Peter Sand Research Articles

One Hundred Years of Dáil Éireann 1918–2018: Elections, Personalities and Issues

One Hundred Years of Dáil Éireann 1918–2018: Elections, Personalities and Issues Anthony White Dáil Éireann celebrates the centenary of its first meeting on 21 January 2019. It came into existence following the December 1918 general election to the British parliament. In that election the candidates of Sinn Féin won 73 seats. The party had campaigned on a policy of abstention from Westminster, and so 27 of the elected members assembled for the first meeting in Dublin’s Mansion House.1 The missing 46 were unable to attend as they had mostly been imprisoned or interned for nationalist activities. At its second meeting in January 1919, the Dáil established a government to administer the country. The Dáil was declared illegal by the British government some months later and driven underground and over the following two years many of its members were imprisoned more than once. It nevertheless survived to become the body with which the British government negotiated the AngloIrish Treaty of December 1921 and, in December 1922, became the legislative assembly of the Irish Free State.Asecond legislative chamber, the Seanad (or Senate) was established in December 1922. It sat until abolished by a vote of the Dáil in May 1936. It was revived and restructured under Bunreacht na hÉireann (the 1937 Constitution). It sat for the first time in April 1938 and has been in continuing existence since. Numbers, origins and ages of deputies and senators. 1,302 individuals have been elected as deputies (Teachtaí Dála or TDs) in the first hundred years of the Dáil. 796 senators have been elected or appointed since 1922. Of these, 318 have also been elected to the Dáil at some stage. In total, therefore, there have been 1,780 people who have acted as legislators in the first century of the modern Irish parliament. Of these, 189 (10.6%) have been women. From available figures, 308 of the legislators were born in Dublin, 206 in Cork, 93 in Limerick, 90 in Kerry, 89 In Galway, 84 in Mayo, 82 in Tipperary and 57 in Donegal. 64 were born in the six counties of Northern Ireland. One Hundred Years of Dáil Éireann 1918–2018: Elections, Personalities and Issues Studies • volume 107 • number 428 419 69 were born outside Ireland – 54 in Britain, 7 in the United States and 8 elsewhere. The youthful composition of the first and second Dáil is noteworthy. Of the 125 members of the second Dáil, elected in May 1921,2 72 (57.6%) were under the age of forty. 23 were in their twenties, the youngest being twentythree year old Thomas Derrig, TD for Mayo North/West. Five of the TDs were in their sixties, the oldest being George Count Plunkett and Laurence Ginnell at 67. The youthful pattern did not continue. In the fifty years between 1918 and 1968, 80 TDs under the age of thirty were elected, and 64 between 1969 and 2018. The youngest TD to be elected to Dáil Éireann was William Murphy (1928-2018) who had just passed his twenty-first birthday when elected Labour TD in the June 1949 Cork West by-election caused by the death of this father. Only four members have been elected to the Dáil in their seventies – Hugh Doherty, David J Madden, William Francis O’Donnell and Mark Henry, who was just short of his seventy-third birthday when elected Cumann na nGaedhael TD for Mayo North in June 1927. The age profile of the Senate has been in marked contrast to that of the Dáil. Between 1922 and 1968, only two members were in their twenties when first becoming senators. There were a further eight between 1969 and 2018.The youngest senator to date has been Kathryn Reilly, who was twentytwo years and seven months when elected for Sinn Féin to the Industrial and Commercial Panel in 2011. Five members were in their eighties on first becoming senators. The oldest was George Sigerson, author and professor of biology at UCD, who was 86 when appointed in December 1922. The other octogenarians were Matthew Stafford (85), Peter Sands (83), Peadar...

Peter Sands: charting a new course for The Global Fund

Peter Sands had a stormy start before taking up his new position as Executive Director of The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria on March 5, 2018. He was plunged into controversy last month after the decision by The Global Fund's senior management team to partner with Heineken, among other multinationals, and the implications for global health. The organisation, which invests and raises almost US$4 billion each year, is the world's largest public–private partnership set up to finance programmes to treat and prevent these three diseases and strengthen national health systems in the long term. The Global Fund under Peter SandsWithin the space of a few short weeks, the reputation of Peter Sands, incoming Executive Director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, has gone from respected to reckless according to some critics. In an Offline column last November, The Lancet's Editor offered an unreserved welcome to Sands, praising his “credibility” and “refreshing new vision”. Sands had assiduously built a compelling argument for governments to take the economic costs of infectious diseases more seriously. Full-Text PDF Offline: Who is Peter Sands?The appointment of a new Executive Director to lead the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria was not a tidy process. The first attempt to find a successor to Mark Dybul ended in ignominious failure, with questions raised, variously, about the moral probity and conflicts of interest of several prominent candidates. The Global Fund Board tried again. Four names made it through to the final shortlist. And then disaster seemed to strike once more. One candidate, Peter Sands, withdrew his name for “personal reasons”. Full-Text PDF Stop the toasts: the Global Fund's disturbing new partnershipIn the preface to Heather Wipfli's history of WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), she recounts how when she joined WHO to work on the FCTC, a recent fellow graduate from her masters programme invited her to lunch. He had been hired as a consultant for the alcohol industry which, in his words, was “petrified by the progress of the FCTC and believed that they would be the next target.”1 His role was to collect “intelligence on the process to help the industry prepare a defence”.1 Close to 20 years later, it is safe to say that the alcohol industry was largely successful. Full-Text PDF Partnering over the limit: The Global Fund's brewing crisisWe strongly disagree with the recent comments from Peter Sands, the new executive director of The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.1 In response to serious concerns from civil society,2 researchers,3 journals,4 and national representatives5,6 about The Global Fund's partnership with Heineken, Sands states that “the global health community needs to engage the private sector more rather than less…Because if we really want to achieve the SDGs [Sustainable Development Goals] and build more resilient health systems, we need to partner with the private sector to leverage their resources and their capabilities to innovate.”1 This statement seems to reflect a corporate logic that engagement with industries—all industries, regardless of their products and effect—is both inevitable and beneficial in all areas. Full-Text PDF

Offline: Who is Peter Sands?

Offline: Who is Peter Sands?

PI-04 DURABLE REDUCTIONS IN URINARY INCONTINENCE WITH LONG-TERM ONABOTULINUMTOXINA TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH OVERACTIVE BLADDER SYNDROME: FINAL RESULTS OF 3.5-YEAR STUDY

You have accessJournal of UrologyPlenary Session I - Best Abstracts1 Apr 2015PI-04 DURABLE REDUCTIONS IN URINARY INCONTINENCE WITH LONG-TERM ONABOTULINUMTOXINA TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH OVERACTIVE BLADDER SYNDROME: FINAL RESULTS OF 3.5-YEAR STUDY Victor Nitti, Dirk De Ridder, David Sussman, Peter Sand, Karl-Dietrich Sievert, Christopher Chapple, Brenda Jenkins, Yan Zheng, and Sidney Radomski Victor NittiVictor Nitti More articles by this author , Dirk De RidderDirk De Ridder More articles by this author , David SussmanDavid Sussman More articles by this author , Peter SandPeter Sand More articles by this author , Karl-Dietrich SievertKarl-Dietrich Sievert More articles by this author , Christopher ChappleChristopher Chapple More articles by this author , Brenda JenkinsBrenda Jenkins More articles by this author , Yan ZhengYan Zheng More articles by this author , and Sidney RadomskiSidney Radomski More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.2932AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Here we present final results of a multicenter, extension study which evaluated long-term efficacy and safety of repeated treatment with onabotulinumtoxinA (onabotA) 100U (up to 3.5 years) in patients (pts) with overactive bladder syndrome (OAB). METHODS Following completion of either of two 24-week, randomized, phase 3 trials, pts were eligible to enter a 3-year extension study in which they could receive multiple intradetrusor onabotA treatments. Pts were treated ‘as needed’ based on their request and fulfillment of prespecified qualification criteria. Data were assessed for the discrete subpopulations of pts who needed exactly 1 (n=105), 2 (n=118), 3 (n=117), 4 (n=83), 5 (n=46), or 6 (n=33) onabotA (100U) treatments during study participation in order to evaluate consistency of response to repeated treatments. Assessments included mean change in UI episodes/day (co-primary endpoint) at week 12 after treatment, proportion of pts with an overall median time to request retreatment (duration of effect) of ≤6 months, 6-12 months, and >12 months, and adverse events (AEs). RESULTS Of the 543 pts who received onabotA 100U, 51.2% completed the study. Discontinuations due to AEs/lack of efficacy were low (5.3/2.8%); the most common reasons for discontinuation were not treatment-related (e.g. personal reasons, study burden, site closure, etc). Baseline mean UI episodes/day were 4.5, 5.0, 5.8, 5.9, 5.2, and 5.7 in the subgroups of pts who needed 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 onabotA (100U) treatments during the study. Mean reductions in UI episodes/day at week 12 after each treatment were consistent in all subgroups, irrespective of the number of treatments needed; ranges for subgroups who received 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 treatments were: -3.1; -2.9 to -3.2; -4.1 to -4.5; -3.4 to -3.8; -3.0 to -3.6; and -3.1 to -4.1. As expected, pts who received fewer treatments had longer duration of effect than pts who received more treatments. The median time to request re-treatment was ≤6 months for 34.2%, 6-12 months for 37.2%, and >12 months for 28.5% of pts; overall median duration of effect was 7.6 months. Urinary tract infection was the most common AE observed, with no changes in safety profile observed over time. CONCLUSIONS Long-term treatment with onabotA (100U) resulted in consistent reductions in daily UI episodes, with a median duration of effect >6 months in ∼2/3 of pts and >12 months in almost 1/3 of patients. No increases in AE rates were observed with repeated treatment. © 2015 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 193Issue 4SApril 2015Page: e719-e720 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2015 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Victor Nitti More articles by this author Dirk De Ridder More articles by this author David Sussman More articles by this author Peter Sand More articles by this author Karl-Dietrich Sievert More articles by this author Christopher Chapple More articles by this author Brenda Jenkins More articles by this author Yan Zheng More articles by this author Sidney Radomski More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

MP38-01 LONG-TERM EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF REPEAT ONABOTULINUMTOXINA TREATMENT IN OVERACTIVE BLADDER SYNDROME AND URINARY INCONTINENCE: THIRD INTERIM ANALYSIS, MEDIAN 2.4 YEAR FOLLOW-UP

You have accessJournal of UrologyUrodynamics/Incontinence/Female Urology: Incontinence Therapy II1 Apr 2014MP38-01 LONG-TERM EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF REPEAT ONABOTULINUMTOXINA TREATMENT IN OVERACTIVE BLADDER SYNDROME AND URINARY INCONTINENCE: THIRD INTERIM ANALYSIS, MEDIAN 2.4 YEAR FOLLOW-UP Victor Nitti, Christopher Chapple, David Sussman, Sidney Radomski, Peter Sand, Steven Guard, Christopher Nardo, Jihao Zhou, and Karl-Dietrich Sievert Victor NittiVictor Nitti More articles by this author , Christopher ChappleChristopher Chapple More articles by this author , David SussmanDavid Sussman More articles by this author , Sidney RadomskiSidney Radomski More articles by this author , Peter SandPeter Sand More articles by this author , Steven GuardSteven Guard More articles by this author , Christopher NardoChristopher Nardo More articles by this author , Jihao ZhouJihao Zhou More articles by this author , and Karl-Dietrich SievertKarl-Dietrich Sievert More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2014.02.1258AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES OnabotulinumtoxinA (onabotA) was shown to significantly improve urinary incontinence (UI) and quality of life (QOL) in patients (pts) with overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome and UI who were inadequately managed with an anticholinergic (ACH) in 2 large placebo-controlled, multicenter, phase 3 trials. Less is known about the long-term efficacy/safety of onabotA for OAB. Here we present this third, pre-specified interim analysis of a large, multicenter extension study of the long-term efficacy/safety of onabotA for OAB. METHODS Pts who completed the phase 3 studies could enter a 3 year (y) extension study to receive multiple intra-detrusor onabotA 100U injections. Data integrated across the phase 3 and extension studies were analyzed by onabotA treatment (tx) cycle (up to 5). Assessments included change from study baseline (BL) at week (wk) 12 in OAB symptoms (including co-primary endpoint of UI episodes), proportion of pts with a positive tx response (greatly improved or improved) on the Tx Benefit Scale (TBS; co-primary endpoint), health-related quality of life (HRQOL), duration of effect, adverse events (AEs), and use of clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). RESULTS A total of 829 pts entered the extension study; 544 pts were followed up for ≥2 y. As of 6/13, median follow-up was 126 wk (2.4 y). Discontinuation rates due to AEs/lack of efficacy were low (4.5%/4.9%). At BL, pts reported a mean of 5.55 UI episodes/day. Reductions in UI episodes/day were consistently observed at wk 12 following repeat onabotA 100U tx: reductions were -3.26, -3.70, -3.87, -3.20, and -3.22 (cycles 1-5, respectively). Other OAB symptoms were also consistently reduced over repeated onabotA tx, and improvements in HRQOL consistently exceeded clinically relevant minimally important differences. High proportions of onabotA-treated pts continued to report positive TBS responses with repeat onabotA (74.0, 80.9, 80.4, 79.4, and 86.1% in cycles 1-5). Median duration of effect was 24.0, 31.6, 27.9, 24.3, and 23.9 wks (cycles 1- 5). Urinary tract infection was the most common AE in each tx cycle (27.5, 26.5, 27.4, 19.9, and 18.2%), and no change in AE profile over time was observed. CIC rates were 4.6, 4.0, 4.3, 4.6, and 2.9% (cycles 1-5). CONCLUSIONS Continued follow-up in this long-term study revealed sustained improvements in OAB symptoms, pt perception of improvement in their condition, and HRQOL, with no new safety signals observed with repeated onabotA 100U tx in OAB pts with UI inadequately managed with an ACH. © 2014FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 191Issue 4SApril 2014Page: e400-e401 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2014MetricsAuthor Information Victor Nitti More articles by this author Christopher Chapple More articles by this author David Sussman More articles by this author Sidney Radomski More articles by this author Peter Sand More articles by this author Steven Guard More articles by this author Christopher Nardo More articles by this author Jihao Zhou More articles by this author Karl-Dietrich Sievert More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

The Reality of Precaution – Comparing Risk Regulation in the US and Europe by Jonathan Wiener, Michael Rogers, James Hammitt, and Peter Sand (eds). Washington: Resource for the Future Press, 2011 602 pp., $69.95, Paperback.

The Reality of Precaution – Comparing Risk Regulation in the US and Europe by Jonathan Wiener, Michael Rogers, James Hammitt, and Peter Sand (eds). Washington: Resource for the Future Press, 2011 602 pp., $69.95, Paperback. - Volume 3 Issue 2

Once Daily Trospium Chloride is Effective and Well Tolerated for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder: Results From a Multicenter Phase III Trial

An extended release formulation of trospium chloride was recently developed for the once daily treatment of overactive bladder. We investigated the safety, efficacy and tolerability of 60 mg trospium chloride once daily. Subjects with overactive bladder were randomized 1:1 to receive 60 mg trospium chloride once daily or placebo in this 12-week multicenter, parallel, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Primary end points were calculated changes in diary recorded daily urinary frequency and daily urgency urinary incontinence episodes. Secondary end points were urgency severity, volume voided per void and the number of urgency voids per day. Safety was assessed by clinical examination, adverse event monitoring, clinical laboratory values and resting electrocardiograms. Overall 601 subjects were prescribed trospium once daily (298) or placebo (303). Trospium once daily treatment resulted in significant improvements over placebo in all primary and key secondary efficacy outcomes at weeks 1 through 12. The most common adverse events were dry mouth (trospium 8.7% vs placebo 3%) and constipation (trospium 9.4% vs placebo 1.3%). Central nervous system adverse events were rare (headache with trospium 1.0% vs placebo 2.6%). No clinically meaningful changes in laboratory, physical examination or electrocardiogram parameters were noted. Trospium once daily provided significant improvements in overactive bladder symptoms (frequency, urgency urinary incontinence and urgency). Efficacy was similar to that seen previously with trospium chloride twice daily, while class effect anticholinergic adverse events occurred at comparatively low levels. Dry mouth was elicited at the lowest reported rate in the oral antimuscarinic drug class.

Mechanisms of compaction of quartz sand at diagenetic conditions

The relative contribution of cracking, grain rearrangement, and pressure solution during experimental compaction of quartz sand at diagenetic conditions was determined through electron and optical microscopy and image analysis. Aggregates of St. Peter sand (255±60 μm diameter grain size and porosity of approximately 34%) were subjected to creep compaction at effective pressures of 15, 34.5, 70, and 105 MPa, temperatures of 22 and 150°C, nominally dry or water-saturated (pore fluid pressure of 12.5 MPa) conditions, and for times up to one year. All aggregates displayed transient, decelerating creep, and volume strain rates as low as 2×10 −10 s −1 were achieved. The intensity of fracturing and degree of fragmentation increase with volume strain and have the same dependence on volume strain at all conditions tested, indicating that impingement fracturing and grain rearrangement were the main mechanisms of compaction throughout the creep phase. The increase in fracture density and decrease in acoustic emission rate at long times under wet conditions reflect an increase in the contribution of subcritical cracking. No quantitative evidence of significant pressure solution was found, even for long-term creep at 150°C and water-saturated conditions. Comparison of our findings to previous work suggests that pressure solution could become significant at temperatures or times somewhat greater than investigated here.

Rate laws for water‐assisted compaction and stress‐induced water‐rock interaction in sandstones

Mineral‐water interactions under conditions of nonhydrostatic stress play a role in subjects as diverse as ductile creep in fault zones, phase relations in metamorphic rocks, mass redistribution and replacement reactions during diagenesis, and loss of porosity in deep sedimentary basins. As a step toward understanding the fundamental geochemical processes involved, using naturally rounded St. Peter sand, we have investigated the kinetics of pore volume loss and quartz‐water reactions under nonhydrostatic, hydrothermal conditions in flow‐through reactors. Rate laws for creep and mineral‐water reaction are derived from the time rate of change of pore volume, sand‐water dissolution kinetics, and (flow rate independent) steady state silica concentrations, and reveal functional dependencies of rates on grain size, volume strain, temperature, effective pressure (confining minus pore pressure), and specific surface areas. Together the mechanical and chemical rate laws form a self‐consistent model for coupled deformation and water‐rock interaction of porous sands under nonhydrostatic conditions. Microstructural evidence shows a progressive widening of nominally circular and nominally flat grain‐grain contacts with increasing strain or, equivalently, porosity loss, and small quartz overgrowths occurring at grain contact peripheries. The mechanical and chemical data suggest that the dominant creep mechanism is due to removal of mass from grain contacts (termed pressure solution or solution transfer), with a lesser component of time‐dependent crack growth and healing. The magnitude of a stress‐dependent concentration increase is too large to be accounted for by elastic or dislocation strain energy‐induced supersaturations, favoring instead the normal stress dependence of molar Gibbs free energy associated with grain‐grain interfaces.

Physicians Hear About Incontinence

MOST ADULTS in diapers do not need to be. Urinary incontinence is usually treatable, often without surgery. The say experts, is getting primary care physicians to provide this care. That may change. Diaper manufacturers are starting to advise users to consult physicians, and government regulators are likely to get involved. But, for the moment, incontinence is of little interest to many physicians, says L. Lewis Wall, MD, director of the Bladder Function Clinic at Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. Physicians ask patients, What do you expect at your age? says Cheryl Gartley, president of the Simon Foundation, a support group that is based in Wilmette, Ill, a suburb of Chicago. Or they tell them to wait until it becomes more of a problem, says Peter Sand, MD, director of urogynecology at Rush Medical College of Rush University in Chicago. Half the patients who are referred to him, he

Review: Building a City: 100 Years of Melbourne Architecture by Granville Wilson, Peter Sands; George Temple-Poole: Architect of the Golden Years, 1885-1897 by Ray Oldham, John Oldham; Victorian Splendour: Australian Interior Decoration, 1837-1901 by Suzanne Forge; Australian Art and Architecture: Essays Presented to Bernard Smith by Anthony Bradley, Terry Smith, Bernard Smith

Review: Building a City: 100 Years of Melbourne Architecture by Granville Wilson, Peter Sands; George Temple-Poole: Architect of the Golden Years, 1885-1897 by Ray Oldham, John Oldham; Victorian Splendour: Australian Interior Decoration, 1837-1901 by Suzanne Forge; Australian Art and Architecture: Essays Presented to Bernard Smith by Anthony Bradley, Terry Smith, Bernard Smith

Model of Autocementation of Quartz Sands as Suggested by SEM Study of St. Peter Sandstone: ABSTRACT

Autocementation of quartz sand commonly involves growth of ^agr-quartz in crystallographic continuity with the host grain (overgrowth). This mechanism is not well understood, but SEM examination of quartz grain surfaces from the St. Peter (Ordovician) sandstone suggests that overgrowths develop by recrystallization of a precursor matte or druse which covers much of the original grain surface. However, the matte is always absent along grain contact, and commonly exhibits foliation concentric with the host surface. A cyclic process is thereby suggested for the matte, but one which does not permit deposition between grain contacts. Alternating wetting and drying episodes in which dissolved material is deposited on the sand grain during each cycle is a possible mechanism. Num rous small (1 to 2 µm) euhedral kaolinite crystals scattered over and embedded in the matte are evidence of this mechanism. In the St. Peter sand, it appears that a pore fluid saturated with quartz and kaolinite, and containing numerous kaolinite crystallites, repeatedly came into contact with the sands and evaporated leaving a residue of SiO2 and kaolinite during each cycle. Whether these cycles were diurnal, annual, or reflect rises and falls in the water table is not known, but it is likely that the cementation involved stages requiring complete removal and reinjection of pore fluid, but not as an uninterrupted process in a permanent, continuous pore fluid. In this process, the driving forces (e.g., evaporation and a changing water table) are easy to identify and quantify. However, a static situation involving a stationary pore fluid does not present any obvious driving force for either mass transfer or recrystallization. End_of_Article - Last_Page 805------------

Sociolinguistics: A Critical Survey of Theory and Application. Robert Dittmar. Translated from the German by Peter Sand, Pieter A.M. Seuren and Kevin Whiteley. London: Edward Arnold, 1976

Sociolinguistics: A Critical Survey of Theory and Application. Robert Dittmar. Translated from the German by Peter Sand, Pieter A.M. Seuren and Kevin Whiteley. London: Edward Arnold, 1976

Effects on thermal storage efficiencies of modifying heat-transport properties of indigenous sandstones

For conditions encountered in much of the Midwest, an extensive layer of dry sandstones protected by an impermeable limestone roof is accessible for long-term (six-month), high-temperature ( T > 100 °C) thermal energy storage. The performance of such storage beds is examined when the thermal properties of sandstones are modified so as to adjust the permeability towards an optimum in order to reduce pumping power. The thermal properties of consolidated St. Peter sandstone, dispersed St. Peter sand, and pelletized St. Peter sand are measured by several techniques. A nondimensional computer model for beds bounded by a constant temperature water table is employed to estimate the influence of thermal property manipulation of storage system performance. Disrupting the sandstone permits a substantial increase in the volume efficiency and first and second law efficiencies. Pelletizing sand into particles of approx. 1 mm diameter permits marginal further increases in performance. Disruption of the consolidated sandstone reduces the thermal diffusivity and increases the permeability. Both effects improve performance.

Directions in Sociolinguistics - N. Dittmar, Sociolinguistics. A critical survey of theory and application. Translated from the German by Peter Sand, Pieter A. M. Seuren and Kevin Whiteley. London: Edward Arnold, 1976. Pp. x+307.

Directions in Sociolinguistics - N. Dittmar, Sociolinguistics. A critical survey of theory and application. Translated from the German by Peter Sand, Pieter A. M. Seuren and Kevin Whiteley. London: Edward Arnold, 1976. Pp. x+307. - Volume 7 Issue 3

Explosion pipe in test well on Hicks Dome, Hardin County, Illinois

In 1952, St. Joseph Lead Company drilled a well on the apex of Hicks Dome in Hardin County, Illinois, primarily to explore for oil or gas, and with the objective of testing the St. Peter sand horizon, which had not been reached in a previous well on the flank of the dome. A normal sequence of formations was encountered down to 1,600 feet, but at about that depth the drill entered a confused brecciated zone, which persisted to the bottom of the hole at 2,944 feet. This is interpreted as one of the explosion type breccias, or diatremes, common in this Illinois-Kentucky area, as well as in nearby Missouri. A correlation of formations between this and the earlier Fricker well is presented. It is suggested that Hicks Dome is an incipient or uncompleted cryptovolcanic structure.Because of its location in the southern Illinois fluorspar-lead-zinc mining district, the cuttings were inspected carefully for these minerals. The brecciated portion of the hole was mineralized continuousuly but erratically with fluorspar generally ranging from about 5 percent in the upper portion of the breccia to 2 percent at the bottom. This is much deeper than previously known in such amounts in the area. Parallel with the fluorspar content and similarly diminishing downward is an abnormal radioactivity characterized by 0.029 percent eU in the upper part of the breccia zone. The possibility is suggested that this could have been picked up from the formerly overlying New Albany, or Chattanooga, shale.

A Study of Porosity and Grain Relationships in Experimental Sands

ABSTRACT Fourteen samples, each of 50 grams, of well-sorted, moderately rounded, medium-grained St. Peter sand were artificially packed and cemented with Lakeside 70 cement. Thin and polished sections of the samples were prepared and studied to determine the original or pre-induration condition of such a sand with respect to (1) porosity, (2) average number of contacts per grain, (3) percentages of grains with given numbers of contacts, and (4) percentage of contact types. These data will serve as a basis for determining the presence and extent of pore-space reduction in natural sandstones due to induration. The investigation showed that natural sands similar in texture to those used in this study should have (1) a porosity of about 37 per cent; (2) 0.85 contacts per grain; (3) 46 per cent floating grains, 31 per cent grains with one contact, 16 per cent grains with two contacts, 6 per cent grains with three contacts, and 1 per cent grains with four contacts; and (4) 77 per cent tangential contacts, 17 per cent long contacts, and 6 per cent concavo-convex contacts. The investigation further suggests that the factors of porosity, average number of contacts per grain, and percentage of grains with given numbers of contacts are controlled primarily by sorting and packing while the percentage of contact types is a function of grain shape. The difficulties encountered in measuring the properties of porosity and grain relationships in this study were due chiefly to the Lakeside 70 cement. Future experimental work of this kind will yield more satisfactory results if a bonding agent can be found that nearly equals the grains in hardness and will not flow or melt during the preparation of thin sections.

Developments in Ohio in 1951

Developments in Ohio in 1951

Developments in Appalachian Area During 1941: ABSTRACT

Developments in Appalachian Area During 1941: ABSTRACT

Paleozoic and Pre-Cambrian Rocks of Vance Well, Delaware County, Ohio

The Vance well brings out several points of interest. It adds to the known extension of basement rocks of igneous origin to central Ohio. In this well such rocks were largely gneiss and are comparable with similar deposits in large fields on the north in Canada. From this and other wells in western Ohio it is apparent that the surface of these crystalline deposits represents an old erosion surface with much local and regional relief. Next the Cambrian rocks of sedimentary origin are worthy of note both for the number and the thickness of sandstone strata and for the high content of sandy material in the dolomite components. In the Vance test the St. Peter sand was not detected by analysis but the unconformity between the Black River and the Lower Magnesian groups was defi itely marked by the abrupt change from limestone to dolomite. The brine at this horizon was decidedly weak but was comparable with others throughout western Ohio. The evidence shows clearly that the green shales at the unconformities and those within the formations are simply normal deposits and have no relation to bentonite. The chief coloring pigment is celadonite, a glauconitic mineral, derived through chemical changes from muscovite, and present through a wide range of the geological column.