Pet-food Grade Poultry By-product Meal Research Articles

Palatability of water-soluble extracts of protein sources and replacement of fishmeal by a selected mixture of protein sources for juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Poor palatability is a limiting factor for replacing fishmeal with other protein sources in aquaculture. The water-soluble molecules with low molecular weights are the major determinants of the palatability of diets. The present study was conducted to investigate the palatability of water-soluble extracts from single protein source (single extract pellets) and the mixture of these extracts with different proportions (blended extract pellets) in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Then according to the palatability of blended extract pellets, an optimal mixture proportion was selected, and a new protein source made from raw protein materials with the selected proportion was formulated to replace fishmeal. Summarily, the palatability of single extract pellets for turbot was descendent from fishmeal to pet-food grade poultry by-product meal, wheat gluten meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, meat and bone meal, and corn gluten meal. Subsequently, according to the palatability of single extract pellets, 52 kinds of blended extract pellets were designed to test their palatability. The results showed that the pellets presented remarkably different palatability, and the optimal one was diet 52 (wheat gluten meal: pet-food grade poultry by-product meal: meat and bone meal: corn gluten meal = 1:6:1:2). The highest ingestion ratio (the number of pellets ingested/the number of pellets fed) was 0.73 ± 0.03, which was observed in Diet 52. Then five isonitrogenous (52% crude protein) and isocaloric (20 kJ g−1 gross energy) diets were formulated by replacing 0 (control), 35%, 50%, 65% and 80% of fishmeal with No.52 blending proportion. After a 10-weeks feeding trial, a consistent feed intake was found among all replacement treatments. Replacement level of fishmeal up to 35% did not significantly influence final body weight, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio, and protein efficiency ratio of turbot. Therefore, the water-soluble extracts of protein sources play an important role in improving the palatability of non-fishmeal protein sources in aquafeed.

Apparent Digestibility of Selected Feed Ingredients in Juvenile Turbot (Scophthalmus maxima L.)

In aquaculture, replacing dietary fishmeal with other protein sources is challenging. In order to select substitute sources, it is necessary to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients, many of which have not been well characterized for fish species. We investigated the apparent digestibility of eight protein sources fed to juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maxima L.). These were Peruvian super red fishmeal (FM), peanut meal (PM), corn gluten meal (CGM), dehulled solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM), wheat gluten (WG), Australian beef meat and bone meal (MBM), spray-dried (pork) hemoglobin meal (SDHM) and American pet-food grade poultry byproduct meal (PBM). The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE), and amino acids were analyzed. Results indicated that turbot utilized high-protein feedstuffs better than high-carbohydrate or high-fiber feedstuffs. This study provides valuable information on ingredient selection and evaluation of feed for turbot.

Nitrogen utilization from diets with refined and blended poultry by-products as partial fish meal replacements in diets for low-salinity cultured Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus

Abstract Three trials were performed to evaluate partial fish meal (FM) replacement with poultry by-products in a practical-type diet for Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus reared in low-salinity. Two blended poultry by-product meals (BP67, BP70), two blended chicken concentrates (CC66, CC70) and one standard pet-food grade poultry by-product meal (E150) were evaluated. The diets were formulated to contain 48% crude protein (CP) and 21 MJ/kg. Poultry by-products replaced 67% of the FM protein on an isonitrogenous basis. Trial 1 was a 10 week growth trial with juvenile (3.3 ± 0.10 g) Florida pompano. No differences were detected in growth, efficiency, feed intake, protein productive value, or body composition between the by-product diets and a FM reference diet. Trial 2 examined protein, energy, dry matter, and organic matter digestibility and amino acid availability in 50.0 ± 3.8 g Florida pompano. Apparent CP digestibility (65.6–72.9%) was significantly lower (P

Evaluation of poultry by-product meal in commercial diets for juvenile cobia ( Rachycentron canadum)

A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential use of poultry by-product meal (PBM) as a partial replacement of fish meal protein in the commercial diets for juvenile cobia. Five isonitrogenous (approximately 45%) and isolipidic (about 11%) diets were formulated to contain graded levels of PBM, and fish meal protein was replaced with a pet food-grade PBM at 15, 30, 45, 60% level (PBM15, PBM30, PBM45, PBM60, respectively) without lysine and methionine supplementation. The reference diet (PBM0) contained fish meal and soybean meal as protein sources. Each diet was fed to groups of 20 juvenile cobia initially averaging approximately 5.8 g in triplicate 500-l tanks twice daily to apparent satiation. The results showed that growth performance and survival for fish fed PBM-supplemented diets were not significantly lower compared to fish fed the reference diet ( P > 0.05). However, protein efficiency ratio and feed efficiency ratio were significantly affected by the replacement level of fish meal protein with PBM, fish fed the PBM30 and PBM45 diets had higher PER and FER than fish fed the reference diet and the other diets. The condition factor, viscerosomatic index and intraperitoneal fat ratio were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments, however, fish fed the PBM45 diet had a higher hepatosomatic index than fish fed the other diets. There were no significant differences in moisture, crude lipid, ash, calcium and phosphorus content in whole body among all treatments, but the fish fed the reference diet had higher crude protein in whole body than fish fed the PBM-supplemented diets. There were no differences in liver superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidases activities among fish fed the experimental diets. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell and total immunoglobulin were not significantly affected by the replacement level of fish meal protein with PBM. With the exception of plasma glucose content, there were no significant differences in plasma triglyceride, cholesterol and total protein concentration in fish fed the experimental diets. The results of this study indicated that good quality terrestrial PBM can successfully replace fish meal in the commercial diets for cobia, and the optimal level of fish meal replacement with PBM was determined by quadratic regression analysis to be 30.75% on the basis of maximum protein efficiency ratio.

Amino acid availability from selected animal- and plant- derived feedstuffs for market-size sunshine bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis)

A study was conducted with market-size (867 g) hybrid striped bass to determine the nutrient digestibility and apparent amino acid availability of six common feedstuffs. The animal-protein feedstuffs tested were menhaden fish meal (MEN), anchovy fish meal (ANCH), pet-food grade poultry by-product meal (PBM-pet), and feed-grade poultry by-product meal (PBM-feed), while the plant-protein feedstuffs were dehulled solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM) and distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Test diets consisted of a 70 : 30 mixture of reference diet to test ingredient with chromic oxide (10 g kg−1%) as the inert marker. Diets were randomly assigned to triplicate tanks of fish that were fed their respective diets for 7 days prior to fecal collection by stripping. Two feeding trials were conducted sequentially to determine the digestibility of the six test ingredients. In trial 1, the three ingredients evaluated were MEN, PBM-feed, and PBM-pet. In trial 2, the three ingredients evaluated were ANCH, SBM, and DDGS. Apparent digestibility coefficients of protein (ADC-CP) were significantly (P < 0.05) different among test ingredients in trial 1 as protein digestibility of MEN (86%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of PBM-feed (75%), but was not significantly different from that of PBM-pet (78%). Protein digestibilities in trial 2 were not significantly different among test ingredients and averaged 76% for ANCH, SBM, and DDGS. Some apparent amino acid availability coefficients differed among feedstuffs for both trial 1 and trial 2. MEN provided higher amino acid availabilities for alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, valine, and tryptophan (99%, 98%, 94%, 96%, 99%, and 108%, respectively) when compared to PBM-feed (73%, 50%, 69%, 80%, 77%, and 91%, respectively) and PBM-pet (79%, 66%, 81%, 81%, 78%, and 99% respectively). Glycine, histidine, leucine, and proline availabilities in MEN (95%, 96%, 100%, and 98%, respectively) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of PBM-feed (64%, 82%, 82%, and 57%, respectively), but were not significantly different from PBM-pet (85%, 92%, 89%, and 80%, respectively). For trial 2, apparent amino acid availabilities for cystine, isoleucine, lysine, and tyrosine were significantly higher (P < 0.05) among treatments fed SBM (100%, 87%, 93%, and 97%, respectively) and ANCH (37%, 95%, 92%, and 84%, respectively) compared to treatments fed DDGS (−13%, 52%, 62% and 62%, respectively). Overall, amino acid availability in SBM and the two PBM’s appear comparable to MEN and ANCH and corroborate their high value as potential replacements for fish meal in sunshine bass diets. However, DDGS provided the lowest availabilities for several amino acids and should be used with caution.

Evaluation of Poultry By‐product Meal in Commercial Diets for Hybrid Striped Bass, Morone chrysops ♀ × Morone saxatilis ♂, in Pond Production

Abstract The efficacy of replacing fish meal with petfood‐grade poultry by‐product meal (PBM) on an ideal protein basis in commercial diets for hybrid striped bass (HSB) was evaluated under production conditions in pond culture. A generic production diet (GEN) for HSB was formulated to contain 45% protein, 12% lipid, and 3.7 kcal/kg. Protein in the generic diet was supplied by a mix of animal and plant sources typically used by the industry that included more than 20% select menhaden fish meal and less than 10% PBM. A positive control diet (GEN + AA) was formulated by supplementing the generic diet with feed‐grade Met and Lys to match the level of those amino acids in HSB muscle at 40% digestible protein. Substitution diets were formulated by replacing 35, 70, or 100% of fish meal in the GEN diet with PBM on a digestible protein basis and then supplementing with Met and Lys (designated 35PBM, 70PBM, and 100PBM, respectively) as needed to maintain concentrations equal to those in the GEN + AA diet. Diet formulation and extrusion were conducted by a commercial mill, and all diets met or exceeded known nutritional requirements for HSB. Twenty 0.10‐ha ponds (4 ponds/diet) were randomly stocked with juvenile HSB (76 ± 10 g; mean ± SD) at a density of 7400/ha and fed for 600 d (October 2004 to May 2006). Diets were fed once daily to apparent satiation to a maximum of 95 kg feed/ha. Total weight and number of fish in each pond were determined at harvest. Weight distributions in each pond were estimated by selecting every 15th fish during harvest. Subsets of ten fish from each of these samples were selected randomly for the determination of body composition and nutrient and energy retention. The availability of indispensable amino acids as well as ammonia production from the commercial test diets were determined in separate tank trials. Most production characteristics were not statistically different (P &gt; 0.10) among dietary treatments. Distributions of individual fish weights from each of the ponds were not affected by poultry by‐product level in the diet. Multivariate analysis of body compositional indices grouped diets into two clusters composed of GEN, GEN + AA, 35PBM vs. 70PBM, and 100PBM mainly because fish fed the 70PBM and 100PBM diets had greater (P = 0.001) body fat (visceral somatic indices) than fish fed the other diets. Ammonia production in tanks was not different among diets and peaked 6–8 h after feeding when fish were fed at 1.5% of body weight; ammonia‐N excretion ranged from 197 to 212 mg/kg/d and 18.5–21.5% of nitrogen intake. Some imbalances in the levels and ratios of selected amino acids to Lys were found in the diets containing higher amounts of PBM and were attributed to a lack of accurate availability coefficients during formulation for some dietary proteins. These imbalances in essential amino acids may have been the predominant factor in the somewhat fattier fish observed fed diets containing the two highest levels of PBM. Nevertheless, these results from fish stocked at commercial densities and raised to market size in ponds suggest that formulating diets on an available amino acid basis for all protein sources while balancing limiting amino acids, particularly Met, Lys, Thr, and Trp, on an ideal protein basis will yield significant improvements in HSB performance when fed commercial diets in which all fish meal is replaced with PBM.

Replacement of fish meal with poultry by-product meal in diets formulated for the humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis

An eight-week feeding trial was conducted to examine the possibility of replacing fish meal with poultry by-product meal (PBM) at high inclusion levels in the diets of the humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis, a carnivorous marine tropical fish. Six isolipidic (12%) and isoproteic (50%), experimental diets were formulated to contain graded levels of PBM. Fish meal protein was replaced with a feed-grade PBM at 50, 75 or 100% level (FPBM50, FPBM75, FPBM100, respectively), or a pet food grade PBM at 75 or 100% replacement level (PPBM75 and PPBM100, respectively). The control diet contained Danish fish meal as the sole protein source. The experimental diets were fed close to apparent satiation, twice a day to triplicate groups of humpback grouper fingerlings (12.4±0.2 g). The grouper fingerlings were randomly distributed into groups of 15 fish in cylindrical cages (61 cm depth and 43 cm diameter) and placed in a 150-ton seawater polyethylene tank. Except for fish fed the FPBM100 diet, growth performance, survival, and feed utilization efficiency for fish fed PBM-based diets were not significantly lower (P>0.05) compared to fish fed the control diet. The PBM source and dietary level did not significantly affect (P>0.05) the hepato- and visero-somatic indices or the condition factor of fish. Dry matter and protein apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the diets decreased with increasing dietary PBM, and ranged from 64.3–71.5% and 86.2 to 91.2%, respectively. High values (91.7 to 96.7%) for lipid ADC were observed in all diets, with no significant differences among dietary treatments. Whole-body moisture and lipid contents of the fish were not affected by the inclusion of PBM in the diets. With the exception of fish fed the FPBM100 diet, whole-body protein of fish fed the PBM-based diets was slightly higher than that of fish fed the control diet. There was a trend of increased whole-body ash with the increase in dietary levels of PBM. The results from this study indicate that good quality terrestrial PBM can successfully replace more than half the protein from marine fish meal in the diets for humpback grouper. However, total replacement of fish meal with PBM might be constrained by lowered nutrient digestibility and limiting essential amino acids, especially lysine and methionine.

Use of pet food-grade poultry by-product meal as an alternate protein source in weanling pig diets.

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate pet food-grade poultry by-product meal (PBM) as a replacement protein source for fish meal (FM), blood meal (BM), and spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP) in weanling pig diets. In the first study, 200 crossbred pigs (initial BW = 6.5 kg) were weaned (21 d) and randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments, which included a control and three test diets where PBM was substituted for FM, blood products, or both. Experimental diets were fed during Phase I (d 0 to 5 postweaning) and Phase II (d 5 to 19), and a common Phase III diet was fed from d 19 to 26. Overall (d 0 to 26), there was no difference in performance of pigs fed PBM in place of the other ingredients. However, during Phase I, BW (P < 0.05), ADG (P < 0.02), and intake (P < 0.001) in pigs fed diets containing SDPP were greater than those fed diets with PBM. In Exp. 2, the performance of pigs (n = 100, initial BW = 6.5 kg) fed diets containing 20% PBM (as-fed basis, replacing SDPP, BM, FM, and a portion of the soybean meal) in all phases of the nursery diet was compared with a group fed conventional diets without PBM. There were no differences in overall performance (d 0 to 26); however, ADG (P < 0.10) and feed intake were higher (P < 0.01) for pigs fed the conventional diet than for pigs fed the 20% PBM diet during Phase I (d 0 to 5). Experiment 3 was a slope-ratio assay to determine the ability of PBM to replace SDPP. A total of 320 pigs (initial BW = 7.32 kg) was weaned (21 d) and allotted to five treatment groups in three trials in a blocked design with product (SDPP or PBM) as the first factor, and lysine level (1.08, 1.28, 1.49%; as-fed basis) as the second factor. Growth rate increased with increasing lysine (P < 0.05), regardless of the source. These results indicate that PBM can be used in nursery diets in place of blood meal and fish meal without affecting performance. Furthermore, although feeding PBM in Phase I diets was not equivalent to SDPP during the first week, there was no overall difference in performance at the end of the nursery phase.

Effects of Poultry By-Product Meal as a Substitute for Fish Meal in Diets on Growth and Body Composition of Juvenile Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

A 35.5% crude protein shrimp diet containing 24.5% fish meal was modified by replacing fish meal with two types of poultry by-product meals (regular poultry by-product meal [PBM] and low-ash petfood-grade poultry by-product meal [PBMPG]) at 33.3, 66.7, and 100% on an equal weight (w/w) basis. Additionally, the PBM and PBMPG were defatted, and fish oil was added back so that their oil contents were the same as the original. These modified meals also were used to replace fish meal at 33.3, 66.7, and 100% on w/w basis. Thirteen diets (including a fish meal control diet) were fed to 936 shrimp of average weight 0.17±0.05 g. After an 8-week growth period, final body weight of the shrimp ranged from 1.09 to 2.21 g, and survival ranged from 62.5 to 84.7%. No body weight differences were observed between shrimp fed diets based on PBM and PBMPG (P= 0.188) or between shrimp fed PBM with and without fish oil supplementation (P= 0.549). However, shrimp fed the 33.3 or 66.7% fish meal replacement diets grew faster than those fed the 100% fish meal replacement diet (P= 0.018 and P= 0.048, respectively). Results demonstrated that up to 66.7% fish meal could be replaced by PBM without affecting shrimp growth (P >0.05). Adding fish oil to defatted PBM diets did not affect shrimp body composition (P >0.05).

Pulverizing and/or Defatting Effects on Electrical Energy Consumption and Particle Size and Moisture Levels of Poultry By-Products

Fine-grinding of high-fat animal protein meals often is necessary prior to inclusion in shrimp diets. The effects of pulverizing and defatting two types of poultry by-product meals (regular poultry by-product meal [PBM] and low-ash petfood-grade poultry by-product meal [PBMPG]) and the effects of pulverizing two types of feather meal (hydrolyzed feather meal [FM] and a high-digestibility feather meal [FMHD]) on particle size reduction, moisture loss, and electrical energy consumption were investigated. Pulverizing PBM resulted in a significant reduction in particle size (415 vs. 223 μm; P < 0.05), and defatting resulted in a similar apparent reduction (415 vs. 295 μm; P < 0.05). Defatting and pulverizing PBM resulted in an even greater change in particle size (295 vs. 119 μm; P < 0.05). Defatting PBM reduced grinding energy consumption dramatically (98 vs. 68 Kwh/MT; P < 0.05). Neither pulverizing (371 vs. 336 μm;P > 0.05) nor defatting (371 vs. 245 \\im;P> 0.05) significantly reduced particle size for PBMPG. Defatting had no effect on grinding energy (80.5 vs. 79.4 Kwh/MT; P > 0.05) for PBMPG. Pulverizing also significantly reduced particle size for both types ofFM (540 vs. 261 μm for FM, and 492 vs. 154 μm for FMHD; P< 0.05). Furthermore, pulverizing reduced moisture contents of all poultry by-products, especially FM. The average moisture reduction was 2.4% for both PBM and FM.