Pesticide Residues In Samples Research Articles

Pesticide residues in samples of apples, lettuce and potatoes from integrated pest management in Slovenia from 2005-2009

In the period from 2005 to 2009 225 samples of apples, lettuce and potatoes from Slovene producers included in integrated pest management (IPM) were analysed for plant protection product (PPP) residues. The samples were analysed for the presence of more than 200 different active compounds using four analytical methods. In 38.7% of apple samples residues were not detected, 58.6% of apple samples contained residues lower than or equal to Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) while 2.7% of apple samples exceeded MRLs. In 84.6% of lettuce samples residues were not detected, 12.3% of lettuce samples contained residues lower than or equal to MRLs while 3.1% of lettuce samples exceeded MRLs. In 98.0% of potato samples residues were not detected, 2.0% of potato samples contained residues lower than or equal to MRLs and no potato samples exceeded MRLs. Multiple residues were found only in apples and lettuce. The trend observed during the years was the decrease of sample portion of samples containing multiple residues in apples from 2005 to 2008. The most frequently found active substance in apples and lettuce was dithiocarbamates. In potato only phosalone was found.

Quantitative analysis of multiclass pesticide residues in spinach, Iran

Pesticide residues in agricultural crops, particularly vegetables, are a global concern due to their adverse impacts on human health. As spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is among the valuable leafy vegetables in the Iranian food basket, this survey was conducted to assess the presence of 108 pesticide residues (including organophosphorus, organochlorines, carbamates, dicarboximides, strobilurin, triazine, pyrethroids, etc.) in spinach samples, to ensure consumer safety. A total of 11 spinach samples were collected, during a ten-month period, from local markets of four different cities of Iran (Isfahan, Khash, Sari, and Karaj). Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) technique was applied for sample pretreatment. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method was applied for quantification of multi-pesticide residues in spinach samples. The obtained findings displayed that all the pesticide residues in the samples were below the LODs, and also much lower than the MRLs (maximum residue limit) set by EU/Codex. The findings showed that spinach is in a good status in terms of pesticide residues. Nevertheless, a continuous screening program is highly recommended because of the persistent nature and toxicity of applied pesticides to human health, so that any inconsistency with the maximum residues limits standards can be identified immediately and relevant actions are taken.

Efficient determination of pesticides in rice by QuEChERS and UV spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTargeting the problems, like various residual pesticides, the high interference of sample matrix and the slow detection speed, this work studied the rapid screening method of multipesticide residues in rice by taking bensulfuron‐methyl, propanil and cypermethrin as examples.FindingsRice matrix solution was obtained by using the improved QuEChERS method, matrix standard solution, and solvent standard solution were prepared to obtain the linear range and matrix effect of each pesticide. QuEChERS method could rapidly pretreat samples, and the matrix effect was soft, with matrix effect values lower than 16%. Mixed solutions of the three pesticides in four combinations were prepared within the linear range. The type of pesticides in rice was determined by support vector machine (SVM), and the pesticide concentration was predicted by partial least square regression (PLSR). SVM provided a supervised identification method for pesticide residues, making the recognition accuracy higher than 90%. The error of PLSR in predicting pesticide concentration was lower than 5.36%.ConclusionsUV spectroscopy had fast test speed, so the combination of QuEChERS and UV spectroscopy could improve the efficiency of analysis. SVM combined with PLSR could preliminarily determine the type of pesticides in rice sample, and then accurately predict the concentration of pesticides.Significance and NoveltyThe QuEChERS sample pretreatment technology and UV spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics was expected to be a new technology for rapid detection of pesticide residues in samples.

Detection and risk associated with organochlorine, organophosphorus, pyrethroid and carbamate pesticide residues in chicken muscle and organ meats in Jordan

The aims of this study were to: i) analyze the prevalence and concentration of pesticides belonging to 4 major classes, namely organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids in chicken meat, liver and kidney; ii) evaluate the impact of boiling, frying and freezing on pesticide levels in chicken meat, and iii) estimate the dietary exposure to pesticide residues in chicken meat and conduct a risk assessment. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (LC – MS/MS) was used to determine the concentrations of pesticide residues in samples. A total of 300 domestic (local) and imported samples were collected from the marketplace in Jordan. About 2.3%, 48.3%, 83%, and 46.3% of the samples exceeded MRLs for the organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamate and pyrethroid pesticide groups, respectively. About 90% of the local and imported muscle samples and almost all the local and imported liver samples contained one or more pesticide above the MRL. Among all the samples tested, two pesticides, namely deltamethrin and fenoxycarb, occurred in high concentrations. Domestic samples were observed to have higher concentrations of pesticides compared to their imported counterparts. The pesticides concentrations decreased by about 50, 75 and 15% after boiling, frying and freezing, respectively. Risk assessment has shown that there is no potential risk from consuming chicken meat, however, local chicken meat is of more concern than is imported product. This study will help food control authorities develop appropriate regulations regarding the use of pesticides in Jordan.

Determination of Pesticide Residues in Sediments of River Ravi

Sediments are socioeconomic, geomorphologic, and an important environmental resource. The purpose of this study was to determine the pesticide residues in the sediments of River Ravi. For analysis 12 sediment samples were collected along with River Ravi, reaching from Ravi Siphon to BS (Balloki Suleiman) link. River Ravi is enlisted as one of the most polluted rivers of Pakistan followed by extreme flow variations, i.e. 10 – 10,000 m3/s. The concentration of pesticide residues in samples was detected by the High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Noticeable concentrations of pesticides were detected in the majority of the samples which depicted high toxicity levels of pesticides in the sediments of River Ravi. High amounts of pesticides were observed in the right and left banks of Saggian (S4) i.e. 11.37 mg/kg and Khudpur (S6, S7) i.e. 12.116 mg/kg. A significant amount of Imidacloprid and Bifenthrin was detected in the majority of the sediment samples, i.e. 22.78 mg/kg and 15.82 mg/kg. Furthermore the detected concentration of pesticides in the right and left bank of Balloki head works (S10, S11) and Ravi Bridge (S3) was relatively less as compared to other sampling sites. All these sampling points receive irrigational runoff from nearby agricultural lands and urban wastewater, resulting in the accumulation of pesticides in the sediments. The following trend of pesticide contamination was observed in the sediment samples of River Ravi, Bifenthrin > Imidacloprid > Dimethomorph > Glyphosate.

An intensive study on pesticides contamination and its removal in fruits and vegetables collected from Ghaziabad, India

These days pesticides are extensively applied in agriculture to increase productivity; although these pesticides increase productivity but also have a negative impact on the consumer. Thus, pesticide exposure in agricultural products must be decreased. The present study attempted to assess pesticide residues in samples of apple, tomato, and brinjal and determine the efficacy of washing solutions in pesticide removal. For sample preparation, the QuEChERS method was employed, and prepared samples were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results of the study revealed that among the collected samples, 58.33 percent samples were showing lower pesticide residues as compared to the maximum residue limit (MRL) while 12.5 percent of the samples were showing higher pesticides residues as compared to the suggested MRL. Further, from the collected fruits and vegetable samples, the presence of the chlorantraniliprole, carbendazim, beta endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, malathion, carbaryl, thiomethoxam, DDT, and flubendiamide were detected in the range of 0.0–1.41 mg/kg. Among the detected pesticides, chlorpyrifos and flubendiamide were the most commonly detected pesticides. Effectiveness of different washing solutions was studied, which indicated a significant reduction in residues of all the washing solutions compared with the control (p < 0.05) and concluded that ascorbic acid and sodium bicarbonate solution was very effective in pesticides removal compared with water and chemical alone.

Aminoguanidine modified magnetic graphene oxide as a robust nanoadsorbent for efficient removal and extraction of chlorpyrifos residue from water

In this paper, graphene-based nanoadsorbent is designed and synthesized through the functionalization of magnetic graphene oxide by aminoguanidine (denoted AGu@mGO(R)). The graphene oxide (GO) was first fabricated from rice husk biomasses and modified Hammer's method. Then, co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ onto GO in primary media resulted in magnetic graphene oxide (mGO), which was subsequently functionalized by aminoguanidine to form AGu@mGO(R) nanoparticles. The fabricated graphene-based nanoadsorbent was characterized by several techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis. AGu@mGO(R) efficiency was evaluated in removing chlorpyrifos, one of the most widely used pesticides from water and cucumber juice, as an actual sample. Different variables, including pH, concentration, temperature, exposure time, and amount of the adsorbent, were optimized on the efficiency of the adsorption activity of AGu@mGO(R) to obtain the most efficient pesticide removal. Isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic of the adsorption processes were also evaluated. The chlorpyrifos desorption efficiency from AGu@mGO(R) was quantified by the HPLC-MS/MS method. The results showed the effective absorbent activity of AGu@mGO(R) on the removal of chlorpyrifos. Hence, this nonabsorbent would be used for the removal of the remained pesticide in agricultural wastewater. Additionally, the AGu@mGO(R) might be used for the quantification of pesticide residues in samples.

English

Man depends heavily on pesticides to boost his agricultural productions. This study aimed at carrying out a risk assessment of pesticide residues in samples of beans stored and sold in Wukari Town, Nigeria. Different samples of beans were collected randomly from different market points within Wukari, Rafin kada and Idofi. The pesticide residue analysis was carried out using GC/MS after sample extraction, filtration and Concentration. The mean estimated consumption rate of beans within Wukari was obtained. The concentrations of each pesticide were compared with their Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) and the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) along with the Health Risk Index (HRI) of each pesticide. The results showed that all bean samples analyzed contained some organochlorine pesticides, organophosphates and pyrethroids. The mean consumption rate of beans was found to be 0.624±0.052 kg/day. The calculated Health Risk Index (HRI) of some organochlorine pesticides occurred at ranges greater than 1. However, most of the pesticide residues occurred below critical HRI. Aldrin was detected in all samples analyzed and p,p’-DDT occurred the least with calculated HRI above 1. The presence of organochlorine pesticide residues in all samples analyzed is suggestive of the continuous use of obsolete banned pesticides in the cultivation and storage of agricultural products. HRI values above 1 indicates that the life time consumption of beans containing the measured level of pesticide could pose a non-carcinogenic health risk for adult consumers. Therefore strict enforcement of regulatory measures by policy makers on how to manage the use of pesticides is well recommended. Key words: Risk assessment, beans, pesticides, residues, Wukari, health risk.

Determination of organochlorine and organophosphorus residues in surface waters from the coffee zone in Quindío, Colombia

The aim of this study was to identify organochlorine (OC) and organophosphorus (OP) pesticides levels in water samples collected in secondary water bodies in agricultural area planted with coffee and plantain. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. A validated method for microwave-assisted extraction and gas chromatography with electron microcapture detector (MAE-GC-μECD) was used to analyze pesticide residues in samples. The determinations were based on certified reference material, Organochlorine Pesticide Mix AB #3, Canadian Drinking Organophosphorus Pesticides Mix, and pentachloronitrobenzene (ISTD) Internal Standard Mix 508.1. Pesticide residues were found in 81.3% of the samples, including OCs: 4.4′-DDT (38%), endosulfan II (19.7%), endosulfan sulfate, and endrin (11.7% and 8.8%), and others identified as 4.4′-DDE, Delta-HCB, parathion, chlorpyrifos, endrin aldehyde, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endrin ketone, and methoxychlor. Parathion and/or chlorpyrifos were found in 5.8–8% of samples; the water bodies most heavily affected were those in Filandia and Quimbaya in which 100% of samples were contaminated, followed by those in Calarcá, Córdoba, Pijao, and Génova, with contamination found in over 75% of samples. The results indicated that surface waters from Quindío municipalities are contaminated with pesticide residues hazardous to human health, which are still in use despite being either restricted or prohibited.

Detection of Pesticide Residues in Soil, Water, and Food

Pesticide is widely used in modern agriculture for increasing crop production. However, pesticides can contaminate the environment, including water, soil, and food, and cause damage to ecosystems and organism health. Analysis of pesticide residues in soil, water, and food samples aims at detecting presence of pesticides in these environmental samples and providing knowledge for further research and decision making. Common methods used in such analysis serve varying ends. Sample preparation methods like solid phase extraction and microextraction cleans the sample and enriches the analytes of interest. Chromatography, including gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, separates the analytes based on their chemical nature. Detectors like ultraviolet-visible spectra detectors and mass spectrometers analyze the compounds separated by chromatographs. They provide critical information on the analytes and allow for both identification and quantification of the pesticide residues in the sample. The article aims at providing a brief overview of the aforesaid methods in context of pesticide residue analysis. Their basic principles are demonstrated, and their strengths and weaknesses are briefly discussed. Applications of the methods are also presented through a number of published researches using such methods in pesticide analysis.

Puplic Health Implications of Pesticide Residues in Irish Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) from Jos Nigeria

Abstract Objectives There is a growing public health concern on the indiscriminate use of pesticides in agriculture among farmers from developing countries including Nigeria. The presence of pesticide residues in food samples may pose a deleterious effect on food safety and consequently compromise the health of consumers especially children, elderly, and pregnant women. The estimation of pesticides residues via dietary intake constitutes a vital integral part of regulatory processes that seeks to preserve public health. This study is therefore focused on the estimation of some pesticide residues in samples of Irish potatoes collected from Jos Nigeria. Methods The samples were collected from five different markets in Jos Plateau State Nigeria. All the samples were transported to the Central Research Laboratory, Ilorin, Nigeria. The pesticide residue analysis was carried out using GC/MS after sample extraction, filtration and Concentration. After the analysis was carried out, the result obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) statistical software (version 21) after which the Mean, Standard deviations and ANOVA (Analysis of variance) were calculated. Results The result shows that 17 different pesticide residues were identified with ten (10) organochlorines, two (2) organophosphates, one (1) thiocarbamate, one (1) benzamide and two (2) of them were unclassified. The concentration of these pesticides were determined which was then used to determine the estimated daily intake. The ADI and MRL for each pesticide was sought for and the health risk was also evaluated. With the results obtained, it was noticed that most of these pesticides usually exceed their ADI and MRL which then makes them hazardous to the human health. Considering the health risk index of consumers Aldrin, Heptachlor, Mecarbem and Dieldrin proved to be very hazardous (P > 1). Conclusions These pesticides can cause harmful effects on the food commodities which ultimately cause a damaging impact on the health of human. To guarantee food safety, continuous monitoring is recommended for pesticide residues in Irish potatoes. Funding Sources Self-sponsored.

Concentrations of pesticide residues in samples of water, soil and sediments in the Western Usambara and Uluguru Mountains part of Tanzania

ABSTRACT The study reports pesticide residue concentrations detected in sample matrices as follows: Water: parathion 0.34, β-endosulfan 0.04, p, p-DDT 0.1, α-HCH 0.172, dieldrin 0.19, α-endosulfan 0.02 and marathion 0.22 µg/l. Soil: parathion 45.46, α-HCH 4.64, γ-HCH 0.44, β-endosulfan 3.09, p, p-DDT 23.75, p, p-DDD 1.34, p, p-DDE 0.98, dieldrin 3.87, α-endosulfan 0.82, marathion 17.51, δ-HCH 5.19 and β-HCH 33.4 µg/kg. Sediments: parathion 210.71, α-HCH 51.71, γ-HCH 14.09, β-endosulfan 23.05, p, p-DDT 187.89, p, p-DDD 86.19, o, p-DDE 6.21, dieldrin 4.58, marathion 155.9, δ-HCH 6.85 and β-HCH 15.18 µg/kg. Organochlorine pesticides were detected in many samples, whereas carbamate pesticides were detected in few samples but in higher concentrations. Integrated Pest Management is preferable.

Can Occurrence of Pesticide Metabolites Detected in Crops Provide the Evidence on Illegal Practices in Organic Farming?

Modern pesticides rapidly degrade after their application due to both physicochemical factors and through biotransformation. Consequently, pesticide residues in samples might be either undetectable or detected at low concentrations (≤10 μg/kg). Under such conditions, a monitoring of pesticide metabolites in samples might be a conceivable solution enabling the documentation of earlier pesticide use. Analysis of metabolites might pose analytical challenges because pesticide degradation leads to the production of a number of metabolites, differing somewhat in their structure and polarity. This study was focused on the determination of pesticide residues and their metabolites in samples of grapevine and wine using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry, with the objective of supporting the possibility of the verification of the method of farming. It documents the identification of pesticide metabolites commonly used in conventional farming and provides a characterization of pesticide degradation during grapevine growth, maturation, and during the wine-making process.

Development and Validation of a Qualitative Method for Target Screening of 448 Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables Using UHPLC/ESI Q-Orbitrap Based on Data-Independent Acquisition and Compound Database.

A semiautomated qualitative method for target screening of 448 pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables was developed and validated using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC/ESI Q-Orbitrap). The Q-Orbitrap Full MS/dd-MS2 (data dependent acquisition) was used to acquire product-ion spectra of individual pesticides to build a compound database or an MS library, while its Full MS/DIA (data independent acquisition) was utilized for sample data acquisition from fruit and vegetable matrices fortified with pesticides at 10 and 100 μg/kg for target screening purpose. Accurate mass, retention time and response threshold were three key parameters in a compound database that were used to detect incurred pesticide residues in samples. The concepts and practical aspects of in-spectrum mass correction or solvent background lock-mass correction, retention time alignment and response threshold adjustment are discussed while building a functional and working compound database for target screening. The validated target screening method is capable of screening at least 94% and 99% of 448 pesticides at 10 and 100 μg/kg, respectively, in fruits and vegetables without having to evaluate every compound manually during data processing, which significantly reduced the workload in routine practice.

Persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in cocoa beans from Ghana, a concern for public health

Residual levels of fifteen (15) organochlorine pesticides were determined in 32 cocoa bean samples collected from sixteen (16) selected cocoa farms in the Dormaa West District of Ghana to assess the levels of pesticides contamination. The results show that all cocoa bean samples analysed from the study area had one or more organochlorine pesticide residues detected in them. The study revealed the presence of eight organochlorine pesticide residues in the cocoa bean samples analysed at varying concentrations. The organochlorine pesticide residues detected were aldrin (0.02–0.03 mg/kg), dieldrin (0.02–0.04 mg/kg), lindane (0.03–0.05 mg/kg), beta-HCH (0.02–0.03 mg/kg), p,p'-DDE (0.02–0.03 mg/kg), p,p'-DDD (0.02–0.04 mg/kg), p,p’-DDT (0.04–0.05 mg/kg) and methoxychlor (0.02–0.04 mg/kg). The most frequently found and abundant pesticide residue was the metabolite of DDT (p,p’-DDT) which occurred in 62.5 % of the samples, followed by lindane (56.3 %) and then beta-HCH and p,p’-DDD occurring in 50 % of the samples. None of the detected pesticide mean residues recorded from the various study sites exceeded their European Union (EU) Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for cocoa beans except beta-HCH at Krakrom (S3). The levels of organochlorine pesticide residues in the fermented dried cocoa beans analysed compared to the European Union (EU) commission regulations on pesticide residues showed no health risks to consumers of cocoa beans from Ghana and no threat to cocoa export to Europe. The occurrence of organochlorine pesticide residues in the samples analysed could be due to their illegal use by farmers in the study area or due to their past use, since these chemicals are prohibited from agricultural use in Ghana. There should be regular monitoring of pesticide residues especially in cocoa beans to protect consumers from health related risks. There is a need to check and enforce regulations on the use of banned/restricted and unapproved pesticides in cocoa production in Ghana.

Single-Laboratory Ruggedness Testing and Validation of a Modified QuEChERS Approach To Quantify 185 Pesticide Residues in Salmon by Liquid Chromatography- and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

In this study, we successfully applied a previously modified version of the QuEChERS approach to quantify pesticide residues in samples of fresh salmon. Analysis was performed using a combination of liquid and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS). The validated QuEChERS method used ethyl acetate for the extraction solvent and involved two freezing steps and a C18 dispersive solid phase extraction for removal of lipids. Of the 228 pesticides initially screened, only 185 passed the method validation criteria (103 on LC-MS/MS and 82 on GC-MS/MS). In a quantitative validation, acceptable performances were achieved with overall recoveries of 70-120% and <20% RSD for 179 analytes (n = 7) over the course of five different extractions at 2 times the limit of quantification. Over 12 months, this method was used in the analysis of 708 salmon samples collected as part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Pesticide Data Program. Ruggedness testing conducted throughout the entire study showed this method to be robust and suitable for long-term use.

Determination of pesticide residues in samples of green minor crops by gas chromatography and ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry

A method was developed for pesticide analysis in samples of high chlorophyll content belonging to the group of minor crops. A new type of sorbent, known as ChloroFiltr, was employed for dispersive-solid phase extraction cleanup (dispersive-SPE) to reduce the unwanted matrix background prior to concurrent analysis by gas chromatography and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS and UPLC–MS/MS). Validation experiments were carried out on green, unripe plants of lupin, white mustard and sorghum. The overall recoveries at the three spiking levels of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.5mgkg−1 fell in the range between 68 and 120% (98% on average) and 72–104% (93% on average) with relative standard deviation (RSD) values between 2 and 19% (7% on average) and 3–16% (6% on average) by GC–MS/MS and UPLC–MS/MS technique, respectively. Because of strong enhancement or suppression matrix effects (absolute values >20%) which were exhibited by about 80% of the pesticide and matrix combinations, acceptably accurate quantification was achieved by using matrix-matched standards. Up to now, the proposed method has been successfully used to study the dissipation patterns of pesticides after application on lupin, white mustard, soya bean, sunflower and field bean in experimental plot trials conducted in Poland.

Determination of Pesticide Residues in Plant-Based Foods from the Republic of Macedonia

The present study investigates pesticide residues in samples of fresh and processed fruits and vegetables produced in Republic of Macedonia. Investigations were carried out as a part of the National Monitoring Programme under the recommendations of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). From September 2012 to June 2013, a total of 168 samples of different fresh vegetables: tomato, paprika, cucumber, potato, onion, carrot, cabbage; processed vegetables: pasteurized paprika, ketchup; fresh fruits: apple, acid cherry, table grapes and wine grapes; processed fruits: jams and canned fruits were tested on the presence of 33 pesticide residues. The QuEChERS procedure was used for sample preparation, except for dithiocarabamates and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques were applied for pesticide residues identification and determination. The results of the study showed that cucumber was the crop with the highest number of pesticide residues with the predominant presence of methomyl, (0.015-0.21 mg/kg), metalaxyl (0.04-0.16 mg/kg), and imidacloprid (0.017-0.036 mg/kg). Only two samples (1.19% of the total samples) contained one pesticide residue above the Maximum Residues Levels (MRLs). The results of the current study showed that 98.8% of the tested samples contained residues below the MRLs.

RESIDU PESTISIDA ALDRIN DAN DIELDRIN PADA SAMPEL TANAH DAN AIR DI DESA SRIGADING KECAMATAN SANDEN KABUPATEN BANTUL

Aldrin and dieldrin pesticide residue in soil and water samples from Srigading Village, Sanden District, Bantul Regency has been investigated. The purpose of this study were to analyze, identificate and evaluate pyrethroid pesticide residues in soil and water samples. Soil sample was extracted using shaker with acetone solvent. Water samples was extracted using separator funnel with 15% (v/v) dichloromethane/n-hexane solvent.Clean-up was couducted using chromatography column using florisil and determination of pesticide residue in the samples was carried out by gas chromatography apparatus equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The result showed that pesticide residues in soil sample in the range level: aldrin (4,8-64,8 ppb) and dieldrin (not detected-6,0 ppb). In water sample pesticide residues in the range level: aldrin (not detected-1,0 ppb) dan dieldrin (-not detected1,2 ppb). The quality or water sample taken from onion field is laid under the standard of water that has been settled.

Investigation of gastrointestinal effects of organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues on young children

This prospective study was designed to investigate whether there is any association between gastrointestinal effects and pesticide residue exposure (as measured by metabolite levels in urine and faecal samples) in young children and to describe background levels of pesticide residues in samples from healthy children in the UK. Children (N=136) between the ages of 1.0 and 4.2 years were recruited. Of these, 107 provided background baseline samples and 26 provided samples when suffering from gastrointestinal symptoms. Urine samples (from all populations) were positive for (non-specific) carbaryl metabolite (urine 19/78, faeces 9/99), organophosphate metabolites (urine 103/135, faeces 47/111) and pirimicarb metabolite (urine 72/175, faeces 45/135). There were no statistically significant differences between samples from children when healthy or unwell. The urinary 95th percentile values for the healthy population of young children in this study were 31 nmol/l (carbaryl metabolite), 2156 nmol/l (total organophosphate metabolites) and 139 nmol/l (pirimicarb metabolite). In this study, samples from children suffering gastrointestinal symptoms were no more associated with anti-cholinergic pesticide metabolite levels or rotaviral infection than samples from healthy children. Background levels of anti-cholinergic pesticide metabolites in healthy UK children were in agreement with previously reported levels from the US and Germany.