Pesticides In Muscle Research Articles

Ecological impacts of pesticides on Astyanax jacuhiensis (Characiformes: Characidae) from the Uruguay river, Brazil

Brazilian freshwater ecosystems are continuously exposed to pesticides and domestic sewage. The Uruguay River was chosen for this study because of its international importance, as it flows through Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. It receives contaminants such as pesticides and domestic residues. Thus, the aim of this study to assess the accumulation of pesticides in muscle of the fish Astyanax jacuhiensis, its biochemical responses, and the presence of pesticides in water. In total, seven pesticides were registered in water from both river sites. Eight pesticides were detected in fish muscle. The biochemical responses showed that brain lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl (PC) in A. jacuhiensis were higher in the summer. Muscle showed the highest LPO levels in the spring and the highest PC in the summer. Liver LPO and PC levels were higher in the spring and summer. In the gills, the PC was higher in the spring and the LPO in the spring and winter. In the brain and in the gills, glutathione-S-transferase activity was high in the summer and autumn. Catalase activity was lower during the winter and spring. Non-protein thiol (NPSH) levels were lower in the brain in the winter and spring. Muscle tissue showed lower NPSH in the winter (site 1). Liver NPSH showed increased levels in liver in the spring and winter (site 2). The biochemical results clearly is related to pesticides and/or to the presence of other contaminants in the water such as metals or domestic sewage. The accumulation of pesticides in fish muscle added evidence that pesticides have been used in the area surrounding the Uruguay River. In conclusion, the biomarkers assayed in the present study could be used in future investigations considering other sampling sites along Uruguay River.

Health Risks associated with residual pesticide levels in fish reared in purified wastewater from slaughterhouse

The main objective of the present research was to determine the concentrations of the selected pesticides in muscle, liver and skin of common carp. Fish were sampled in two different seasons from fish pond which received previously treated slaughterhouse wastewater. Pesticides including etridiazole, chloroneb, trifluralin, propachlor, chlorothalonil, hexa-chlorocyclopentadiene, atrazine, simazine, alachlor, metribuzin, metolachlor, DCPA, cyanazine, chlorobenzilate, endrin aldehyde, cis permethrin and trans permethrin were determined by using a GS-MS method. Many of pesticides were not determined or determined in low concentrations. Propachlor was found in muscle, skin and liver. The recommended acceptable daily intake was higher in comparison with the estimated daily intake for examined pesticides via fish reared in treated slaughterhouse wastewater. It is very important to maintain the safety of the fresh fish produced in wastewater in order to ensure food safety and avoid health problems in humans.

Organochlorine Pesticides in Muscle of Wild Seabass and Chinese Prawn from the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, China

Muscle samples from wild seabass and Chinese prawn collected from the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, China were analyzed for 22 organochlorine pesticides. DDTs were the predominant contaminants in all samples. The concentration of DDTs in seabass was 247 μg kg(-1) wet wt (from 4.30 to 2,089 μg kg(-1) wet wt). Significantly, concentration of DDTs in seabass was much higher than that in prawn (6.51 μg kg(-1) wet wt). Very high concentrations of DDTs and high DDT/DDTs ratio were found in seabass samples from some locations, which imply there might be new inputs of DDT into the marine environment.

Organochlorine Pesticides in Muscle of Rainbow Trout from a Remote Japanese Lake and Their Potential Risk on Human Health

We determined the concentrations and residue patterns of 20 persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), chlordane-related compounds (CHLs), mirex, dieldrin, endrin, and aldrin, in muscle of rainbow trout from Lake Mashu, Japan. Total concentrations of OCPs varied from 1.0 to 132 ng g−1 lipid weight. α-HCH was the most prevalent OCP contaminant in the fish muscle. Using the daily fish consumption in Japan (95.2 g), the mean weight of a Japanese adult (50.0 kg), and residual pesticide concentrations, we calculated the estimated daily intakes of γ-HCH, DDTs, CHLs, and dieldrin for humans to be 0.39, 0.48, 0.68, and 0.08 ng kg−1 day−1, respectively. Judging from acceptable daily intakes established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization, we believe that these OCP levels would not adversely affect human health.

Multiresidue analysis of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in muscle of chicken, pork and lamb by gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

A method was optimized and validated for the simultaneous determination of residues of organochlorine (OCPs) and organophosphorus (OPPs) pesticides in meat samples from chicken, pork and lamb. The method is based in the extraction of homogenized meat mixed with sodium sulphate and ethyl acetate in polytron, although both Soxhlet and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) were also tested. Then, a clean-up step by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was applied, before the final determination by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass spectrometry (MS) detection system. Confirmation criteria of the pesticides were based in the 2002/657/EC European Commission Decision that establishes at least three identification points (IPs) for organic residues in live animals and animal products. The analytical process was validated in each matrix by the analysis of spiked blank samples. Performance characteristics, such as linearity, detection limit (LOD), quantitation limit (LOQ), precision and recovery were studied. Recoveries and precision values were 70.0–90.0% and 15%, respectively, for the bulk majority of pesticides. LOD < 2.0 and LOQ < 5.0 μg/kg were obtained for all the target compounds, except for acephate. The proposed analytical methodology was applied to the analysis of the pesticides in 30 samples, 10 from chicken, 10 from pork and 10 from lamb. Only three OCPs, endosulfan α, endosulfan sulfate and dichloran were detected in three different lamb samples, while endosulfan α was detected in only one pork sample, at concentration levels lower than the LOQ values. However, pesticide residues were not found in any of the other 10 chicken samples analyzed.

Incidence of organochlorine pesticides in muscle and liver tissues of South African great white sharks Carcharodon carcharias

Because of the environmental persistence and biomagnification of DDT and other organochlorine pesticides, marine apex predatory species such as polar bears and toothed whales have been shown to accumulate significant concentrations (Muir et al., 1999). Few studies have examined concentrations in marine predators closer to the tropics. An apex predator that frequents tropical environments and also preferentially feeds upon marine mammals is the great white shark Carcharodon carcharias. Gut content analyses of immature white sharks taken in large-mesh gillnets that provide protection against shark attack at the more popular beaches in KwaZuluNatal on the East Coast of South Africa have indicated that 40.8% of the total diet by weight -was of marine mammal origin (Cliff et al., 1989). Tricas and McCosker (1984) commented that white sharks over 2.5 m tend to target marine mammals. This was supported by Cliff et al. (1989), who showed a higher incidence of marine mammals by frequency of occurrence, by mass and by number in the gut contents of larger sharks with a higher preference toward cetaceans over pinnipeds (Tricas and McCosker, 1984; Cliff et al., 1989). Previous studies examining organochlorine pesticides in blubber of com-

Levels of organochlorine and polycyclic aromatic compounds in harp seal beaters ( Phoca groenlandica)

Chlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, chlorobiphenyls, organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured in blubber, liver, kidney and muscle of five male and five female, 8-month-old harp seals ( Phoca groenlandica). Levels of organochlorine contaminants were lowest in muscle, nearly 100 times higher in blubber and intermediate in kidney and liver. Only 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran was detected in all liver and blubber samples (0.45 and 3.15 pg/g wet wt., respectively). Concentrations of chlorobiphenyls expressed as Aroclor 1254 were 3.8 and 8.2, 8.6 and 21.5, 23 and 73, and 945 and 890 ng/g wet wt. in the muscle, kidney, liver and blubber of female and male seals, respectively. p, p′-DDE, trans-nonachlor, oxychlordane and α-HCH were the additional predominant organochlorine compounds at 460 and 460, 415 and 530, 300 and 390, and 190 and 230 ng/g wet in the blubber of female and male seals, respectively. Concentrations of chlorobiphenyls and pesticides in muscle, liver and kidney were two–three times higher in males compared to females, whether expressed on a wet weight or a lipid weight basis, and approximately equal in blubber, even though the blubber layer of females was 30% thicker than that of males. Naphthalene and its C1–C3 homologues were detected in all tissues, generally at concentrations below 10 ng/g wet wt. The concentrations of PCBs and DDTs in blubber are considerably lower than those reported for juvenile seals from the same area 20 years ago. PCB and organochlorine pesticide concentrations and profiles are discussed in relation to those reported from other areas, as well as to sex and age of the seals.

Bioconcentration and excretion of diazinon, ibp, malathion and fenitrothion by carp

1. Bioconcentration and excretion of diazinon, IBP, malathion and fenitrothion were studied for carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.). 2. The concentrations of these pesticides in muscle and viscera of the carp reached plateaus in 12–48 hr exposure. 3. The average values of bioconcentration factors (BCF) for diazinon were 20.9 in muscle, 60.0 in liver, 111.1 in kidney and 32.2 in gallbladder over the 168 hr exposure period. Similarly, those values were 4.3–26.7 for IBP, 2.7–17.3 for malathion, and 36.0–157.1 for fenitrothion. 4. The excretion rate constants of malathion (hr −1) were 0.13 for muscle, 0.12 for liver, 0.08 for kidney and 0.06 for gallbladder. Those of diazinon, IBP and fenitrothion (g · ng −1 · hr −1) were 0.002–0.024 for muscle, 0.001–0.020 for liver, 0.0004–0.004 for kidney and 0.002–0.023 for gallbladder, respectively.