Petunia Hybrida Vilm Research Articles

The Effect of Different Phosphorus Levels in Nutrient Solution on The Growth And Appearance Values of Petunia Plant (Petunia Hybrida Vilm)

The Effect of Different Phosphorus Levels in Nutrient Solution on The Growth And Appearance Values of Petunia Plant (Petunia Hybrida Vilm)

Morphological and phenological characteristics of petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm.) flowering

<p><em>Petunia hybrid</em> Vilm. is an ornamental plant that has the potential to be developed because its flowering period does not know the season and comes with various motifs and flower colors that can add cultivation and commercial value. Information on the morphological characteristics of flowers and flowering phenology is the basis for their development. The aim of this study was to characterize the morphological structure of flowers and observe a series of phases in flower development stages associated with environmental factors. This research was conducted in the sustainable twin housing complex in the city of Jambi on March 25–May 27, 2022, and the data obtained was analyzed descriptively, qualitatively, and quantitatively. The results of flowering phenology observations showed that petunia flower development occurred over an average period of 37 days. Based on the characterization of the morphological structure of the flower, the average length is 72 mm and the diameter is 42 mm. It is categorized as a complete flower because it has a main organ consisting of five petals with an average diameter of 42 mm, five petals with an average length of 14 mm, and an average diameter of 16 mm. Furthermore, the genitals of the flower, namely the stamens, are five in number, and there is one pistil in each flower.</p>

Сортоиспытание однолетних цветочных растений в Полярно-альпийском ботаническом саду-институте

The analysis of the new varieties Tagetes patula L. ('Strawberry Blonde', 'Disco Marietta'), Tagetes erecta L. ('Dune Formula Mix'), Antirrhinum majus L. ('Antiquity'), Petunia hybrida Vilm. ('Success HD', 'Aphrodite', 'Dreams Red Picotee') and Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees ('Pot Patio Pink') demonstrated their high decorative effect and long-lasting flowering in the Arctic. The morphometric indicators of the varieties fully correspond to the indicators of plants grown in more southern regions. The varieties are recommended for urban flower decoration of the Kola North.

Role of Trametes hirsuta on Petunia hybrida Vilm. in the Presence of Cadmium and Lead

Role of Trametes hirsuta on Petunia hybrida Vilm. in the Presence of Cadmium and Lead

Some important biochemical changes orchestrating flower development and senescence in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. and Petunia hybrida Vilm. flowers

ABSTRACT A comparative study of some biochemical parameters and expression patterns during flower development and senescence in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia and Petunia hybrida was carried out to ascertain the differences between the two important ornamentals. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was found to increase throughout flower development and senescence in P. hybrida whereas in N. plumbaginifolia it decreased towards flower opening and showed a sharp increase towards senescence. Membrane stability index showed a marginal decrease towards senescence in the flowers of both the plants. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and lipoxygenase) increased up to the open flower stage (stage IV) and decreased thereafter towards the senescent stage in the flowers from both the plant species. The pre-senescent stages in flowers from both the plants did not show up the detection of ethylene in the petal tissues on gas chromatograph while as a climacteric rise in the ethylene concentration was exhibited by the senescent stages of both the flowers under study. mRNA-transcripts of senescence associated gene DAD1 were found to accumulate in the open flower stage (stage IV) in N. plumbaginifolia and those of ETR1 and SAG12 were found to accumulate in the open flower stage (stage IV) in P. hybrida.

Optimization of an improved, efficient and rapid in vitro micropropagation protocol for Petunia hybrida Vilm. Cv. "Bravo".

An efficient protocol for in-vitro propagation of an important ornamental crop, Petunia hybrida Vilm. Cv. "Bravo" was developed. The explants that were used to carry out the experiment were Leaf segments, nodal segments and shoot tips. Nodal segments recorded highest per cent asepsis followed by shoot tips and leaf segments. Asepsis was found to be highest when the explants were sterilized with Fungicide (Carbendazim) 0.02% for the duration of 30min followed by 0.1% HgCl2 for duration of 10min and then ethanol 70% for 10s. Longer duration of the sterilant treatment showed more necrotic effects on the explants, thus mercuric chloride treatment when given for 5min proved to be more effective in terms of survival of the explants. Maximum establishment per cent was recorded in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media fortified with BAP (1.5mg L-1) and IBA (0.5mg L-1) in shoot tips and nodal segments, i.e. 97.90 and 95.74% respectively. Callus was efficiently induced and developed when PGR amalgamation of BAP (0.1 mg L-1) and 2,4-D (1.5mg L-1) was used. Kinetin at the concentration of 2.0mg L-1 along with IBA at 0.5mg L-1 recorded highest callus regeneration in both leaf and internodal segment derived callus. Maximum proliferation percent of shoots (97.90%), highest number of shoots (20.50 explant-1) and maximum length of shoot (2.70cm) was recorded in PGR combination of IBA and BAP both at 0.5mg L-1 concentration level. Rhizogenesis was recorded to be highest in the MS media containing IBA 1.00 mg L-1. Best hardening media which recorded maximum survival per cent 92.50% was noticed on the media formulation comprised of equal ratio of perlite and vermiculite mix, under poly house conditions.

The impact of elevated ozone on the ornamental features of two flowering plants (Tagetes erecta Linn. and Petunia hybrida Vilm.)

There has been little investigation into the effects of ozone (O3) on flowering plants around settlements, even though such plants are known to be threatened by elevated O3. In this study, we used open-top chambers to assess the ornamental value of marigolds (Tagetes erecta Linn.) and four petunia (Petunia hybrid Vilm.) varieties in terms of their growth and physiological responses to elevated O3. The aboveground biomass decreased by 7.4% in marigolds and by 19.4-23.6% in four varieties of petunia in response to elevated O3. The underground biomass decreased by 22.0% in marigolds and by 30.8-53.8% in four petunia varieties treated with elevated O3. Flower biomass and diameter were markedly reduced by elevated O3 in petunias, but not in marigolds. O3 also accelerated leaf yellowing in different plant species and varieties, owing to a higher degree of degradation of chlorophyll than carotenoids, as well as an increase in flavonoid contents. Thus, O3 stress responses should be considered when choosing flowering plants for their ornamental value.

The impact of elevated ozone on the ornamental features of two flowering plants (Tagetes erecta Linn. and Petunia hybrida Vilm.)

The impact of elevated ozone on the ornamental features of two flowering plants (Tagetes erecta Linn. and Petunia hybrida Vilm.)

Petunia floral trait plasticity in response to soil nitrogen content and subsequent impacts on insect visitation

Plastic changes in floral trait phenotypes in response to biotic factors (i.e., herbivory and pollination) are known to impact pollinator behavior. In contrast, research on abiotic factors suggests substantial plasticity in floral traits, but has rarely explored the implications that such changes have on the behavior of putative pollinators. We explored the possibility of floral trait plasticity in Petunia hybrida Vilm. genotypes in response to soil nitrogen concentration, and the potential impact that such plasticity might have on insect visitation. Given the role of nitrogen in plant growth and biochemistry, we predicted increases in floral scent, pigmentation, and floral size with increased nitrogen. We further predicted that insect visitors would respond to this phenotypic plasticity by altering behavior patterns. Our results suggested little plasticity in floral color and floral scent in response to nitrogen. We found no changes in anthocyanin concentration per unit of floral tissue under increased nitrogen conditions. Of nine benzenoid/phenylpropanoid volatile compounds examined, only one (eugenol) increased per unit floral tissue with increasing nitrogen concentration. In contrast, floral size followed the predicted pattern, with clear increases in both corolla size and display size with increasing nitrogen. All traits varied among genotypes, indicating genotype-specific trait expression. Field-based choice experiments using genotypes from control, low, and high nitrogen treatments suggested support for our behavioral hypothesis: insects visited plants with increased soil nitrogen at a significantly higher rate than those without additional nitrogen. This pattern suggests that putative pollinators are likely responding to plastic changes in display size, corolla size, and/or eugenol emission. We also found a significant difference in insect visitation between genotypes, as predicted by floral phenotype differences found for these true-breeding lines, and a strong interaction between genotype and treatment, suggesting that differences in genotype responses to nitrogen treatments result in differential insect behavior patterns.

Generation of High Titre Antibodies to Pokeweed Antiviral Protein (PAP) in Rabbits Using Synthetic Peptides and their Use in Detecting PAP in Transgenic Petunia and Yeast

AbstractAntibodies are important for the study of pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), an important antiviral agent against many plant, animal and human viruses. As PAP is expressed only at a low level in pokeweed plants (Phytolacca americana L.), it is complex and time‐consuming to extract PAP from pokeweed plants for antibody preparation. Here, we describe an antigen‐designed method according to the amino acid sequence that translated from PAP gene cleaving the C‐terminus toxic region and N‐terminus signal peptide (Genbank No. AF338910); the two peptides, DC15: DISGTERQDVETTLC and CR15: CRYPTLESKAGVKSR, were synthesized for generation of antibodies. The design strategy enabled straightforward antigen production and antibody generation. The antibodies can be used to detect PAP in transgenic petunia plants (Petunia hybrida Vilm.), pokeweed plants (P. americana) and transformed yeast (Pachia pastoris), which can express the PAP gene by western blotting. These antibodies generated against synthetic peptides will be useful for various assays such as for PAP detection, immunoprecipitation, protein purification and western blot analysis.

EFFECTS OF LIGHT QUALITY UNDER RED AND BLUE LIGHT EMITTING DIODES ON GROWTH AND EXPRESSION OF FBP28 IN PETUNIA

Floral induction in Arabidopsis is influenced by blue and red light. In this study, we investigated the effects of light quality from different types of light emitting diodes (LED) on growth and floral induction in petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm.) ‘Baccarat blue’, as well as the expression of the SOC1-like gene FBP28. Petunia plants with five true leaves were exposed to fluorescent lamps, red or blue LED after transplanting to a growth cabinet. The photoperiod was 14 h and the irradiance was adjusted to 100 µmol·m -2 ·s -1 (PPF) around the shoot apices. At the 53 rd day after, petunia plants under red LED showed lower plant height than the other treatments. The number of leaves and length of lateral shoots increased under red LED, and the shoot length became about 60% higher than under the blue LED treatment. However, flower bud initiation was inhibited under red LED treatment, and floral bud formation was then not observed at the end of experiment. The expression of the SOC1-like gene FBP28 in petunia was changed by light quality. Under white fluorescent light and blue LED light the transcript levels of FBP28 showed a diurnal rhythm. The transcript levels increased during the morning, and remained high during the lighting period. On the other hand, the expression of FBP28 was lower under red LED treatment during the lighting period. In Arabidopsis, the expression of SOC1, which is one of the key genes in floral induction, is stimulated by a signal from cryptochrome blue light receptors. In petunia, blue LED light as well as the blue part of the spectrum in white fluorescent light, can also induce FBP28 and floral induction, probably by a signal from cryptochrome-like photoreceptors.

Corolla of the Large-flowered Petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm.) Cultivars Exhibit Low Endogenous Cytokinin Concentration through Enhanced Expression of the Genes Encoding Cytokinin Oxidases

We previously reported that cytokinin (CK) application enlarged the corolla of petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm.). In this paper, the effect of the large-flowered trait of petunia caused by the Grandiflora (G) allele to CK biosynthesis was investigated. Concentrations of endogenous CK nucleobases (i.e., N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenine (iP) and trans-Zeatin (tZ)), CK nucleosides (iP riboside and tZ riboside), and a CK glucoside (iP-7-glucoside) in the developing corolla were markedly lower in large-flowered cultivars with a Gg genotype than small- and medium-flowered cultivars with a gg genotype. We isolated the cDNAs encoding CK biosynthesis enzymes expressed in the young corolla, i.e., cDNAs of an adenosine phosphate-isopentenyltransferase gene (SHO), a CK riboside 5'-monophosphate phosphoribohydrolase gene (PhLOG), and two CK oxidase/dehydrogenase genes (PhCKX1 and PhCKX2). Expression levels of SHO and PhLOG in the developing corolla were not markedly different among small-, medium-, and large-flowered cultivars. However, expression levels of PhCKX1 and PhCKX2, which catalyze CK degradation through removal of the isoprenoid side chain, were much higher in large-flowered cultivars than in small- and medium-flowered cultivars. Therefore, low CK concentrations in large-flowered cultivars are very probably induced by the promoted expressions of PhCKX1 and PhCKX2, which may partially repress corolla enlargement.

The Large-flowered Petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm.) Genotype Promotes Expressions of Type-A Response Regulator and Cytokinin Receptor Genes like Cytokinin Response

Expressions of the genes involved in the cytokinin (CK) phosphorelay signaling circuitry in petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm.) were investigated with regard to the large-flowered trait induced by the semidominant Grandiflora (G) gene. We isolated three cDNAs encoding type-A response regulators (RRs, PhRR1-3) and one cDNA encoding CK receptor histidine protein kinase (PhHK). Expression levels of PhRR1-3 and PhHK in the developing corolla were markedly higher in large-flowered cultivars with the Gg genotype than in small- and medium-flowered cultivars with the gg genotype. Higher expression levels of PhRR1-3 and PhHK in the Gg than in the gg genotypes was also consistent in BC4 plants in which the genetic background except for G allele was mostly uniform. These results suggest that Gg genotype induces a high expression level of PhRR1-3 and PhHK. These changes in expression caused by the G allele were the same as those caused by the CK response. Since type-A RRs repress CK signaling, the G-allele-induced high expression levels of PhRR1-3 presumably have partial inhibitory effects on G-allele-induced corolla enlargement.

Response of pollen tube growth and seed set to controlled pollination and their relation to self-incompatibility in different cultivars of Petunia hybrida

Self-incompatibility is a widespread mechanism in flowering plants which prevents self-fertilisation and promotes out-crossing. In this investigation, self-compatible and self-incompatible cultivars of Petunia hybrida Vilm. were discriminated based on the study of pollen tube growth in vivo, seed set percent and index of self-incompatibility (ISI) after self- and cross-pollination. After 48 hours of self- and cross- pollination, the pollen tube growth was studied by aniline blue staining and fluorescent microscopy. Fluorescent microscopy studies showed normal germination and growth of pollen tubes on stigmas but some abnormalities of pollen tube growth were observed in self-pollinated styles in some cultivars. These abnormalities include pollen tube growth inhibition in 2/3 upper part of the style, variable pollen tube diameter in middle and lower part of the style and irregular deposition of callose plugs. ISI studies showed a significant decrease in the seed set of self-pollinated pistils compared with cross-pollinated pistils in some cultivars. The self-pollinated cultivars contain abnormalities in pollen tube growth after self-pollination as well as those with decreasing ISI was defined as self-incompatible in our study.

Cloning of low-temperature induced gene from Morus mongolica C.K. Schn and its transformation into Petunia hybrida Vilm

Mongol mulberry is one of the wild species of genus Morus, and mainly grows in cold regions. In this study, stem cuttings of Mongol mulberry were acclimated at 0°C for 48 h after germination. RNA was extracted form the stem and was reverse-transcribed into cDNA. Mulberry low-temperature induced gene WAP25 was then cloned by means of RT-PCR technique. The cloned gene has been submitted to GenBank (Accession N0. DQ104333). Analysis indicated that the WAP25 is 681 bp in length, encoding 226 amino acids. It is also confirmed that the product encoded by WAP25 is a member of late embryogenesis abundant protein (LEA) family. DNA fragment of WAP25 was cloned into plasmid pIG121-Hm to generate plant expression vector pIG121/Wap25. pIG121/Wap25 was then transformed into leaf discs of Petunia hybrida Vilm mediated by Agrobacterium to obtain 34 transformants, 11.48% of which are positive by the detection of PCR-Southern assay. The results provide theoretical basis for research of genetic improvement in cold resistance of mulberry and low temperature response mechanism of woody plants.

Cultivar and anatomical analysis of corolla enlargement of petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm.) by cytokinin application

Abstract We found that the corolla of petunia ( Petunia hybrida Vilm.) could be conspicuously enlarged by the separate application of three cytokinins: forchlorfenuron (CPPU), N 6 -benzylaminopurine (BA), and zeatin. To obtain the same enlargement as that achieved by CPPU, approximately 30 and 900 times the concentration of BA and zeatin, respectively, were required. CPPU at 3.2 μmol/L increased the limb area of the corollas of 15 cultivars to between 1.3 and 2.4 times (1.8 times on average) the size of the control area. The increase was negatively correlated ( R = 0.58) with the “genetic” limb area (i.e., that of the untreated plant). The enlargement of the corolla caused by cytokinin application was mainly attributed to an increase in cell number in most cultivars. This increase resulted from a high rate of cell proliferation and from prolongation of the cell proliferation phase during corolla development. This anatomical change caused by cytokinin application was similar to the anatomical difference among cultivars because genetic differences in limb area resulted mainly from differences in cell number.

Petunia Germinating Pollen S/D3 Interacts with S-RNases in Petunia hybrida Vilm.

Self-incompatibility (SI) is a genetic mechanism of self/non-self pollen recognition to prevent self-fertilization in many flowering plants and, in most cases, this is controlled by a multi-allelic S-locus. S-RNase and S-locus F box (SLF) proteins have been shown to be the female and male determinants of gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI), respectively, in the Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Rosaceae. Nevertheless, it is thought that additional factors are required for the SI response. Herein, we constructed a mature anther cDNA library from a self-incompatible Petunia hybrida Vilm. line of the S3S3 haplotype. Using AhS2-RNase from Antirrhinum hispanicum as a bait for yeast two-hybrid screening, we found that petunia germinating pollen (PGP) S/D3 was capable of interacting physically with the bait. However, the interaction lacked haplotype specificity. The PGPS/D3 gene is a single copy gene that is expressed in tissues such as the style, ovary, pollen, and leaf. The PGPS/D3::GFP (green fluorescence protein) construct was detected in both the membrane and cytoplasm. The implications of these findings in the operation of S-RNase-based SI are discussed. (Managing editor: Li-Hui Zhao)

Ectopic Expression of the Pttknl Gene Induces Alterations in the Morphology of the Leaves and Flowers in Petunia hybrida Vilm.

Abstract: A novel knottedl‐like homeobox (knox) gene, Pttknl (Populus tremula tremuloides knottedl), isolated from the cambial region of hybrid aspen, was introduced into Petunia hybrida Vilm. using the leaf‐disc method mediated by Agrobacterium. A series of novel phenotypes was observed in transgenic petunia plants, including the formation of ectopic spikes on the adaxial surface of corollas and small pet als on the abaxial surface of corollas, fusion of floral organs, shortening of corolla midribs, the formation of tumor‐like knots along the midrib on the abaxial surface and serrated lobs of corolla margins, and alterations in pet al color; except for changes in the leaves and plant architecture, RT‐PCR showed that the Pttknl gene was expressed in the leaves of different petunia transgenic plants, whereas no signal was detected in wild‐type plants. The possible function of Pttknl in leaf and flower development is discussed.(Managing editor: Li‐Hui ZHAO)

A quantitative study of lateral branching in petunia.

The monopodial shoot axis of petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm) has two different patterns of branch development. Basal lateral branching develops acropetally and is limited to a discrete number of nodes that correlate with the late rosette phase of growth (Zone II). Two zones of suppressed buds immediately precede and follow this zone of branching. Apical branching occurs in response to flowering, develops in a basipetal direction, and is restricted to the distal-most nodes on the monopodial axis. When grown under a short-day regime, an extension to the basal branching zone occurs, and growth of the main shoot axis is retarded. The sym1 mutant has an overall decrease in basal lateral branching compared with wild type whereas the three dad mutants have increased basal branching. The dad1-1 and dad2-1 mutants have no initial zone of suppressed branching whereas the dad3 mutant has a similar Zone II to wild type, but with a greater potential to form branches within this zone. The dad1-1 mutant exhibits delayed flowering, but the dad1-1 sym1 double mutant flowers at a similar node number to wild-type and branching is similar to dad1-1 indicating that these two aspects of the mutant dad1-1 phenotype are independent.

A gene-based RFLP map of petunia

Due in large part to the data accumulated from years of classic genetic analysis, petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm) has remained a useful model system, particularly for studies of gene regulation and genome structure. We have used three segregating populations of petunia, including those serving as the source of an earlier actin gene RFLP map, for RFLP mapping of several additional genes. Twenty-seven loci have been merged with 11 previously mapped morphological and biochemical markers. Our results contribute additional evidence to reports of a high degree of genome plasticity and segregation distortion in this species and suggest that petunia may be a useful plant system for detailed analysis of plant genome organization, activity and evolution.