을 하고 있는 골프장 경영에 시사점을 제시하고자 하였다. 특히, 골프산업의 핵심 분야인 회원제 및 대중제 골프장을 경영하고 있는 PGA 멤버들을 대상으로, 골프장 운영 목적과 직책의 차이에 따른 리더십행동원칙 차이를 탐색하였다. 이를 위해 Kouzes와 Posner의 모범적인 리더십(examplary leadership)이론을 바탕으로, 인구통계학적 차이를 통제한 후, 다변량공분산분석(MANCOVA)을 통해 PGA 골프장 경영인들의 리더십을 비교해 보았다. 그 결과, 골프장 운영 목적(회원제와 대중제)은 리더십행동원칙 차이에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타난 반면, 총매니저, 골프운영팀장, 헤드프로, 보조프로의 직책은 리더십행동원칙 차이에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 구체적으로, 골프운영팀장이 보조프로들에 비해서 ‘자기동기부여’의 리더십행동원칙을 더 자주 실천하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 리더십이 타고나는 특별한 능력이 아닌, 이해와 학습, 그리고 실천을 통해서 발전시킬 수 있는 가치임을 증명하였다. 이를 통해 골프 산업 현장의 리더들인 PGA 멤버들과 더불어 다른 스포츠 조직 리더들 역시 리더십행동원칙을 실천한다면 조직 운영을 보다 효과적으로 발전시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Exploring strategies to improve gender equity in a masculinized field of study

Female student representation in PGA golf management academic programs has consistently hovered below 5%. The reasons for this low representation are unclear, although the masculine nature of the golf industry has been well documented and may be contributing factor. Through the use of focus groups with faculty directors of PGA golf management academic programs and PGA industry professionals, this study sought to identify barriers and facilitators women face when enrolled in PGA golf management programs. Findings point to changes in policies and practices that could contribute to an improved rate of persistence for women in these unique academic programs.

Recruiting, Retaining, and Graduating African American’s from a PGA Golf Management Program

Recruiting, Retaining, and Graduating African American’s from a PGA Golf Management Program

Returning to golf after a cerebrovascular accident in collaboration with a PGA golf pro and a recreation therapist

The purpose of this qualitative research study was to determine the extent to which collaboration between a Professional Golfers’ Association of America (PGA) golf pro and a licensed recreation therapist influenced an experienced golfer's return to participation in the sport postcerebrovascular accident. Qualitative data were obtained through semistructured interviews and observations. Four themes emerged from the data: (a) activity as motivation, (b) the PGA golf pro's understanding of disability, (c) caregiver support of the participant, and (d) changes in social interaction poststroke. The results from this study could have important implications for PGA golf pros and recreation therapists who work with individuals who have a desire to return to golf after a cerebrovascular accident or other disabiling conditions.

Insight Into the Editor: Nigel Mackman, PhD.

Insight Into Editor Insight Into the Editor: Nigel Mackman, PhD, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Ever since I was a kid, I was fascinated in how things worked. I loved being outdoors interacting with nature. Biology was my best subject at school, and I found it really easy compared with other subjects―it all made sense. When I was 12, I decided I would get a PhD and become a scientist. For some reason my school advisor tried to discourage me. My parents (both nonscientists) simply asked if I could make a living being a scientist. I told them I didn’t know. I would have liked to be an ecologist but felt that the job opportunities were limited, so I studied molecular biology instead. None of my 3 children wanted to be scientists, but my nephew is studying …

Shifting hegemony in ‘a man’s world’: incremental change for female golf professional employment

There is much evidence to suggest that the golf environment is unequal in terms of gender. This study puts this to the test by focusing on female golf professionals’ understanding of the barriers and opportunities to employment in the golf industry. Data were collected through a series of focus groups, interviews (n = 17) and a survey (n = 95) with female PGA professionals and trainee PGA professionals in Great Britain and Ireland, over half of whom indicated coaching as their primary employment role. At the time of data collection female PGA golf professionals made up less than 3% of all PGA professionals in Britain and Ireland. The data revealed some clear differences between older and younger respondents on barriers to, and opportunities for, employment in the golf industry. On the whole, younger professionals appeared more willing to challenge, discuss and confront the underlying discrimination. The results suggest that golf is undergoing an incremental change away from male hegemony.

한국 골프 코스 구성 요소의 정량적 변화 분석 - 수도권 회원제 골프장을 대상으로 -

본 연구는 수도권 회원제 골프장 81 개소를 대상으로 1964년부터 2011년까지 조성된 한국 골프장 및 골프 코스 구성 요소의 시계열적 변화에 영향을 미치는 환경 요인 분석을 통해 한국 골프 변천사에 대한 기초자료 제시를 목적으로 수행하였다. 연구 방법으로는 문헌고찰을 통해 골프장 조성 및 골프 코스 구성 요소의 정량적 변화에 관련된 환경 요인들을 분석하고, 회귀분석 등 통계분석을 통한 골프 코스 구성 요소의 시계열적 변화를 도출한 뒤 두 분석 결과를 상호 비교 고찰하는 방법을 사용하였다 본 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 골프 코스 변화와 관련된 환경 요인은 '제도 및 정책', '경제 성장과 국민소득', '골프장 이용객 ', '골프 용구', '해외 골프대회 유치와 국내 토너먼트 대회 개최' 등 5 개 요소인 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 골프장의 입지 유형은 평지형에서 산지형으로 변화여 갔고, 규모는 시간이 갈수록 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 이러한 변화는 골프 제도 및 정책, 경제 성장 등의 요인에 의해 주로 영향을 받은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 홀의 면적, 길이, 개수의 변화 등의 골프 코스 구성 요소는 ' 제도 및 정책', '골프 인구의 증가', '골퍼들의 기량 향상', 국내외 골프대회 개최에 따른 '골프 경기의 난이도 증가', '해외 골프 코스 디자이너들의 국내 디자인 참여 기회 증대' 등 다양한 요인에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 골프 용구의 발달과 골퍼들의 비거리의 증가는 벙커 수와 면적의 증가, 홀의 길이 등에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 연못(pond) 등 수공간의 면적 증가 추세는 친환경에 관련된 골프 제도, 골프 대회 등의 증가에 따른 심미성 제고 등과 함께 디자인 트렌트의 요인에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 향후 과제로는 골프 코스 디자인의 변화 추세에 대한 정성적 연구가 있어야 할 것으로 사료되었다. The theme is to analyze the time-series changes of design elements on golf courses and golf country club and its factors influencing to the changes with regard to 81-membership country club located in the Capital Area of Seoul, created in the periods from 1964 until 2011. The research methods is to analyze the time-series changes of environmental factors influencing to the changes of the elements on the golf course by book review, and to compare and speculate the results of the analysis on the environmental factors with the time-series changes on the golf course elements of statistical analysis as like regression analysis. The research results were as follows. The first, the environmental factors influencing to the change of golf course elements were analyzed as the five elements of the golf-related policies and regulations, the economy, the numbers of golfers, PGA and KPGA golf tournaments, the golf instruments. The second, the type and scale of the location of the golf course were showing trends of transformation from flat ground to mountainous one and from small scale to large one. The third, it was analyzed that he golf course elements as like the sizes, length, numbers of golf course elements as like fairway, green, bunker, teeing ground and pond were influenced by the law and regulation, the increase of amateur golfers, the promotion of techniques of golfers, the increase of the chance of foreign course designer's involvement to domestic market through the opening of PGA and KPGA tournaments etc. The fourth, the promotion of golf instruments and the flying distance were the factors influencing to the numbers of bunker, the lengths of holes. The fifth, it was revealed that the trends of increase of sizes of ponds influenced by enacting environmenal friendly laws and regulations, considering of landscaping, reflecting of design trends followed by the opening of PGA tournaments. Finally, it was proposed that the further research would be introduced with regard to the qualitative analysis onto the changes and influential factors of golf course design.

Diverging Discourses:Gender Differences in TelevisedGolf Announcing

Previous analyses of sports telecasts found disparities between the ways male and female athletes were portrayed by on-air commentators, but no previous analysis has examined gender differences within professional golf telecasts. Examination of 34,881 descriptors within 243.5 hours of televised PGA and LPGA golf located 2 dozen critical differences in the ways male and female golfers were portrayed. Most crucially, women were more likely than men to be described in terms of why they succeeded or failed, whereas men were more likely than women to be depicted with personality or physical attributes, a notable change from earlier research findings for other sports. Comparison with the findings in 9 seminal studies of sports announcing showed that golf commentary is distinctively different from other types of sports commentary. The results counter the previously identified female stereotype of implied physical weakness, while potentially exemplifying a newer stereotype of female golfers achieving because they are lucky.

Interview with William (“Bing”) Gordon, Executive Vice President and Chief Creative Officer of Electronic Arts, a leading independent publisher and developer of interactive entertainment software. Gordon has been credited in many popular video games, among them The Sims, Command and Conquer: Generals, Sid Meier’s Alpha Centauri, Sim Golf, Tiger Woods PGA Golf, and John Madden NFL Football. He lives and

Interview with William (“Bing”) Gordon, Executive Vice President and Chief Creative Officer of Electronic Arts, a leading independent publisher and developer of interactive entertainment software. Gordon has been credited in many popular video games, among them <i>The Sims, Command and Conquer: Generals</i>, Sid Meier’s <i>Alpha Centauri, Sim Golf</i>, Tiger Woods <i>PGA Golf</i>, and John Madden <i>NFL Football</i>. He lives and

Professional golf: labor or leisure

Although most labor and microeconomic textbooks contain a theoretical discussion of the backward‐bending labor supply curve, scant empirical evidence of this phenomenon exists. In this paper we investigate the behavior of PGA golf professionals as they make labor‐leisure choices for performing on the PGA Tour. Using tournament theory to model this labor market and data from tournament performances over three seperate years, we find significant evidence that higher paid PGA Tour players do indeed operate in the backward‐bending region of their labor supply curves.

An Interview with Jeff Price, Vice President of US Sponsorships & Events, MasterCard International

Introduction As Vice President of US Sponsorships & Events at MasterCard International, Jeff Price has overseen the development of a wide ranging sponsorship portfolio that includes some of the biggest properties in world sport, including Major League Baseball, the National Hockey League, Major League Soccer and the PGA Golf Tour. His career at MasterCard was built on the back of appointments at NBA Properties, Gatorade, and Universal Sports America. In this interview with Editorial Board member Dr David Shani, Jeff shares his experiences on, among other things; lessons learned from good and bad investments, strategy formulation, integration of the sponsorship across the marketing mix, and ambush marketing. DS: first question I would like to ask is a personal one. How did you get into sports marketing? JP: That's a funny story. I had graduated from Bates College with a history degree and talked to the Procter & Gambles and all the typical banks that would come to a liberal arts school in New England and try to recruit. But I always had a passion for sport and was trying to find some way to make a career out of the passion that I had. I didn't really have a network of anyone to talk to and had sent blind resumes out without any real success. So I ended up going to graduate school at the University of Massachusetts in the sports management programme. From there, I got an internship in NBA Properties at a time when David Stern was changing the way a league was marketing itself and reaching out to a network partner in NBC. Stern was basically building a vertical marketing machine. It was really a very interesting time to be there. I spent five years there and then made the jump to the client side. At Gatorade in Chicago we spent a lot of time focused on using sport as a key platform to market/authenticate the brand. That's how I got my start. I persevered for a few years to try and crack into what was a pretty narrow field at the time. DS: One thing that we struggle with at our conferences is how to define sports marketing? How do you define sports marketing? JP: Well, I think it is defined quite differently depending on where you sit. If you are a brand like MasterCard, you are not intrinsically involved in sport. Our interest in sports marketing is really for consumers who have a passion and affinity for a sport or for an event or for a property. For us, sports marketing is simply the vehicle through which we are reaching that consumer where they have a higher passion and care about something, more so than other things in their lives. Take Major League Baseball (MLB). For us, sports marketing through baseball is really using baseball as a platform to take our various marketing disciplines to touch the consumer in ways that advertising or promotion or the Internet or a relationship with our merchant is not going to necessarily impact them on a individual basis. When you can bring it together in an integrated platform like MLB, however, you have got a whole platform which is going to be more effective than just firing separately in different parts of marketing mix. DS: So basically, as I understand it, sport marketing is the use of sport to achieve a particular marketing objective. JP: It really is. For us it's finding the passion that consumers find for the New York Yankees or the Boston Red Sox or for the game in general, and reaching them in a way that emotionally connects to something that they care about. For us it may be creating a value proposition. I'm sure you have seen a number of our Priceless commercials themed around sponsorships. We are able to reinforce our brand positioning that MasterCard is The Best Way To Pay For Everything That Matters on a number of different levels. Promotionally we can connect to the father/son going to that baseball game in our advertising. In our promotion, we can give fans the opportunity to go to the World Series and have a priceless moment sitting with retired baseball legends Hank Aaron and Willie Mays. …