Petroleum Hydrocarbons In Water Research Articles

Occurrence, characterization, and ecological risk analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons in water and sediments following large-scale field simulated oil spills at the experimental lakes area, Northwestern Ontario, Canada

This study assessed the impact of on-site field-simulated oil spills at the International Institute for Sustainable Development-Experimental Lakes Area (IISD-ELA) on a freshwater boreal lake. Low total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) values were obtained in water and sediments from the locations without direct oil loading across the 6-year monitoring program. Biogenic n-alkanes and pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were predominant pre- and post-spill. No petroleum biomarkers were detected in the water, but trace levels appeared in a few sediments. Most TPH and PAH levels were within acceptable limits set by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) and Ontario regulations, though some PAHs exceeded guidelines. However, the frequency of exceedances did not change significantly before and after the spill. These results suggest that the spilled oil was contained effectively during the experiment period, and the environment recovered to near-background levels afterward with appropriate precautions and remediation operations.

Оценка экологического состояния реки Сояна в зоне возможного воздействия алмазоносного месторождения

The article presents the results of a comprehensive study of the Soyana River for the first time. The characteristics of hydrological and hydrochemical parameters were obtained while observations in July 2020 and March 2021. Changes in the hydrogen index (pH), mineralization, and the content of dissolved oxygen and biogenic elements in water, as well as petroleum hydrocarbons in water and bottom sediments were studied using generally accepted in hydrochemical practice methods. The data obtained were evaluated for compliance with the regulatory requirements for the river water quality. According to the chemical composition, the Soyana River water belongs to the hydrocarbonate class of small and medium mineralization (164–296 mg/L), weakly acidic and slightly alkaline type (pH 6.0–8.2). The data obtained allow us to conclude that there is no noticeable anthropogenic impact on the considered watercourse. The petroleum hydrocarbons content in water and bottom sediments was below maximum permissible concentrations. In river water it was below 0.010 mg/L, in bottom sediments – in the range from 0.2 to 3.2 mg/kg. The maximum content of petroleum hydrocarbons in soils was recorded in the lower course of the river, where bottom sediments are presented in the form of silty sand. The interannual variability of hydrological and hydrochemical characteristics in the direction from the source to the mouth of the river is estimated. The relationship and regularity of their distribution was specified. The data obtained can serve as background data for assessing the negative impact in case of anthropogenic load on the river basin.

Assessment of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Borehole Water in Eket, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

The study entails determination of Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC) and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) in borehole water of Eket Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. This was assessed using standard analytical methods. The samples were collected in triplicate from the study area with a control station. The areas were Ikot Ibiok and Atabong in Eket L.G.A while the control station was at Aka in Uyo L.G.A. The samples were extracted with hexane using liquid-liquid extraction method followed by subsequent clean-up using column chromatography. The determination of TPH was with the aid of gas chromatography fitted with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) while The THC was determined using U-V Spectroscopy. The results showed the variations of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) from 784.395 ± 0.07 to 1120.500 ± 0.05 mg/L. While THC ranges from 938.21 ± 0.08 to 1,583.294± 0.02 mg/L. The average amount of TPH and THC in the water samples collected from all the sampling stations were generally higher than both the DPR limit (50 mg/L) and federal ministry of Environment (FMEnv.) acceptable standard of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in water. This indicates a serious impact of oil industrial activities on the area. Hence, our findings have indicated evidence that the borehole water samples from the study area in Eket L.G.A is under a pollution threat and underscore the need for early remediation if adverse health defects are to be prevented.

Temporal and spatial variations for petroleum hydrocarbons in water and sediments from Northern parts of Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq

Regional and temporal distribution of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH's) and percent Total Organic Carbon (TOC %) were investigated in water and sediments from 5 stations along Shatt Al-Arab river (1-Qurnah, 2-Shafi, 3-Deer, 4-Nihran Omer and 5-Sinbad close to expected sources of pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons. Measured TPH's in the dissolved phase of water were ranged between 5.10 ng/l in station 3 and 9.48 ng/l in station 5 comparable to Basrah light crude oil. In the sediments levels of PHC's ranged between 7.37 mg/l in station 3 and 24.41 mg/l in station 5.Seasonal variations in TPH's in waters and sediments were found as lower concentrations 2.65–4.20 and 3.15–10.36 mg/l respectively during summer, while higher concentration recorded during winter were found to be 7.86–15.60 µg/l in water and 13.52–45.21 mg/g in sediments. % TOC measured in the sediments were ranged from 0.50 % to 0.81 % in stations 2 and 5 respectively. Strong positive correlations were found between TPH's and TOC for all stations with correlation coefficient (r = 0.93).

Status of oil pollution in water and sediment from Shatt Al-Arab Estuary and North-West Arabian Gulf

In the present study, an attempt was made to study the levels of petroleum hydrocarbon residues in Water and Sediment samples collected from ten stations at the region of Shatt Al-Arab Estuary and North-West of the Arabian Gulf. The water and sediment samples were analyzed by utilizing the spectrofluorometry technique. The results of the present research obviously indicated a degree of oil pollution, however, still lower in magnitude when compared with status in some other regional sites. The obtained levels of petroleum hydrocarbons in water was ranged from (3.09 µg/l) at station 7 to (30.87 µg/l) at station 9 while in sediment ranged from (19.43 µg/g) dry weight at station 4 to (49.09 µg/g) dry weight at station 9. In order to give a better evaluation of the petroleum hydrocarbon levels in the sediments, the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) percentage and grain size analyses were done by granulometry technique on selected slips of the bulk sediments obtained for this purpose. The mean percent TOC estimations ranged from 0.1 at Station 4 to 1.34 at Station 9. The mean values obtained in this study indicated that the petroleum hydrocarbon levels in the sediment samples are lower than the levels in sediment samples obtained with similar methodology and analyses in some of the Gulf States and countries in close vicinity of the region. The major pollution sources may involve tanker and boat discharges and activities, municipal sewage and rural runoff from land. Also, discharges and effluents from oil refineries, electricity generating station and industrial activities into the Basrah city are obvious.

A review on analytical methods of petroleum hydrocarbons in water and sediment of aquatic systems

In this paper, the research progress on the extraction and analysis methods of petroleum hydrocarbon in water and sediment were reviewed. The principle, application scope, advantages, disadvantages and applications of various extraction methods and determination methods are summarized systematically. At present, liquid-liquid extraction is the most commonly used method to extract petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) in water samples, while Soxhlet extraction and ultrasonic extraction are the most commonly used methods to extract PHCs in sediment samples. Gas chromatography is the main development direction to determine the concentration of specific components of PHCs.

English

This paper reports a study that measured the effect of some heavy metals at different concentrations (Lead 0.86 ppm, Copper <0.001 ppm, Manganese 0.05 ppm, and Nickel <0.001 ppm) in well water contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon on biodegradation by a consortium of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi, using distilled water amended with 5% bonny light crude oil and varying concentrations of the salts of the heavy metals described earlier, either singly or combined. Also the effects of these heavy metals on the physicochemical characteristics of the treatments were analysed after 14 days. The control (no heavy metal addition) had the highest percentage of total petroleum hydrocarbon reduction (81.66%). There was no significant difference in total petroleum hydrocarbon  reduction in Copper, Nickel, Lead and the combination of the heavy metals Copper, Nickel, Manganese and Lead at P≥0.05, while percentage of total petroleum hydrocarbon  degraded of  well water and Manganese was 35.29 and 59.67%, respectively and showed significant difference (P≤0.05) from the control. Electrical conductivity, salinity, temperature, total dissolved solid, dissolved oxygen and pH in various treatments showed no significant difference (P≥0.05), but Biological Oxygen Demand of Lead was significantly different (P≤0.05) from the control. These results suggest that the heavy metals present interfere with the extent of biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in water.   Key words: Well water, petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, bacteria and fungi consortia, biodegradation.

Level of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Water and Sediments of Ikoli Creek Bayelsa State Nigeria

This study investigated the level Petroleum hydrocarbon in Ikoli creek, Bayelsa state Nigeria with focus on water and sediments. Water and sediments were assessed using standard analytical procedures. Water from surface levels and sediment samples were collected from five locations in the creek. Soxhlet extraction method and liquid-liquid techniques were used in extraction of the petroleum hydrocarbons (Total Hydrocarbon Content and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon) from the water and sediment samples collected respectively followed by column clean up. Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) was use to analyzed the Target compounds and quantified by integrating the areas of both the resolved and unresolved components. Results of analysis of THC and TPH in water ranges between 0.010 to 0.254 mg/L and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) values ranges between 0.001 to 0.437 mg/L in water respectively. While in sediments the Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC) values ranges between 0.01 to 1.43 mg/kg and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) ranges between 0.001 to 0.44 mg/kg. The THC and TPH value of sediments increases across each sampling station in the study area and these hydrocarbons are repository in nature. The results showed that some sampling station in Ikoli creek were slightly polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons and does not conform to acceptable international guideline, which can cause adverse effects to humans and aquatic life over time.

Оценка накопления углеводородов гидробионтами устьевой области реки Северной Двины

Приведены результаты исследования содержания массовой доли нефтеуглеводородов (НУ) в придонном слое воды, донных отложениях и тканях крупных двустворчатых моллюсков, собранных в устьевой области р. Северной Двины в течение 2009–2016 гг. в сезоны наибольшей фильтрационной активности моллюсков. Оценены уровни накопления НУ в воде, донных отложениях и тканях двустворчатых моллюсков устьевой области р. Северной Двины. Изучены зависимости между степенью накопления НУ в тканях двустворчатых моллюсков и уровнем загрязнения среды их обитания. Количественное определение содержания НУ в тканях двустворчатых моллюсков, воде придонного слоя и донных отложениях проводили флуориметрическим методом. Установлено, что массовая доля НУ в тканях двустворчатых моллюсков не превышает таковой для относительно чистых вод на всём исследованном участке реки. По показателю массовой доли НУ в донных отложениях устьевую часть р. Северной Двины можно отнести в основном к незагрязнённой и слабозагрязнённой (за исключением локальных участков в акватории реки в городской черте). В придонном слое воды в районе исследования показатель массовой доли НУ превышает государственные нормативы в отдельных точках отбора. Показано, что в условиях сложных градиентов среды необходим комплексный анализ биотических и абиотических факторов.

Source input and storage of petroleum hydrocarbon in Jiaozhou Bay

This paper analyzed the source input and storage of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) in Jiaozhou Bay during 1984-1988. Results showed that PHC contents in different seasons in this bay were all determined bay source input of PHC via river discharge. For seasonal variation, PHC contents were in order of summer > spring > autumn. Precipitation determined the river discharge, river discharge determined the source input of PHC, resulted in the seasonal variations of PHC in Jiaozhou Bay waters. By means of the continuous source input of PHC from river discharged, and the continuous accumulation of PHC in waters, a great deal of PHC was stored in Jiaozhou Bay, resulted in the increasing trend of PHC contents in waters. In case of little source input, the background value of PHC in this bay was 0.005 mg L−1, while in case of source input from marine current was responsible the high value was 0.122 mg L−1. Furthermore, a block diagram model was provided to demonstrate that PHC contents in marine waters were increasing continuously by means of continuous source input. Hence, the control and management of anthropogenic source input of PHC in marine bay was necessary.

Analysis of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Water from Ngong and Mathare Rivers, Nairobi County, Kenya

Analysis of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Water from Ngong and Mathare Rivers, Nairobi County, Kenya

Histopathological changes in some tissues of Tigris river fishes, exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons, Baghdad city

During the period between January till December 2012, a total of 119 fish samples were collected and examined from Tigris River between Al-Jadiriya Bridge and Al-Zaafaraniya region in two stations, the first station was located under Al-Jadiriya bridge and the second station was located at Al-Zaafaraniya region before Diayla river in order to know the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in the tissues of the examined fishes. Fish samples belonged to (16) species (Acanthobrama marmid, Albernus caeruleus, Aspius vorax, Barbua belayewi, B. grypus, B. xanthopterus, Carassius carassius, Carasobarbus luteus, Cyprinion macrostomum, Chondrostomua regium, Gara ruffa, Heteropneustes fossilis, Leuciscus cephalus, Liza abu, Mystus pelusius and Tilapia zillii). The histopathological examination included 44 specimens from the internal and external organs of Chontrostoma regium in order to examine the histopathological changes in some organs like (gills, muscles, kidney, liver and spleen). The results revealed congestion, edema, separating, severe vacuolation and dilation of gill secondary lamella, while muscle samples showed mild hyalinization, infiltration of mononuclear cells and fragmentation. The kidney showed hydropic degeneration, necrosis changes, hyperplastic of melanomacrophages, severe dilation of blood vessels with cellular swelling of renal tubule epithelial lining and depletion of hemopoiotic tissues. Severe dilation and congestion of blood vessels and sinusoid, nucleopleomorphism were noticed with nucleomegalocytic of hepatocytes, hemorrhagic with mineral deposition in hepatic parenchyma. Lymphoid depletion in white pulp and hemopoitic tissues, congestion of red pulp, severe hyperplasia were noticed with dilation of splenic tissues. Water samples from Tigris river were analyzed for measuring the level of petroleum hydrocarbons in water and appeared that the pollution 0.0048 mg/L in Al-Jadiriya station and 0.0674 mg/L in Al-Zaafaraniya station.

A Preliminary Estimate of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Water and Some Commercially Important Fish Species in the Amba Estuary, West Coast of India.

Amba Estuary, which receives effluent from several industries including a petrochemical complex, opens to the southern limits of the Mumbai Harbor. The study was conducted to find out the level of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) in water and their bioconcentration in ten commercially important fishes from Amba Estuary during different months. In water high concentration of TPHs (39.7μg/L) was obtained during December (middle of estuary) and minimum value (7.2μg/L) was observed in September (lower estuarine). The maximum concentration of TPHs was found to be in Trichiurus savala (3.2µg/g) during December and minimum in Boleophthalmus sp (0.4µg/g) during May. Irrespective of the monthly variations, TPHs accumulation in all the species was considerably lower than hazardous levels. Although there was no statistical significance between TPHs and total length/weight, the T. savala recording maximum concentration during all months and it can be used as indicator of hydrocarbon pollution in this region.

Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons in sea water of the Aden city -Yemen

This study is to determine the concentration and distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons residual in sea water in the coast of the city of Aden, Yemen, during three seasons: the first was in the period from 11 to 14 July 2014, the second was in December 2014, and the last was during March 2015,where the use of a gas chromatography and spectroflourometer to determine the characteristics of the hydrocarbons extracted. The results confirmed the concentration of hydrocarbons levels with regard the coast of to the city of Aden. The results showed that the concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in water ranging from 0.688715in Gold Mohour to 15.891754 µ /L in the refineries area, with an average concentration of 6.3269 µg /L. The study revealed that the level of hydrocarbons in sea water of the coast of thecity of Aden is close to the levels of petroleum hydrocarbons in the region and other parts of the world , after comparing their results with other regions of the world, which showed that it is low/ within the range in the permissible limits.

Oil contamination of the Ob basin

Oil contamination of bodies of water in the Russian Federation is one of the most widespread impacts on ecosystems. The Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous district-Yugra, the main oil extraction area in Russia, is one of the most oil-contaminated regions. The article summarises data from hydrochemical research on the level of petroleum hydrocarbons in water and bottom sediments of water bodies located in the basin of the river Ob.

Petroleum hydrocarbons in water from a Brazilian tropical estuary facing industrial and port development

A fast paced industrial and port development has occurred at Suape Estuary, Northeast Brazil, but no information about hydrocarbon concentrations in water is available to this area. Considering that, the contamination level of Suape was determined by UV-Fluorescence in terms of dissolved and/or dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons (DDPHs), during wet and dry seasons. DDPHs ranged between 0.05 and 4.59μgL−1 Carmópolis oil equivalents and 0.01–1.39μgL−1 chrysene equivalents, indicating DDPHs close to a baseline contamination level. Some relatively high concentrations (>1μgL−1) were probably associated with shipyard operations (hull paintings and ship docking), pollutants remobilization by dredging operations, occasional industrial discharges and oil derivatives released by vessels. DDPHs concentrations were lower in the wet season suggesting that the increased dilution rates caused by rainfall dominated upon the wet deposition of atmospheric combustion-derived PAHs process. Results in this study may be used as baseline to further studies in this area.

Impact of ‘Chitra’ Oil Spill on Tidal Pool Macrobenthic Communities of a Tropical Rocky Shore (Mumbai, India)

A collision between the ships MSC Chitra and MV Khalijia 3 in the mouth region of Mumbai Harbour led to a leakage of around 800 t of fuel oil in August 2010, affecting the rocky intertidal region of Colaba. To evaluate the impact of this catastrophic event on the resident biota, a 15-month-long sampling programme was initiated in the oil-affected area immediately after the spill. Petroleum hydrocarbons in water and sediment organic carbon values were high just after the oil spill but subsequently decreased in the following months. In total, 70 macrobenthic taxa were identified. Univariate diversity indices indicated that while the ecological status of the site, albeit briefly, was affected during August 2010, a healthy environment prevailed subsequently. Cluster and multi-dimensional scale (MDS) analyses distinctly segregated the oil impacted monsoon months from the other sampling months. BIOENV analyses indicated that petroleum hydrocarbons and organic carbon were the anthropogenic parameters influencing macrobenthic community structure. Benthic Opportunistic Polychaetes Amphipods (BOPA) index was used to evaluate the ecological quality of the study area as the index is sensitive to oil pollution. Low BOPA values throughout the study period indicated that the environment was good with few opportunistic species. Comparison with past data revealed that the oil spill did not have long-term deleterious effects on the macrobenthic species diversity of this rocky beach, and reasons thereof are discussed.

Performance of graphene, carbon nanotube, and gold nanoparticle chemiresistor sensors for the detection of petroleum hydrocarbons in water

The performance of chemiresistor sensors made from thin film assemblies of single-wall carbon nanotubes, multiwall carbon nanotubes, reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (RGON), and gold nanoparticles (AuNP) was assessed with an immersible microelectrode array. Carbon nanotube and RGON chemiresistors were functionalized with octadecyl-1-amine and the AuNP chemiresistors were functionalized with 1-hexanethiol. The analytes examined were aqueous solutions of petroleum hydrocarbons: cyclohexane, naphthalene, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the three isomers of xylene (BTEX analytes). Titrations were performed to determine the detection limits of the different chemiresistors. The AuNP chemiresistor was the most sensitive to all the analytes with limits of detection between 0.2 and 0.6 ppm in water. In contrast, the multiwall carbon nanotube chemiresistor was the least sensitive to the analytes with limits of detection between 20 and 200 ppm. These sensitivities show that these nanomaterials have the potential, with further optimization, of being incorporated into devices that would respond to hydrocarbons in water at concentrations relevant to the regulations of the US Environmental Protection Agency. The stability of the sensors over 26 days was also assessed. Remarkably, there was a negligible change in the electrical resistance of the RGON sensors over this time. The nanotube sensors increased in resistance and the AuNP decreased in resistance over the same period. The drifting resistances did not affect the sensitivity of the nanomaterials, which remained constant with time.

Development of a plasticizer-poly(methyl methacrylate) membrane for sensing petroleum hydrocarbons in water

A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor based on a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film has been developed for the detection of aromatic hydrocarbons (i.e., benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene and naphthalene) in aqueous solutions. The PMMA was modified by introducing a plasticizer into the film and the hydrocarbon sensitivity was studied as a function of plasticizer type and concentration. Generally, the PMMA sensitivity for hydrocarbons was shown to be higher in the presence of a plasticizer. However, it was found that some of the plasticizers (i.e., diisooctyl azelate and n-butyl stearate) exhibit much better sensitivity compared to others (i.e., methyl laurate and di-n-butyl phthalate), suggesting that the response of the PMMA film can be tailored by varying the properties of the plasticizer. The relationship between plasticizer type and hydrocarbon sensitivity was investigated and this revealed that the size/molecular weight of the plasticizer molecule plays a significant role. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was performed to determine if the QCM sensor array comprising plasticizer–PMMA films are suitable for distinguishing between the various hydrocarbons. LDA modelling revealed that the sensor array can discriminate most of the hydrocarbon analytes investigated in this study.

Challenges in the determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in water by gas chromatography (hydrocarbon index)

Petroleum hydrocarbons inevitably are released into the environment and contaminate surface water bodies particularly near production or storage sites, but also escape accidentally during handling, transport or processing. Accurate measurement of dispersed oil in water is thus an important task which is usually done by gas chromatographic methods. The two standards that are typically followed in this respect are the DIN ISO 9377-2:2000 standard and the OSPAR (Oslo-Paris commission) method. In contrast to the DIN ISO method, the analytical method proposed by the OSPAR Analytical Method Committee is based on large volume injection (LVI) of the petroleum hydrocarbon extract in order to avoid any external preconcentration step, but still reach the stipulated detection limit. Although a standard method should provide a sufficient degree of robustness, we demonstrate here that the correctness and precision of results for the hydrocarbon index strongly depends on the proper choice of measurement parameters whose correct selection is left to the judgement of the analyst. Moreover, even under standardized conditions of measurement, the results will always show a sample-specific bias. In this work we discuss the influence of these parameters on the results, and what challenges the determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in water poses in general. The inadequacy of the two methods to provide a full equivalent to the earlier ‘total petroleum hydrocarbon’ (TPH) method is highlighted using a number of typical oil samples of different origin as example.