Pests Of Brinjal Research Articles

Fitness Cost Associated with Diamide-Resistant Population of Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer <i>Leucinodes orbonalis</i> Guenee

Brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis is a serious pest of brinjal and has evolved resistance to commonly used diamide insecticides such as flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole. Lifetable parameters of the field populations of L. orbonalis, collected from brinjal fields of Kullarayanpalayam (Palakkad) (PKD) and Anchal (Kollam) (KLM), Kerala, reported resistance to diamides was studied and compared with that of laboratory-reared susceptible population of L. orbonalis (Lo-S) procured from ICAR- NBAIR, Bengaluru to determine the fitness cost associated with diamide resistance. The results revealed that the PKD population was found to have a significantly longer larval period with 12.7± 0.82 days as compared to the Lo-S population (10.6± 2.71 days), while the KLM population showed a larval period of 11.1± 0.87 days. The pupal duration was significantly longer in both KLM and PKD populations with 10.3± 0.48 and 11.8± 0.63 days respectively; whereas, the Lo-S population showed only 9.6± 0.69 days. The longevity of female adults of PKD population was (3.80± 0.63 days), while KLM and Lo-S populations showed 4.20± 0.63 and 4.40± 0.51 days respectively. The fecundity of KLM (178.9± 6.08 eggs/ female) and PKD (171.40± 5.64 eggs/ female) populations were significantly lower when compared with the Lo-S population (194.1± 4.38 eggs/ female). Only 89.11% eggs hatched in the PKD population while 89.34± 2.73and 91.87± 4.01% of eggs hatched in KLM and Lo-S populations, respectively. However, the fitness parameters like the incubation period, pupation rate, adult emergence rate, female ratio, and male longevity were not significantly different. The PKD and KLM populations showed both negative and positive biological trade-offs exhibiting a relative fitness of 0.74 and 0.82 respectively compared to the Lo-S population (1).

Parasites of Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee from Manipur

Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a serious pest of brinjal. During the field observations, a solitary larval parasitoid of L. orbonalis viz., Trathala flavoorbitalis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was osberved. The present study reports larval parasitism of L. orbonalis with 6% field parasitism by T. flavoorbitalis in Manipur.

ROLE OF PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES IN COMBATING PEST INDUCED STRESS IN BRINJAL (SOLANUM MELONGENA L.)

Brinjal or eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known as a vegetable of diet because it contains high moisture and low calorific value. It is also a good source of antioxidants and phytonutrients. Brinjal is widely grown in the South and South-East Asian countries and is the second most important vegetable in India. It belongs to the Solanaceae family. Shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) pest of brinjal is the most widespread one and it has the ability to affect any of the developmental stages of brinjal. Plants and their insect herbivores have had a long and intimate evolutionary association that has resulted in many complex interactions mediated by specialized plant metabolites like phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids, cyanogenic glycosides etc. Frequent and excessive use of insecticides has become a common practice now which only increases the probability of resistance development and resurgence of pest. Hence to develop an effective approach to combat this pest understanding of its feeding mechanism and chemistry of its interaction with the fruit is necessary. The importance of the secondary metabolites in the field of chemical biology and in pest management is discussed in this study.

Bio-efficacy of newer insecticides against major insect pests of brinjal (Solanum melongena)

Bio-efficacy of newer insecticides against major insect pests of brinjal (Solanum melongena)

In vivo and in vitro assessment of Trichoderma species and Bacillus thuringiensis integration to mitigate insect pests of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

The present study was performed to assess the individual and combined potential of 3 different concentrations of Trichoderma sp. (Ts) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to control brinjal insect pests. Tested formulations were applied on larval and adult stages of the pest. The Trichoderma laboratory bioassays revealed 73% mortality of the aphid species, Aphis gossypii (Glover), and 53% mortality of the cotton leafhopper (Jassids) Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla (Ishida), while opposite results were observed in case of Bt at the highest concentration (1 × 108 cfu ml−1) used. In vivo results revealed that Ts caused a significant population reduction of the aphid (87%) than the jassid (72%), 7 days of post-treatment, at the highest concentration, while non-significant results were observed at the lowest concentrations. A. gossypii was significantly found more susceptible to the mixture of Trichoderma + Bt than the jassid (62%) and brinjal shoot and fruit borer (65%) even after 48 h of treatment application. The combined application (Trichoderma + Bt) showed maximum population reduction of jassid (88%), aphid (95%), and BSFB (96%), respectively, 7 days post-applications. The positive correlation among time and concentration was observed. The result may imply that consortium of these microbial organisms could be effective and can be incorporated in IPM programs for effective control of sucking and chewing insect pests of brinjal.

Evaluation of botanicals and biopesticides against major insect pests of brinjal

Evaluation of botanicals and biopesticides against major insect pests of brinjal

Feeding Preference of Larvae and Adults of Zigzag Beetle on Sucking Insect Pests of Brinjal Under Lab. Condition at Tando Jam

Study was carried out on Feeding Preference of Larvae and Adults of Zigzag Beetle on Sucking Insect Pests of Brinjal Under Laboratory Conditions in 2013 at Tando Jam. Observations on feeding preference of Zigzag beetle shows that the highest feeding consumption of first instar larvae of Zigzag beetle were consumed 9.28±1.47aphids/day. Similarly on whiteflies the feeding rate was 7.56±1.05, and on thrips 5.28±0.98. The mean highest consumption of 1st instar was recorded on aphids, and lowest on. Similarly in the second instar larva the mean highest consumption rate during 24 hours was recorded on aphids. 19.21±1.97 / day followed by whiteflies 13.39±2.82/day and thrips 10.36±1.89/day. In case of third instar larvae the maximum feeding rate was recorded on aphids 35.26±2.06/day followed by whiteflies. 23.15±2.45/day and thrips 16.36±3.82/day. The fourth instar larvae of Zigzag beetle was consumed 52.69±3.89aphids/day followed by whiteflies 39.64±3.02/day and thrips 26.85±5.56/day. While the feeding preference rate of both male and female adults of Zigzag beetle also observed. The male adults of Zigzag beetle was 61.17±4.67 aphids/ day. On whiteflies was 42.89±4.12. Similarly on thrips was 32.56±6.26 thrips/ day. The mean aphid consumption by female adults was more on aphids 72.34±5.33 / day followed by whiteflies 47.23±4.93/day and thrips 37.89±7.19/day. The overall data indicated that fourth instar larvae of Zigzag beetle was more voracious feeder of different sucking insect pests of brinjal as compare to 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae and female adults of Zigzag beetle consumed more sucking pests of brinjal than male adults . However, there is no significant difference between both sexes. The data reveals that aphids was most preferred food and thrips was least preferred prey for Zigzag beetle.
 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(1): 27-30

Habitat manipulation for managing insect pests of Brinjal

Field experiments were conducted at Allengmora, Jorhat during 2017–18 and 2018–19 to study the impact of habitat manipulation on the incidence of major pests of brinjal and their natural enemies. There were four treatments comprised of brinjal intercropped with coriander and carrot as border crop (T1); brinjal intercropped with carrot and cowpea as border crop (T2); brinjal intercropped with cowpea and coriander as border crop (T3) and brinjal as sole crop (T4). The results revealed that brinjal intercropped with carrot and cowpea as border crop (T2) was found to be the best in reducing the incidence of shoot (10.53%) and fruit (11.59%) damage. This treatment also reduced the population of Amrasca biguttula biguttula, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata and Aphis gossypii to 1.28, 1.73 and 1.89/leaf, respectively. Moreover, maximum numbers of coccinellid predators (2.41/leaves) with maximum yield of 19742 kg/ha and maximum cost benefit ratio (1: 4.25) was obtained with the same module. Thus, brinjal intercropped with carrot and cowpea as border crop could be adopted for effective management of key pests of brinjal.

Assessment of IPM modules against major pest of brinjal in Saran district of Bihar

Experiments were carried out at ten locations of surrounding area of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Manjhi, Saran district, Bihar during kharif season 2014 and 2015 with brinjal crop cv ‘Pant Rituraj’. The assessment reveled that module (M4) proved the most effective treatment against brinjal pest and diseses i.e. brinjal shoot and fruit borer, little leaf of brinjal, white fly and red spider mites, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd) in which lowest incidence was recorded as compared to other IPM modules, farmer practices and control plot during 2014 and 2015. Module (M3) was next effective treatment against the major pest of brinjal crop in both years. Significantly, maximum fruit yield was observed in module (M4) 214.03 and 210.10 q/ha during 2014 and 2015, respectively. This was significantly superior over all other treatments. The impact of various IPM modules showed that mean net return was also higher in module (M4) which was Rs 91897.00/ha. Application of neonicotioids or chloronicotinyl insecticides in module (M4) along with other IPM strategies gave effective management from shoot and fruit borer, little leaf of brinjal and red spider mites and received higher yield as compared to other insecticides like quinalphos and fenvalerate.

Comparison of pheromone traps against brinjal shoot and fruit borer, <em>Leucinodes orbonalis</em> (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis is a destructive pest of brinjal and its control is difficult as the larvae inhabited inside the shoots or fruits of brinjal. Two different studies were conducted in farmer’s field at Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India during Rabi 2013/14 (September, 2013 – January, 2014) and 2014/15 (September, 2014 – January, 2015) to evaluate the efficacy of 1) types of traps viz., sleeve and Wota-T traps, and erection heights viz., 30, 60, 90 cm above the crop canopy and at crop canopy level, and 2) concentration of lure viz., one, two and three mg (Lucin-lure®), and frequency of replacement of lure viz., 21, 45 and 60 days. The results showed that the Wota-T traps baited with 3 mg lure concentration, replaced at every 21 days caught more number of male moths of L. orbonalis. Trap catch was significantly higher in pheromone traps placed in the same level of canopy.

Seasonal incidence of major insect pests of brinjal and their natural enemies

Field experiments were conducted during 2012 and 2013 to know the seasonal incidence of major insect pests of brinjal and their natural enemy complex. As many as nine species of insect pests from the seedling stage to harvesting were observed. Among these, four viz., brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guen., epilachna beetle, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.), aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover and leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida were the major pests whereas aphid, Myzus pessicae (Sulzer), whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Guen.), flea beetle, Monolepta signata Oliv., leaf roller, Antoba (Eublemma) olivacea (Walker), semilooper, Plusia spp. were found as minor pests. Among these, brinjal shoot and fruit borer was the dominant one. Among natural enemies, six species of coccinellid predators viz., Coccinella transversalis, Harmonia dimidiata, Brumoides suturalis, Micraspis discolor, Coccinella septempunctata and Cheilomenes sexmaculata were recorded.

Biorational management of major pests of brinjal

Field experiments were carried out in brinjal during summer and kharif, 2013 to evaluate the efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana (talc formulation @ 5 gm/L), M. anisopliae and B. bassiana (potato dextrose broth @107 spores/ml), Bt formulation @ 1 ml/L, spinosad 45 SC @ 0.4 ml/L, Azadirachtin 1% @ 2 ml/L and Malathion 50 EC @ 2 ml/L against Leucinodes orbonalis, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata, Antoba olivacea and Selepa docilis. Spinosad 45 SC was found to be effective in reducing shoot and fruit infestation by L. orbonalis. Azadirachtin 1% was found to be most effective in controlling leaf infestation by E. vigintioctopunctata. Bt formulation was highly effective for early larval instars of A. olivacea. However, for later instars, malathion 50 EC was found to be effective. Azadirachtin 1% was found to be highly effective against S. docilis during summer and kharif.

Persistence toxicity of insecticides in Brinjal

An investigation was undertaken on the persistence toxicity (PT) of six insecticides viz., spinosad 45 SC, indoxacarb 17.8 EC, imidacloprid 17.8 SL, dimethoate 30 EC, cypermethrin 25 EC, emamectin benzoate 5 SG against major insect pests of brinjal during Kharif 2012–13. Imidacloprid 0.004% showed highest PT values of 934.50 and 940.84 against jassids (Amrasca biguttula biguttula) at first and second sprays. Dimethoate 0.03% showed highest PT values of 965.58, 1002.54 and 1002.12 against whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) at second, third and fourth sprays. Emamectin benzoate 0.002% showed highest PT values of 872.20 and 927.78 against third instar of shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) at third and fourth spray.

Socio-Economic Study of Brinjal Growers in Relation to Develop Bio-Intensive Pest Management Strategy for Red Lateritic Zone of West Bengal

In the red lateritic zone of West Bengal, brinjal is very popular crop among the farmers and it is normally grown as a Rabi crop. Among the various constraints of the low productivity of this crop, the incidence of insect pests is a major one, which not only reduces the returns, but also affects biosphere due to the excessive use of pesticides to control the pests. A brief idea about the socio-economic as well as plant protection status of the brinjal growers of red lateritic zone of West Bengal is essential to develop some bio-intensive integrated pest management strategies against this dreaded pest. Thus, a study was formulated in exploratory research design on the brinjal growers of the region with the following objectives: to know the socio-economic status of the brinjal growers in the study area, to explore the usual plant protection measures taken up by the growers against pests of brinjal and their knowledge regarding the latest plant protection methods and to study the economics of brinjal cultivation in the study area. Hundred farmers were selected through simple random sampling method (without replacement) as respondents from seven blocks of Birbhum district of West Bengal, which comes under red lateritic zone. Data were collected with the help semi-structured interview schedule, prepared by Asian Vegetable Research Development Centre, Taiwan, after minor modification. The study revealed that the farmers’ knowledge and practices to control the pests of brinjal were much more conventional in approach and it violated the principles of integrated pest management practices on the issue of sustainability of the crop in the region. The relatively higher educational and land holding status, long farming experience of the brinjal growers can be proved as relative advantage in terms of designing and dissemination of bio-intensive pest management strategy for the brinjal crop in the study area.

Zür Überwinterung vonLeucinodes orbonalis Guen. (Lep., Pyralidae), eines Schädlings der Aubergine,Solanum melongena L., im Kulu-Tal, West-Himalaya, Indien

Overwintering of Brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. (Lep., Pyralidae) in Kulu Valley, Western Himalaya, India The Brinjal shoot and fruit borer,Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee is a serious pest of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) in India. In the plains of India it is found throughout the year. In hills at higher altitudes it is absent during winter months but its overwintering was so far not known which is described here. The pest overwinters in larval stage under ahardly, leathery and dirty coloured cocoon attached to the host plant usually at about 1 to 3 cm below the soil surface. The pest overwinter from October to April or beginning of May and resists a low temperature of -6.5°C and 1 to 2 meter snow-fall found in the middle of the Valley.

Acaricidal Tests of Nine Pesticides Against the Two-Spotted Spider Mite, a Serious Pest of Brinjal (Eggplant) in West Bengal1

Tests were performed with 9 acaricides in different dosages against the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, a serious pest of brinjal in West Bengal. In general all the pesticides gave good results in knockdown and residual persistence for the test period. Tetradown (Tedion®) was somewhat slow in action but showed good residual effect. The acaricides from tile viewpoint of economics, can he arranged serially as follows: wettable sulfur, carbophenothion (Trithion®), elmental sulphur in colloidal form (Sulkol®), phosphamidon (Dimecron®), tetradifon, dimethoate (Rogor®), dicofol (Kelthanc®), lime sulfur, and chlorobenzilate (Akar®). Though wettable sulfur is the cheapest material for the control of mites alone, carbophenothion appears to be most economical, as it is effective against a wide range of pests associated with the mite.