Petunidin-3-glucoside Research Articles

Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from the Fruits of Jambolan (Syzygium cumini (L.)) Using Alternative Solvents.

This work demonstrates the effectiveness of using alternative solvents to obtain jambolan extracts with a high content of bioactive compounds compared to conventional organic solvents, being the first study to evaluate the best ecological solvent alternative for Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. Five alternative solvents were used for extraction: water at 25 °C (W25), water at 50 °C (W50), water at 75 °C (W75), water with citric acid at 2.4% (CA2), and water with citric acid at 9.6% (CA9) in comparison with three conventional solvents: ethanol (EtOH), water with ethanol at 50% (WE), and water with methanol at 50% (WM). A protocol was then established for the extraction and concentration of samples obtained with these solvents. The highest content of total phenolic compounds (TPCs) in the extracts was obtained with the solvent W75 (1347.27 mg GAE/100 g), while in the concentrates it was the solvents EtOH (3823.03 mg GAE/100 g) and WM (4019.39 mg GAE/100 g). Total monomeric anthocyanins (TMAs) increased by 209.31% and 179.95% in extractions with CA2 and CA9, respectively, compared to pulp (35.57 mg eq c-3-g/100 g), demonstrating that they are the most efficient alternative solvents in this extraction. The levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity varied according to the solvents used. Delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, petunidin 3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3,5-diglucoside, malvidin 3,5-diglucoside, petunidin 3-glucoside, and malvidin 3-glucoside were identified in most of the samples by UPLC-MS/MS. This study suggests that a simple procedure using alternative solvents can be used as an environmentally friendly strategy to achieve efficient extraction of bioactive compounds in jambolan.

Characterization of berry by-products as fermentable substrates: Proximate and phenolic composition, antimicrobial activity, and probiotic growth dynamics

Strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, and blackberry by-products were analyzed for proximate composition, bioactive compounds, antimicrobial activity, and fermentability by 13 potential probiotic strains. Proximate composition was assessed using AOAC methods and gas chromatography, individual phenolic compounds were quantified through UHPLC-PDA, and antimicrobial activity was determined using the broth microdilution technique. Berry bagasses were then added as carbon source in growth media, being alternatively washed to remove simple sugars, to evaluate the effect of the bagasse on microbial growth and enzymatic production through the API ZYM kit. Glucose and fructose levels ranged from 8.9 to 24.3 g/100 g dry weight, with minor amounts of sucrose and myo-inositol. Eighteen phenolics were quantified, with high amounts of ferulic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, cyanidin 3-glucoside, and petunidin 3-glucoside. Blackberry bagasse showed the highest pathogen inhibition (71.6–96.5%). Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Lentilactobacillus kefiri BIOTEC014 succeeded on media with strawberry or blueberry bagasse as carbon source. The washing of strawberry and blueberry bagasses reduced growth (47–78%) but enhanced enzymatic activity, particularly β-glucosidase in BIOTEC014. These findings suggest that berry bagasses can serve as valuable functional ingredients for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Native Mexican black bean purified anthocyanins fractionated by high-performance counter-current chromatography modulate inflammatory pathways

In addition to their pigment properties, the potential health benefits of anthocyanins have made them a subject of interest in recent years. This study aimed to obtain purified anthocyanin fractions from native Mexican black bean cultivars using Amberlite XAD-7 resin column and HPCCC and evaluate their anti-inflammatory properties using RAW 264.7 cells. The major anthocyanins in the purified anthocyanin fractions were delphinidin 3-glucoside (61.8%), petunidin 3-glucoside (25.2%), and malvidin 3-glucoside (12.2%). Purified anthocyanin fractions at 12.5 μg/mL effectively prevented LPS-induced ERK1/ERK2 phosphorylation and reduced the protein expression of COX-2 and mRNA expression of iNOS. Results showed that purified anthocyanin fractions have the potential to modulate the inflammatory response by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators through the ERK1/ERK2 and NF-κB pathways. This study suggests that anthocyanins from black beans could be used as a natural strategy to help modulate inflammation-associated diseases.

Petunidin-3-glucoside supplementation causes sex-specific effects on the lifespan and motor function in \(\textit{Drosophila melanogaster}\)

Petunidin-3-glucoside (P3G), an anthocyanin prevalent in vegetables, fruits, and wine, possesses noteworthy antioxidant properties attributed to its capacity to scavenge free radicals. This property has sparked interest in the potential for anthocyanins to confer benefits on longevity and age-related motor dysfunctions. In this study, the impact of petunidin-3-glucoside (P3G) on the lifespan and motor function in Drosophila melanogaster was examined, both in the presence and absence of neurotoxic substances, such as glyphosate or ethanol. Varying concentrations of P3G were incorporated into the flies' diet immediately after hatching. Subsequently, distinct sets of flies were subjected to diverse conditions, including a stress-free environment, ethanol exposure, and glyphosate exposure. The survival rate of the flies was monitored daily, and their motor function was assessed using a negative geotaxis assay on days 1, 5, 10, and 15 post-eclosion. Only male flies exhibited an extended lifespan under normal and ethanol-exposed conditions. While P3G did not induce significant alterations in overall motor function for male and female flies across various conditions, intriguing variations were observed at different time points. In female flies, low concentrations of P3G seemed to exacerbate motor function decline during mid to late adulthood, particularly in the presence of glyphosate. Conversely, middle P3G concentration improved motor function in male flies during early to mid-adulthood, a trend consistent regardless of neurotoxic exposures. Taken together, the findings underscore the potential sex-specific effects of P3G on both lifespan and motor function, with observed benefits predominantly applicable to male flies. Nonetheless, while suggestive, a more in-depth investigation is imperative to comprehensively determine whether the advantageous impact of P3G on motor function is exclusive to the early to mid-adult stage. As such, this study presents a foundation that warrants further investigation.

Effects of inoculation and dry matter content on microbiome dynamics and metabolome profiling of sorghum silage

Sorghum forage was ensiled for 90 days at two dry matter (DM) contents (27 vs. 39%) without or with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum inoculation. On day 90 of fermentation, silages were sampled to assess the microbial community dynamics and metabolome profile. L. plantarum inoculation improved silage quality, as shown by a lower pH and greater acetic acid concentration. Loss of DM remained unaffected by L. plantarum inoculation but was greater in low- vs. high-DM sorghum silages (14.4 vs. 6.62%). The microbiome analysis revealed that Pseudomonas congelans represented the dominant species of the epiphytic microbiota in both low- and high-DM sorghum forage before ensiling. However, L. buchneri represented the dominant species at the end of ensiling. Ensiling fermentation resulted in distinct metabolic changes in silages with varying DM content. In low-DM silages, ensiling fermentation led to the accumulation of 24 metabolites and a reduction in the relative concentration of 13 metabolites. In high-DM silages, ensiling fermentation resulted in an increase in the relative concentration of 26 metabolites but a decrease in the concentration of 8 metabolites. Compared to non-inoculated silages, L. plantarum inoculation resulted in an increased concentration of 3 metabolites and a reduced concentration of 5 metabolites in low-DM silages. Similarly, in high-DM silages, there was an elevation in the relative concentration of 3 metabolites, while a decrease in 7 other metabolites. Ten metabolites with bio-functional activity were identified, including chrysoeriol, isorhamnetin, petunidin 3-glucoside, apigenin, caffeic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, trans-cinnamic acid, herniarin, and 3,4-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of microbiome and metabolome profiling of sorghum forage during ensiling as a function of DM content and L. plantarum inoculation, with a particular emphasis on identifying metabolites that may possess bio-functional properties.Key points• DM loss was not different by L. plantarum but higher in low- vs. high-DM silage.• L. buchneri dominated ensiling, regardless of DM level.• 10 metabolites with bio-functional activity were identified.

Anthocyanins degradation mediated by β-glycosidase contributes to the color loss during alcoholic fermentation in a structure-dependent manner

Anthocyanins deteriorate during fermentation to varying degrees depending on the structure of the anthocyanin, thus affecting the sensory quality of the wine, and the degradation of anthocyanins is closely associated with the β-glycosidase. In this study, the alcoholic fermentation systems containing cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), peonidin-3-O-glucoside (Pn3G), delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (D3G), petunidin-3-O-glucoside (Pt3G), and malvidin-3-O-glucoside (M3G) incubated for eight days. Our results indicated that the color of the systems containing different anthocyanins saw significant and dissimilar changes during fermentation, in relation to anthocyanin degradation. The five anthocyanins showed varying degradation degrees, which are relevant to theβ-glycosidase produced by yeast. Enzyme kinetics and molecular docking analysis showed the affinity between anthocyanins and β-glucosidase: C3G < M3G < Pn3G < Pt3G < D3G. This study demonstrated that β-glycosidase had distinct effects on anthocyanins with diverse structures, resulting in different color changes in fermentation systems. It provided a potential strategy for sensory quality improvement during the fermentation of fruit wines rich in anthocyanins.

Combined Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis of Creamy Yellow and Purple Colored Panax notoginseng Roots.

Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen is a species of the Araliaceae family that inhabits southwestern China, Burma, and Nepal. It is cultivated on a commercial scale in Yunnan province, China, owing to its significance in traditional Chinese medicine. Panax notoginseng roots are usually yellow-white (HS); however, purple roots (ZS) have also been reported. The majority of P. notoginseng research has concentrated on the identification and production of natural chemicals in HS; however, there is little to no information about the composition of ZS. Using UPLC-MS/MS, we investigated the global metabolome profile of both ZS- and HS-type roots and discovered 834 metabolites from 11 chemical groups. There were 123 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAM) in the HS and ZS roots, which were classified as lipids and lipid-like molecules, polyketides, organoheterocyclic chemicals, and organooxygen compounds. We investigated the associated compounds in the DAMs because of the importance of anthocyanins in color and saponins and ginsenosides in health benefits. In general, we discovered that pigment compounds such as petunidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, and peonidin-3-O-beta-galactoside were more abundant in ZS. The saponin (eight compounds) and ginsenoside (26 compounds) content of the two varieties of roots differed as well. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that flavonoid and anthocyanin production genes were more abundant in ZS than in HS. Similarly, we found differences in gene expression in genes involved in terpenoid production and related pathways. Overall, these findings suggest that the purple roots of P. notoginseng contain varying amounts of ginsenosides and anthocyanins compared to roots with a creamy yellow color.

Lack of Short-term Memory Improvement in Caenorhabditis elegans after Petunidin-3-glucoside Supplementation

BACKGROUND: Learning and memory can be enhanced by antioxidants by protecting the neurons against oxidative damage. Phytochemicals, like anthocyanins, may hold the potential to improve cognitive function by ameliorating neuronal damage induced by reactive oxygen species. Petunidin-3-glucoside (P3G) is one of the different classes of anthocyanin found in various plants. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effects of P3G on the cognitive function in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) exposed to glyphosate or ethanol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: P3G was purchased from AS Polyphenols (Norway). This compound was dissolved in distilled water to obtain the desired concentrations. The solutions were stored at 4°C until use. Worms were supplemented with various concentrations of P3G prior to massed training and chemotaxis assays. The collected data were presented as mean ± standard error of the mean, and results were analyzed as biological replicates with three trials. The statistical analysis was done through the SPSS 21.0 (IBM) software, and the results were considered statistically significant when P &lt; 0.05. RESULTS: We found out that P3G did not affect the learning and short-term memory of C. elegans. P3G did not also salvage the decline in learning and memory of the nematodes after exposure to glyphosate or ethanol. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the antioxidant activity of P3G may not be enough to enhance learning and short-term memory in C. elegans nor protect their cognitive function against glyphosate nor ethanol-induced neuronal toxicity.

Fermented Whey Ewe's Milk-Based Fruit Smoothies: Bio-Recycling and Enrichment of Phenolic Compounds and Improvement of Protein Digestibility and Antioxidant Activity.

This study aimed to recycle whey milk by-products (protein source) in fruit smoothies (phenolic compounds source) through started-assisted fermentation and delivering sustainable and healthy food formulations capable of providing nutrients that are unavailable due to an unbalanced diet or incorrect eating habits. Five lactic acid bacteria strains were selected as best starters for smoothie production based on the complementarity of pro-technological (kinetics of growth and acidification) traits, exopolysaccharides and phenolics release, and antioxidant activity enhancement. Compared to raw whey milk-based fruit smoothies (Raw_WFS), fermentation led to distinct profiles of sugars (glucose, fructose, mannitol, and sucrose), organic acids (lactic acid and acetic acid), ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds (gallic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, hydrocaffeic acid, quercetin, epicatechin, procyanidin B2, and ellagic acid) and especially anthocyanins (cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin, petunidin 3-glucoside). Protein and phenolics interaction enhanced the release of anthocyanins, notably under the action of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. The same bacterial strains outperformed other species in terms of protein digestibility and quality. With variations among starters culture, bio-converted metabolites were most likely responsible for the increase antioxidant scavenging capacity (DPPH, ABTS, and lipid peroxidation) and the modifications in organoleptic properties (aroma and flavor).

Nontoxic and Naturally Occurring Active Compounds as Potential Inhibitors of Biological Targets in Liriomyza trifolii

In recent years, novel strategies to control insects have been based on protease inhibitors (PIs). In this regard, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations have been extensively used to investigate insect gut proteases and the interactions of PIs for the development of resistance against insects. We, herein, report an in silico study of (disodium 5'-inosinate and petunidin 3-glucoside), (calcium 5'-guanylate and chlorogenic acid), chlorogenic acid alone, (kaempferol-3,7-di-O-glucoside with hyperoside and delphinidin 3-glucoside), and (myricetin 3'-glucoside and hyperoside) as potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase receptors, actin, α-tubulin, arginine kinase, and histone receptor III subtypes, respectively. The study demonstrated that the inhibitors are capable of forming stable complexes with the corresponding proteins while also showing great potential for inhibitory activity in the proposed protein-inhibitor combinations.

The effects of different drying methods on the in vitro bioaccessibility of phenolics, antioxidant capacity, minerals and morphology of black ‘Isabel’ grape

The black Isabel grapes were dehydrated by hot-air drying (HAD), vacuum-drying (VD), ultrasound-assisted vacuum-drying (US-VD), freeze-drying (FD), and their physical properties, phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacities, and mineral content were determined before and after simulated in vitro digestion. Among drying methods, FD provided the highest retention of the phenolic compounds, whereas US-VD caused the highest loss. The changes of phenolics of grapes differed among the digestion phases depending on the state of grapes (fresh or dried) and the drying method. The chlorogenic acid was the major phenolic compound identified, followed by protocatechuic acid and catechin. The malvidin-3-O-glucoside was the major anthocyanin followed by 3-glucosides of petunidin, delphinidin, cyanidin, and peonidin in the fresh and FD samples. At the end of digestion, a significant decrease in the levels of phenolics, minerals and no presence of anthocyanins was observed. VD raisins exhibited a higher bioaccessibility index for most of the phenolic compounds. Potassium was the most bioaccessible mineral from grape samples. Our results together with the morphology of the grapes revealed that different microstructures created by drying and the disruption of the natural matrix would influence the release, transformation, and subsequent absorption of phenolics and minerals in the simulated digestion model.

Anthocyanin fingerprinting and dynamics in differentially pigmented exotic soybean genotypes using modified HPLC–DAD method

More than as a phenotypic marker for breeding, seed coat colour of soybean is gaining momentum as a nutraceutical marker owing to the multitude of medicinal effects provided by anthocyanins. The acute obstacle for large scale phenotyping is a rapid, reliable and accurate quantification which simultaneously determines various anthocyanins and hence, in this study, the modified method efficiently separated cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), delphinidin-3-glucoside (D3G) and petunidin-3-glucoside (Pt3G) forms by eluting through a RP-C18 column with an optimized isocratic mobile phase containing 18% solvent B (0.4% trifluoro acetic acid in acetonitrile) in solvent A (0.4% trifluoro acetic acid in water). The elution profile of anthocyanins were C3G > D3G > Pt3G, with C3G as the predominant (~ 85%) form. The modified method was validated in terms of linearity (R2 = 0.998), low limit of detection (LOD = 5.8 μg ml−1), limit of quantification (LOQ = 22.25 μg ml−1), precision, repeatability, stability and recovery. C3G dynamics was found increased in a linear trend from 30DAF to later developing stages until maturity. The investigation on characterization of exotic soybean genotypes revealed that, maximum C3G content of 4.9 mg g−1 was in UPSL496 and the least in EC471921 (3.56 mg g−1). There was a positive correlation observed among all the variables, like monomeric anthocyanin content (MAC), C3G, D3G and Pt3G. Clustering and heat map analysis information on this efficient method can be used for future research for germ plasm evaluation and for developing nutritionally C3G enriched high yielding varieties.

In silico analysis of antidiabetic potential of phenolic compounds from blue corn (Zea mays L.) and black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The growing interest in bioactive compounds, especially in polyphenols, is due to their abundance in the human diet and potentially positive effects on health. The consumption of polyphenols has been shown to possess anti-diabetic properties by preventing insulin resistance or insulin secretion through different signaling pathways, this effect is associated with their capacity to exert genomic modulations. Several studies have suggested that polyphenols could also bind to cellular proteins and modulate their activity, however, the mechanisms of action underlying their beneficial effects are complex and are not fully understood. The aim of this work was to characterize phenolic compounds present in blue corn and black bean extracts as well as identify their potential interactions with target proteins involved in diabetes pathogenesis using in silico approach. Total polyphenols content of both blue corn and black beans was identified using UPLC-ESI/qTOF/MS and quantified by colorimetric assays. In this work we identified twenty-eight phenolic compounds in the extracts, mainly anthocyanins, flavonols, hydroxycinamic acids, dihydroxybenzoic acids, flavones, isoflavones, and flavanols. Interactome of these compounds with thirteen target proteins involved in type 2 diabetes mellitus was performed in-silico. In total, 312 bioactive compounds/protein interaction analyses were acquired. Molecular docking results highlighted that nine of the top ten interactions correspond to anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-glucoside with 11β-HS, GFAT, PPARG; delphinidin 3-glucoside with 11β-HS, GFAT, PTP and RTKs; and petunidin 3-glucoside with 11β-HS and PTP. These proteins are involved in mechanisms regulating functions such as inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, glucose and lipid metabolism. In conclusion, this work provides a prediction of the potential molecular mechanism of black bean and blue corn polyphenols, specifically anthocyanins and could constitute new pathways by which compounds exert their antidiabetic benefits.

Electrochemical Behavior and LC-MS Analysis of Anthocyanin’s in Vaccinium Arctostaphylos L. Extract: The Molecular Modelling of Potential Inhibition to COVID-19 and ROS Generation Receptors

Caucasian whortleberry (Vaccinium Arctostaphylos L.) is rich in anthocyanins, which possesses a wide range of biological and pharmaceutical activities. Electrochemical behavior of V. Arctostaphylos extract of dried fruit was performed by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry in aqueous solution. The results show that the level of delphinidin 3-O-glucoside (D3-OG) compound is higher than petunidin 3-O-glucoside (P3-OG) and malvidin 3-O-glucoside (M3-OG) level. This extract has a high solubility in water, and the potential-pH diagram indicates that the D3-OG capable oxidized to D3-OGOX with two electron/two proton process. D3-OG compound has a high antioxidant power because of the oxidation peak potential is low. Furthermore, total antioxidant capacity (1.475 C g−1) was determined by charges under of first oxidation peak. The antioxidant activity of three anthocyanins against Xanthine oxidase, Myeloperoxidase, NADPH oxidase, cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2B4 (ROS generation enzymes) has been performed through molecular docking studies. The results indicated that all the anthocyanins (D3-OG, P3-OG and M3-OG) bound exclusively to the binding site of ROS generation enzymes and have a remarkable role in suppressing the destructive effects of oxidative stress in the biological system of the human body. Also, D3-OG as a major anthocyanin of Vaccinium Arctostaphylos L. extract has an inhibition effect against the COVID-19 outbreak. Electrochemical approaches provided a simple, fast, low cost, green, and high sensitivity methods for investigation of electroactive compounds in plant extracts.

Cranberry Juice Phytochemicals Attenuated Ethanol-Induce Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction on Caco-2 Monolayers (P06-094-19)

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to determine whether cranberry juice phytochemicals protect intestinal barrier using Caco-2 monolayer models, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of cranberry juice phytochemicals on ethanol-induced barrier dysfunction. MethodsCranberry juice phytochemicals were extracted using Amberlite FPX66 resin and phytochemicals composition were analyzed on HPLC. Caco-2 monolayers were incubated with cranberry juice phytochemicals at different concentrations for 2 hours before treatment with 4.5% ethanol. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (FITC) was used to evaluate paracellular permeability. Epithelial integrity and distribution of tight junction proteins (Occludin and ZO-1) in Caco-2 monolayers were determined by immunofluorescence labeling method. Protein levels of ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-1 were determined by immunoblotting. ResultsCranberry juice phytochemicals consisted of malvidin 3,5-diglucoside, petunidin 3-glucoside, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. Ethanol induced decrease of TEER while pretreatment of cranberry juice phytochemicals protected Caco-2 monolayer integrity in a dose-dependent manner. Monolayers treated with 7.5, 15, and 30 μg/mL of cranberry juice phytochemicals had TEER value 11.6%, 22.7% and 30.5% higher than the ethanol-treatment monolayers, respectively. This was accompanied by 40%, 55%, and 50% decreases of the paracellular permeability compared to ethanol-treated monolayers. Immunofluorescent analysis showed that occludin was localized tightly around cell membrane and colocalize with ZO-1 in the normal Caco-2 monolayers. Exposure to 4.5% ethanol disrupted both occludin and ZO-1 networks and resulted in gap formation among the cells. Cranberry juice phytochemicals attenuated these changes induced by ethanol exposure. Ethanol exposure significantly reduced the protein levels of occludin and ZO-1. Pretreatment with cranberry juice phytochemicals increased the protein levels of occludin dose dependently but did not affect ZO-1 level. ConclusionsCurrent study suggested that cranberry juices phytochemicals attenuate ethanol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in part by enhancing the tight junction assemblies. Funding SourcesNA.

Storage Temperature Impacts on Anthocyanins Degradation, Color Changes and Haze Development in Juice of "Merlot" and "Ruby" Grapes (Vitis vinifera).

This study evaluated the degradation kinetics of selected anthocyanins and the change in polymeric color, browning index, and haze development of grape juices from “Merlot” and “Ruby” grape cultivars stored at 5, 25, and 35°C for up to 360 days. Five major anthocyanins namely malvidin-3-O-glucoside (M3G), delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (D3G), petunidin-3-O-glucoside (Pt3G), peonidin-3-O-glucoside (Pn3G), and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) were identified. Juice from “Merlot” had significantly higher (p < 0.05) content of all individual anthocyanins as compared to “Ruby.” During the long-term storage, total, and individual anthocyanins from both cultivars degraded following first-order reaction kinetics at the rate strongly dependent on temperature. At the end of the storage, noticeably higher loss of anthocyanins (95–99.9%) was observed at 25 and 35°C as compared to storage at 5°C [50–60% (“Merlot”); 74–81% (“Ruby”)]. Considerably lower rate of decay was observed at 5°C (k = 0.01–0.04) as compared to 25 (k = 0.04–0.14) and 35°C (k = 0.05–0.14) storage temperatures. The most temperature sensitive anthocyanin compounds were C3G (Ea = 66.5 kJ/mol) and D3G (Ea = 63.3 kJ/mol). At higher storage temperatures, significant (p < 0.05) and strong negative correlations were observed between anthocyanin concentrations and the levels of haze, polymeric and brown color development during storage. Storing grape juice, at lower temperature conditions could reduce the continuous loss of biologically active anthocyanins as well as the development of haze and brown color.

Anthocyanin Pigments in Redbud (Cercis spp) Flowers

Redbud (Cercis spp.) is used as a spring flowering ornamental tree and is found wild in much of North America. Typically flowers are light purple although there are selected cultigens that are white, rose, or red-purple. Flowers from cultigens common to the eastern U.S. and from wild Eastern redbud (C. canadensis) were collected and tested for color and anthocyanin pigment composition. The anthocyanins cyanidin 3-glucoside, petunidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-glucoside, and malvidin 3-glucoside were most aboundant in purple, rose, and red-purple redbud flowers and total anthocyanin content was 2263 to 8730 mg•kg DW-1. Small amounts of delphinidin, cyanidin, and petunidin 3, diglucosides were also present. Most of the typical purple-flowered redbuds contained cyanidin 3-glucoside as the dominant pigment, while the red-purple flowered 'Appalachian Red' and 'Crosswicks Red' contained malvidin 3,5-diglucoside as the dominant anthocyanin. An unknown anthocyanin was present in all redbud flowers, and was higher in the red-purple flowered phenotypes.

The impact of cluster thinning on fertility and berry and wine composition of 'Blauer Portugieser' (&lt;i&gt;Vitis vinifera L.&lt;/i&gt;) grapevine variety

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aim&lt;/strong&gt;: Two different yield reductions based on cluster thinning (CT) were performed to determine their impact on vine growth, yield, and grape and wine composition of 'Blauer Portugieser' grapevine variety.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods and results&lt;/strong&gt;: Two levels of cluster thinning (limited CT1 – 20-30 % and severe CT2 – 40-50 % cluster reduction) were applied at the pea-size berry (BBCH 75) phenological stage in 2007, 2008 and 2011. The potential impact of CT was determined by measurements of vine growth and fertility potential, berry weight, berry colour, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, pH and total phenolics. Additionally, for the first time, individual phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in berry skin and wine by HPLC-MS. In general, CT of 'Blauer Portugieser' significantly decreased titratable acidity in grape and wine, and increased pH and chromatic parameters in grape and alcohol content and volatile acidity in wine. A significant decrease in yield per vine (of 0.92 kg of grape/vine), together with an increase in soluble solids (of 2.8 °Brix) in grape and pH and total extract content in wine was only observed in severe CT (CT2). Furthermore, CT2 significantly increased the content of total anthocyanins, flavonols and hydroxycinnamic acids, but not total flavanols, in grape and wine. CT2 significantly increased the content and proportion of &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt;-coumaroyl pentose in grape and wine, catechin in grape, epicatechin in wine, quercetin-3-glucuronide (the main flavonol in 'Blauer Portugieser') in grape and wine, the content of myricetin-3-glucoside in grape, and the content of 3-glucosides of laricitrin, myricetin and quercetin in wine. Finally, CT2 increased the content and the proportion of 3-glucosides of delphinidin, petunidin and peonidin but decreased the proportion of malvidin-3-glucoside in grape and wine.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;: A significant impact on yield and grape and wine composition was observed, particularly in the CT2 treatment, in which the yield loss was compensated by higher contents of soluble solids in grape, alcohol in wine, and phenolic compounds in grape and wine.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Significance and impact of the study&lt;/strong&gt;: The present study is the first report on the impact of different levels of cluster thinning on yield and grape and wine composition of 'Blauer Portugieser' variety. Grape and wine composition has been evaluated with an emphasis on a detailed profile of individual and total phenolic contents. The results are undoubtedly useful for winegrowers, who, until now, lacked technological guidelines to optimize 'Blauer Portugieser' yield and wine quality.&lt;/p&gt;

검정콩 안토시아닌 및 프로안토시아니딘 추출에 대한 산 처리의 영향

This study was performed to investigate the effects of various acidic treatment for anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin extraction from black bean. Extracts were prepared with 80% methanol solutions containing HCl, acetic, formic, phosphoric, and citric acids of different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7%). Total anthocyanin content ranged from 0.74 mg/g in 0.7% citric acid to 1.74 mg/g in 0.3% HCl, depending on acid type and concentration. The major anthocyanins were delphinidin-3-glucoside (D3G), cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), and petunidin-3-glucoside (Pt3G). The highest C3G content was 1.12 mg/g in 0.3% HCl. Proanthocyanidin content ranged from 2.01 mg/g in 0.5% acetic acid to 5.29 mg/g in 0.3% HCl. Thus, acidic condition is a significant factor affecting anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin extraction from black bean, and the optimum extraction conditions were determined as 80% methanol containing 0.3% HCl.

Distribution of Anthocyanin Contents According to Growth Stages in Black-seeded Soybean Germplasms

ABSTRACT There has been known C3G (Cyanidin-3- Glucoside), D3G (Delphinidin-3-Glucoside), and Pt3G (Petunidin- 3-Glucoside) were main anthocyanin pigments in black-seeded soybean. Anthocyanin contents of total 1,032 black-seeded soybean germplasms were analyzed by HPLC. Average of total anthocyanin content was 11.67 mg/g on the all materials ranged from 0.54 to 23.45 mg/g. Mean value of C3G, D3G, and Pt3G contents in all black-seeded soybeans were 8.81, 1.78 and 0.79 mg/g, respectively. Environmental conditions influenced anthocyanin contents during seed development. Delayed flowering, especially of later maturing germplasms, has been showed to result in increased anthocyanin content. So, prolonged maturation period germplasm is generally higher than that of shorten genotypes. It may be concluded that the higher levels of anthocyanin content was associated with the late dates of harvest maturity. Also larger seeds showed high anthocyanin contents than smaller. That inclination is similar in C3G’s occasion because C3G content contribute highly to total anthocyanin content than other pigments.Keywords : black-seeded soybean, anthocyanin, flowering date, maturing date, maturation period