Petroleum Depot Research Articles

A probabilistic model for evaluating the operational safety and operational safety analysis by the maximum likelihood method: application on the cameroonian company of petroleum depot of garoua

A probabilistic model for evaluating the operational safety and operational safety analysis by the maximum likelihood method: application on the cameroonian company of petroleum depot of garoua

Levels, distribution, origins, and human health risk evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater around a petroleum depot wastewater discharge point

This study is an attempt to assess the influence of the oil storage depot discharges on proximate water sources in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria. Fifteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined in a total of 15 water samples (10 groundwater +4 surface water samples) utilizing gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, after extraction of the waters with dichloromethane and clean-up of the extracts. Results revealed that values of overall PAHs in groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) varied from 0.01 to 3.45 mg/L (mean = 0.42 mg/L) and 0.01 to 0.09 mg/L (mean = 0.05 mg/L), correspondingly. The highest value of ∑15 PAHs (3.45 mg/L) was observed at 24 m to the discharge point. The ring wise distribution pattern of the PAHs in collected water samples follows the order: 2–3 rings >5–6 rings >4 – ring PAHs and low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs accounted for 90.73% relative to HMW (9.27%) in groundwater samples. The diagnostic ratios suggested that the PAHs pollution in water were likely from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, vehicle emissions and released petroleum effluents from nearby depot. The concentration of carcinogenic PAHs in GW and SW ranged from 1×10−2to 9×10−2 mg/L and 1×10−2to 7×10−2 mg/L, correspondingly, which highlights possible human health risks. The values of hazard index (HI) for the studied samples via the oral ingestion and dermal exposure pathways are less than unity, suggesting no adverse non-carcinogenic health effects. The calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for adults and children are in the 10−2–10−3 range, implying noteworthy possible carcinogenic health effects to human beings, with children being the most susceptible. Correspondingly, dibenzo [a, h] anthracence (DahA) and Benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) were established to be of greater carcinogenic threats in the waters taken from the study location. The study advocates complete discontinuance of discharge release into the neighboring environment.

Quantitative assessment framework for seismic resilience of petroleum depots

Petroleum depots are an important part of the national strategic reserve base and should maintain functionality during an earthquake or recover immediately after an earthquake; this is known as seismic resilience. To quantify the seismic resilience and functionality of a petroleum depot, a quantitative assessment framework is proposed. First, the influence of the components on the function and seismic resilience is quantified from the perspective of the system by establishing a component–subsystem–system model. Second, the relationship between the damage index and functional loss and the corresponding relationship between recovery time and seismic resilience level are established using functional loss and functional recovery as quantitative indicators. A petroleum depot case study is presented, in which the functional loss and recovery time are explicitly expressed to verify the applicability of the proposed resilience assessment framework. The framework is also applicable to industrial complexes such as chemical plants and refineries, and can help determine the optimal location and design, allowing decision-makers to better formulate emergency and post-earthquake recovery plans.

Assessment and Biodegradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil and Water Around Petroleum Products Depot Suleja, Nigeria.

Petroleum contamination constitutes a frequent incidence in various petroleum depots in Nigeria. In this study, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in soil and water in communities around Petroleum Products Marketing Company (PPMC) Suleja, Nigeria, were evaluated and degraded using indigenous microorganisms. The samples sites were divided into 7 plots from where samples of water and soil were obtained: one within the PPMC depot, five from communities surrounding the depot, and the control 93,000km from the depot. The microbial counts were determined using spread plate inoculation technique on minimal salt media. The microbial isolates were characterized and identified based on their cultural, biochemical, and molecular characteristics. The potential of the microbial isolates to utilize 0.05 mL of diesel, kerosene, engine oil, and crude oil was determined in a Bushnell Haas Broth, and the biodegradation was determined by total viable cell counts and spectrophotometry. The ability of the isolates to mineralize PAHs was also evaluated in a minimum salt media. The bacterial isolates were species of Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Proteus, Escherichia, and Bacillus, while species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor, and Rhizopus were isolated among the fungi. Aspergillus niger strain ATCC 1015 and Bacillus thuringiensis strain M43 showed high capacity to utilize the 16 priority PAHs. The pahE1 gene was used by Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and A. niger, while Penicillium notatum used pahE2 gene for the degradation of the PAH. The current study identified microbial isolates that can utilize priority PAHs, making them beneficial for oil spill bioremediation in tropical environments.

Seismic fragility assessment of storage tanks considering different sources of uncertainty

Liquid storage tanks are critical facilities in petroleum depots that must remain intact and functional following an earthquake. The seismic fragility function is a useful tool for quantifying structural vulnerability. This study accordingly explored the effects of different uncertainties on the seismic fragility of a case study floating-roof storage tank by applying an appropriate approach to seismic fragility analysis. First, an orthogonal sensitivity analysis was performed using a finite element model to determine the random model variables most affecting the seismic responses of the storage tank. Considering the different sources of uncertainty, seismic fragility was subsequently evaluated by combining a cloud analysis with model sampling. Then, the seismic fragility curves of the storage tank system were developed by studying the correlations among multiple failure modes. The results indicate that the computational requirements of the present method were significantly less demanding than those of direct Monte Carlo simulation. Geometric uncertainty was found to exert the greatest impact on the seismic responses. The maximum difference among the fragility function parameters for different sources of uncertainty was 28.9%. The damage assessment of the tank system was shown to be more reasonable when considering the correlations among multiple failure modes. This analysis technique can accordingly provide practical guidance for the seismic design of vertical floating-roof storage tanks.

Effect of petroleum products depot on Nwaenebo-Emene river sediments, Enugu, Nigeria: contamination by PAHs and associated exposure risks to both humans and aquatic biota

ABSTRACT In this study, the concentration and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of Nwaenebo River in Enugu, Nigeria, that received petroleum depot effluents for over twenty years were determined and the associated extent of pollution, ecological and human health risks of exposure estimated. The concentration of the PAHs was measured using gas chromatography. Extent of sediment PAHs pollution was determined using Nemerow pollution index whereas ecological risks were determined mainly by means of hazard quotient (HQ) based on Canadian interim freshwater sediment quality guidelines (ISQGs), probable effect concentration (PEC) and effect range medium (ERM) values. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were determined using hazard index (HI) and incremental life cancer risks (ILCR) respectively. Results showed ƩPAH concentration range of 0.5–154.5 mg/kg in the sediments with 5-member ring PAHs most abundant in the downstream section of the river. The Nemerow pollution index showed that the sediments of the downstream section of the river were seriously polluted with the PAHs unlike the upstream section where there was no significant sediment PAHs pollution indicating that the petroleum depot was responsible for the pollution of the sediments with PAHs. The ISQG, PEC and ERM based HQ indicate insignificant risks to biota at upstream section but significant risks at the locations downstream where there are expectations of observable frequent adverse effects to the biota. There are no significant non-carcinogenic risks to human health but there are significant carcinogenic risks with risks at the downstream section of the river sediments in the range 9.4*10^-5 to 2*10^-4. Remediation efforts should be initiated to restore the sediments quality.

Legacy PAHs in effluent receiving river sediments near a large petroleum products depot in Enugu, Nigeria: Human health risks and economic cost of pollution

This study assessed the human health risk of exposure to legacy PAHs in the Nwaenebo River sediments that received effluents for over two decades from the Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) petroleum product Depot in Emene, Enugu, Nigeria. The study went further to estimate economic costs of the sediment PAHs pollution based on the human health risk of exposure. The human health risks were determined by estimating carcinogenic and mutagenic risks via Benzo[a]pyrene total potential equivalent (BaP TPE) and mutagenic equivalent quotient (MEQ). The economic costs of the sediment pollution comprised costs due to mortality and those due to morbidity and were estimated using the value of statistical lives (VSLs) and cost of illness (CoI), respectively. The study, with an appropriate selection of sampling points established that the NNPC petroleum Depot was responsible for the Nwaenebo River sediment PAHs pollution with ƩPAHs concentration 14.3–163 mg/kg. The carcinogenic and mutagenic risks varied from 1.3*10^-5 to 4.7*10^-5 and 1.4*10^-5 to 6.0*10^-5 respectively. Based on risk threshold of 10^-6, these risks were high. The long term economic costs of pollution of the sediments by the PAHs were estimated at 60.5 million USD and 0.46 million USD for mortality and morbidity costs, respectively.

Assessment of Hydrocarbon Pollution in Groundwater Using Electrical Resistivity Method

Hydrocarbon contamination of the groundwater system is a problem facing residents of Ejigbo, Lagos, Southwestern Nigeria. The area hosts the busiest satellite petroleum depots in Nigeria, and residents have attributed pollution of the groundwater system to hydrocarbon spills from possible pipeline leakages. This study aimed to identify and characterize the source and extent of the groundwater system contamination in the study area. The electrical resistivity method was adopted, comprising 2D Electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) and Vertical Electric Sounding (VES) techniques. Data acquired were processed and analyzed to obtain geoelectric sections, longitudinal conductance map and 2D ERI sections for the study area. Three distinct geoelectric zones were delineated, with the intermediate zone identified as the contaminated shallow aquiferous unit. This unit's resistivity values ranged from about 400 - 5000 ohm-m at a depth of 5 - 35 m. On the 2D ERI sections, possible locations of pipeline leakages were identified. On some ERI sections, a linear feature with resistivity value less than 300 ohm-m was observed from the surface down the depth of the entire section, truncating the horizontal flow of the contaminated unit. Generally, the results indicate that the contamination of the shallow aquifer in the area is widespread and mitigation measures should be urgently undertaken.

GIS and Hydrogeophysical Mappings of Aquifer Vulnerability around Petroleum Depot in a Basement Complex, Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria

GIS and Hydrogeophysical Mappings of Aquifer Vulnerability around Petroleum Depot in a Basement Complex, Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria

Estimation of the criticality of a fire incidence in the form of energy rate, burning time, and flame height in the Karaj Petroleum Depot (1399)

Estimation of the criticality of a fire incidence in the form of energy rate, burning time, and flame height in the Karaj Petroleum Depot (1399)

Application of Steam Enhanced Extraction Method on BTEX Contaminated Soil in A Nigerian Petroleum Depot and Automobile Workshop Sites in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria

The contamination of soil in the environment is a natural consequence of industrialization and urbanization. Organic chemical pollutants dissolve into groundwater, absorb and adsorb into soil grains. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) are major causes of contaminated soil. This is due to fuel leakages or spillages, various forms of hydrocarbon burning/combustion and land disposal petroleum base oil. Contaminated soil samples were excavated from two different locations within the Ilorin metropolis; pipelines and products marketing company, a Nigerian petroleum depot, Ilorin depot and auto mechanic workshop of over ten years. Steam enhanced extraction method was employed through injection of steam to contaminated soil from steam generator into soil pot where contaminated soil was placed. The condensation of steam on soil particles provides energy to release desorbed contaminants molecules from the soil and the mobilized contaminants vapor was transferred into the recovery pot via the pipe that was connected to the soil pot. After the remediation process, the steamed soil samples were taken to the laboratory where the sonication extraction technique was used to extract the contaminants (BTEX) from the steamed soil samples of 30, 60 and 90 minutes respectively. The extract from the steamed soil samples of 30, 60 and 90 minutes was subjected to Gas Chromatography fitted with flame ionization detector analysis to determine the exact amount of BTEX removed after the remediation process. Pre-treated soil sample of auto mechanics workshop was found to be 4.5004 x 10-1 mg/kg and post-treated soil samples were found to be 1.8164 x10-1 mg/kg, 8.7519 x10-1 mg/kg and 5.7006 x10-2 mg/kg for 30, 60 and 90 minutes respectively after remediation process while Pre-treated soil sample of a Nigerian petroleum depot was found to be 6.6049 x 10-1 mg/kg and post-treated soil samples were found to be 2.9320 x10-1 mg/kg, 1.9855 x10-1 mg/kg and 1.0237 x10-1 mg/kg for 30, 60 and 90 minutes respectively after the remediation process. This study established the effectiveness of the remediation process of hydrocarbon contaminated soil using steam enhanced extraction method an In situ remediation technique.

Socio-Environmental Effects of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation Depot, Apata, Ibadan on the Adjoining Neighbourhoods

Nigeria, one of the major crude oil producing countries in the world, transports petroleum products through pipelines to several oil depots located across the country from where it is trucked to end users. Activities within these depots are known to have impact on their immediate environment due to the nature of operations and the externalities generated. This paper therefore examined the socio-environmental effects of the Nigerian National Petroleum Depot, Apata, Ibadan on its immediate neighbourhood. A case study approach utilising primary and secondary data collection was adopted in which 205 residential buildings and respondents were proportionally selected for sampling from four neighbourhoods within 500 metres radius of the facility. An environmental audit including ground water samples were randomly collected for testing and analysis from Adebisi stream and residential hand-dug wells. Findings revealed local access road incapacitation emanating from indiscriminate parking of fuel tankers and spiralling into constant traffic congestion on major roads. Desludging of fuel storage tanks (79.5%) resulting into regular effluent discharge into the Adebisi stream and fume emission (62.6%), were attested to by residents. Water quality analysis revealed a high concentration of lead (pb.0.06mg/l) above the maximum permissible limit of (0.01mg/l) for potable water. Other detected metals, Cadmium (0.003mg/l), Copper (0.006mg/l) and Zinc (3.0 mg/l) were all within the appropriate recommended limits. The study recommended a periodic environmental audit and regular dialogue with stakeholders of the host communities for socio-environmental sustainability.

INVESTIGATION OF POLLUTION LEVELS OF SOILS WITHIN PETROLEUM DEPOTS IN NIGERIA

The petroleum depots are housing facilities for the erected petroleum storage tanks, which serve the purpose of keeping petroleum products. The threats posed by the storage tanks on the environment cannot be overlooked. Levels of chemical components of soil around the storage tanks of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) depots in Kwara and Oyo States were assessed using exposure limits, health standards as well as pollution indices. Parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivities (EC) and heavy metals (Fe, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co and Ni) were determined in the soil around the storage tanks of the depots using standard methods. Average levels of heavy metals in soil followed the decreasing order Fe > Zn > Mn > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cu > Co > Cd for Kwara Petroleum depot and Fe > Zn > Mn > Pb > Ni > Cr > Co > Cu > Cd for Oyo Petroleum depot. Zn (1.77 mg/g) and Mn (1.13 mg/g) were respectively above the regulatory limit of FEPA (0.75 mg/g and 0.48 mg/g), permissible limits of WHO (0.3 mg/g and 0.05 mg/g) and maximum permissible limits of USEPA (0.2 mg/g and 0.08 mg/g) for Kwara Petroleum depot. Fe was above the regulatory limit of FEPA (5.0 mg/g) for both depots. Oyo Petroleum depot had considerable degree of contamination (17.444) of heavy metals while Kwara Petroleum depot had a very high degree of contamination (42.325) of heavy metals. Metal Pollution Index values (1.351 and 1.632) for Oyo Petroleum depot and Kwara Petroleum respectively indicated pollution in both depots. The Pearson Correlation (at 0.05 significant level) showed significant correlation between most heavy metals which signified that they were likely from the same source. Installation of primary treatment plant or proper maintenance measures are recommended to be put in place.

Chemical speciation, bioavailability and risk assessment of potentially toxic metals in soils around petroleum product marketing company as environmental degradation indicators

The study aims at investigating chemical speciation, bioavailability and risk assessment of some selected metals in soils around refined petroleum depot using the concentrations of the metals as variables to ascertain the impacts of the activities within the petroleum depot. Surface-soils (0–15 cm) were collected from within the premises of Pipelines and Product Marketing Company, Ibadan, Nigeria, while control samples were collected at 200 m away from the study location. Electrical conductivity and pH were measured using a calibrated dual purpose meter, while elemental analysis was done using Atomic absorption spectroscopy analytical technique. The results showed that the soils exhibited low ecological risk; minor enrichment for Mn, moderately severe enrichment for Ni and Co, severe enrichment for Cr and extremely severe enrichment for Pb, Zn and Cd. There was low contamination factor for Pb, Ni, Mn, Cr, Co, and Fe and moderate contamination by Zn and Cd. Geo - accumulation index results indicated unpolluted with Ni, Mn, Cr, Co, and Fe, unpolluted to moderately polluted with Pb and Zn and moderately to strongly polluted with Cd. Inter-element clustering results indicated chemical affinity and/or similar genetic origin among the elements. Speciation analysis suggested that Fe, Co, Cr, Cd, and Ni occurred in the residual fraction; Pb, and Zn in the carbonate fraction, while Mn have its highest percentage in the Fe–Mn oxides fraction. Percentage mobility and bioavailability showed that most of the metals are immobile and non-bioavailable. Study concluded that the oil-impacted soils were contaminated with most of the metals, but with low ecological risk.

Microbial Population of Soil and Water around Petroleum Depot Suleja, Nigeria, and their Hydrocarbon Utilisation

Contamination by petroleum products is a common occurrence in various depots in Nigeria. Suleja depot in recent times has recorded several petroleum spillages and fire incidence attributed to petroleum products storage and distribution. This study was aimed at determining the microbiological quality of soil and water sources in communities around petroleum products depot in Suleja, Nigeria. Soil samples and water samples were collected from defive communities around the petroleum products depot and a control site. Microorganisms in the soil and water samples were enumerated by spread inoculation on general purpose media and selective media. Bacterial and fungal isolates were tested for their potential to utilise petroleum products in a Bushnell Haas Broth containing 0.05 mL of petroleum products (diesel, kerosene, engine oil, crude oil) as a source of carbon and energy. The utilisation rate was determined by spectrophotometry. The capacities of selected bacterial and fungal isolates to mineralise crude oil were further tested in minimal salt medium. The bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The microbial isolates were not evenly distributed in the six experimental and control plots. Soil samples had higher aerobic heterotrophic bacterial counts than the water samples. Crude oil was most utilized by the microbial isolates. Bacterial isolates from genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus had the highest capacity in utilizing the petroleum products. Among the fungal species, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum exhibited greater capacity to utilise the petroleum products. Results revealed isolates capable of utilising the various petroleum products which can be useful in oil spill bioremediation in the tropical environments.

Evaporative quality of Nigeria’s gasoline: truck loading perspective

Gasoline emits volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that contribute to ground-level ozone formation with adverse health effects. Gasoline evaporation also results in economic losses. Hence, there is a need to understand the extent of avoidable economic losses and environmental damage. Furthermore, it becomes pertinent to investigate effective channels for reducing the emission of VOCs by preventing leakage during trucking and improving the regulation of gasoline evaporative quality (such as vapour pressure). This study focused on emissions during the truck loading of gasoline at petroleum depots in Nigeria. Gasoline evaporative emissions depend on ambient temperature, gasoline volatility, control of leakage and recovery systems. This study determined the VOC emission factor and the equivalent gasoline losses under different conditions. The results from the analyses showed that the higher the evaporative quality of the gasoline, the greater the VOCs emitted into the environment—with adverse health implications. Specifically, as much as 8510 tonnes of VOCs are issued annually from the truck loading of gasoline in Nigeria. Consequently, the country loses approximately 0.058% of total truck-out gasoline to evaporation and leakages during truck loading alone. This study provides evidence that a reduction in vapour quality with efficient recovery and control regulations would reduce VOC emissions and equivalent gasoline loss by 97.67%.

Oil spillage measures caused drastic reduction in total petroleum hydrocarbon levels in petroleum depot in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria

The concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in surface water samples from ten sampling sites in the streams around the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) Depot, Apata, Nig...

Development of a method to identify inter-regional environmental incidents associated with the oil spills in HCM City and the neighboring provinces

The inter-regional incidents associated with the oil spill is increasingly a serious problem to the industrial developing countries, like Vietnam. In this study, a multi-criteria analysis process was proposed to identify petroleum depots that represent potential inter-regional oil spill incidents in Ho Chi Minh City and the neighboring provinces. The criteria for determining the inter-regional inccidents asscociated with oil spill comprise of a number of criteria sets such as oil spill hazard criteria, inter-regional hazard criteria, oil spill damage criteria. Hierarchical analysis (AHP) has been applied for identifying the importance factor of the criteria. The total risk of inter-regional oil spill incidents are then estimated to provide effective support to the risk management and response plan.

Assessment of the Impact of Petroleum Depot Effluents on a Nearby River Quality

The possible effects of the petroleum depot effluents on the river water quality were examined. Twelve-monthly water sampling (June, 2015 to May, 2016) were taken from upstream and downstream of the river. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), total solid (TS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total alkalinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness, phosphate, sulphate, nitrate, chloride and heavy metals were determined using standard methods. The pH, temperature, TDS, TSS, TS, BOD, total alkalinity and chloride concentrations exceeded the guidelines values of WHO, SON and EPA during the dry season and within the permissible limits during the rainy season. The EC, total hardness, sulphate and nitrate were within the range of standards while phosphate and turbidity exceeded the permissible standard values throughout the sampling period. Pearson correlation coefficient of ions showed that there was a significant correlation at the 0.01 probability level. Therefore, the metals and anions are from a common source. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric results showed that concentration of Cd and Ni exceeded standard values, 0.005 and 0.1 mg/L respectively during the dry season while Pb and Cr exceeded the permissible limits, 0.01 and 0.05 mg/L during the rainy season. Copper was within the permissible limit 0.5 mg/L while Zn exceeded the permissible limit 0.05 mg/L throughout sampling periods. The levels of Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, and Cr in the river are particularly high enough to cause public concerns.

Egbuonu, Anthony Cemaluk C., Nkwazema Daniel C. Aloh, Godwin S. (2016). Impaired renal and cellular functions in asymptomatic petroleum depot workers in Calabar metropolis, south-south Nigeria.

Egbuonu, Anthony Cemaluk C., Nkwazema Daniel C. Aloh, Godwin S. (2016). Impaired renal and cellular functions in asymptomatic petroleum depot workers in Calabar metropolis, south-south Nigeria.