Pesticide Residues In Environment Research Articles

Protocol for pesticide residue monitoring and risk assessment on water, sediment, and fish: A case study of two selected reservoirs in Ghana

BackgroundAfrica is experiencing a significant surge in the use of pesticides on farms. Though the use of pesticide products on farms is increasing rapidly, the ability to monitor and regulate the practice has not kept pace. Despite their potential significance, the health and environmental impacts of the growing pesticide usage in developing nations remain inadequately comprehended and recorded. ObjectiveThis paper presents a research protocol for a study that seeks to provide criteria for future monitoring of pesticide residues in aquatic environments and food sources. This study aims to evaluate pesticide utilisation methods and the potential hazards of pesticide residues in aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, the study seeks to assess the human health risks linked to pesticide applications. MethodsThis study will employ a quantitative approach and cross-sectional design. It will utilise a combination of survey and the collection of biological and environmental samples. Our methodology consists of four distinct steps. These outline the processes for studying pesticide residue in environmental and fish samples. Additionally, we plan to employ mathematical algorithms to evaluate the ecological and health risks associated with these pesticide residues. ConclusionThis study is an effort to monitor and assess the hazards to the environment and human well-being associated with the increasing utilisation of pesticides. It also aims to gather relevant data on pesticide utilisation practices that contribute to the contamination of aquatic ecosystems. It will specifically focus on determining the concentration of pesticide residues in both biological and environmental samples. Additionally, the study will assess the ecological and health risks associated with these pesticide residues. This will enable the incorporation of organised research efforts and coordinated pesticide surveillance operations for toxicovigilance.

Detoxification and catabolism of mesotrione and fomesafen facilitated by a Phase II reaction acetyltransferase in rice

IntroductionThe excessive dosage of pesticides required for agronomic reality results in growing contamination of pesticide residues in environment, thus bringing high risks to crop production and human health. ObjectivesThis study aims to unveil a novel mechanism for catabolism of two pesticides MTR and FSA facilitated by an uncharacterized Phase II reaction enzyme termed acetyltransferase-1 (ACE1) in rice and to make assessment of its potential for bioremediation to minimize the risks to crop production and food safety. MethodsWe developed genetically improved cultivars overexpressing OsACE1 (OE) and knockout mutant lines by CRISPR-Cas9 technology to identify the MTR and FSA detoxic and metabolic functions and characterized their metabolites and conjugates by HPLC-LTQ-MS/MS. ResultsOsACE1 overexpression conferred rice resistance to toxicity of MTR/FSA compared to wild-type, manifested by improved plant elongation and biomass, attenuated cellular injury, and increased chlorophyll accumulation. The OE plants accumulated significantly less parent MTR/FSA and more degradative metabolites, and removed MTR/FSA from their growth medium by 1.38 and 1.61 folds over the wild-type. In contrast, knocking out OsACE1 led to compromised growth fitness and intensified toxic symptoms under MTR/FSA stress and accumulation of more toxic MTR and FSA in rice. The reduced metabolites of MTR and FSA detected in the Cas9 plants suggest the impaired capability of OsACE1 function. ConclusionsThese results signified that OsACE1 expression is required for detoxifying the two poisoning chemicals in rice and plays a critical role in accelerating breakdown of the pesticides mainly through Phase II reaction mechanism pathways.

Body fluids from the rat exposed to chlorpyrifos induce cytotoxicity against the corresponding tissue\u2212derived cells in vitro

BackgroundThis study aims to establish an in vitro monitoring approach to evaluate the pesticide exposures. We studied the in vitro cytotoxicity of three different body fluids of rats to the respective corresponding tissue-derived cells.MethodsWistar rats were orally administrated daily with three different doses of chlorpyrifos (1.30, 3.26, and 8.15 mg/kg body weight/day, which is equal to the doses of 1/125, 1/50, and 1/20 LD50, respectively) for consecutive 90 days. Blood samples as well as 24-hour urine and fecal samples were collected and processed. Then, urine, serum, and feces samples were used to treat the correspondent cell lines, i.e., T24 bladder cancer cells, Jurkat lymphocytes, and HT-29 colon cancer cells respectively, which derived from the correspondent tissues that could interact with the respective corresponding body fluids in organism. Cell viability was determined by using MTT or trypan blue staining.ResultsThe results showed that urine, serum, and feces extract of the rats exposed to chlorpyrifos displayed concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxicity to the cell lines. Furthermore, we found that the cytotoxicity of body fluids from the exposed animals was mainly due to the presence of 3, 4, 5-trichloropyrindinol, the major toxic metabolite of chlorpyrifos.ConclusionsThese findings indicated that urine, serum, and feces extraction, especially urine, combining with the corresponding tissue-derived cell lines as the in vitro cell models could be used to evaluate the animal exposure to pesticides even at the low dose with no apparent toxicological signs in the animals. Thus, this in vitro approach could be served as complementary methodology to the existing toolbox of biological monitoring of long-term and low-dose exposure to environmental pesticide residues in practice.

Ultrasensitive and practical chemiluminescence sensing pesticide residue acetamiprid in agricultural products and environment: Combination of synergistically coupled co-amplifying signal and smart interface engineering

Practical detection of single-component pesticide residue at ultra-low concentrations in agricultural products and environment is very important for assessment of environmental risks and protection of human health. Herein, a practical and highly sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) sensing acetamiprid in agricultural products and environmental media was constructed based on the synergistic co-catalysis of graphene oxide (GO)/gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) nanocomposites for luminol CL reaction and the smart interface engineering. ss-DNA could inhibit co-catalysis of GO/AuNPs for luminol CL reaction. Once acetamiprid was added, aptamer conformation changed in dimension and synergistically catalytic amplification signal of GO/AuNPs was restored significantly. The limit of detection was 8.9 pM. High sensitivity could be due to strong signal amplification from synergistic catalysis of GO/AuNPs for CL reaction and perfect regulation of composite interface by DNA dimension. Moreover, the used GO/AuNPs could be stably stored for six months, which was superior to previously reported AuNPs (only half a month). The analysis exhibited excellent selectivity for acetamiprid. The detection results for real samples confirmed reliability in practical application. This analysis is an extremely useful method for monitoring pesticide residues in environment and agricultural products. Synergetic co-catalysis of GO/AuNPs and ingenious interface engineering provide important ideas for other biosensors.

Pesticide residues in bee pollen - validation of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry multiresidual method and a survey of bee pollens from Slovenia

A new analytical method for determining environmental pesticide residues in pollen was introduced and validated. The extraction was conducted using acetonitrile, the clean-up using Supelclean Ultra 2400 solid phase extraction cartridges, which contain Grapsphere, anion exchanger, C18 and zirconia-based sorbent, and the determination was conducted using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The method was applied in practice. A total of 49 active substances (pesticides) were sought in 30 bee pollen samples gathered from Slovenian beekeepers from all 12 statistical regions of Slovenia. The fungicide azoxystrobin was the only active substance found and was found only in one sample with a concentration of < 0.05 mg kg-1. The active substances sought were not detected in 96.7 % of the samples analysed. The risk assessment revealed that the analysed pollen samples do not represent an unacceptable risk for consumers. The results were compared with those from the literature and the outcome was that bee pollen from Slovenia contained a lower number of active substances at mainly lower contents as compared pollen from some other European countries.

Multienzyme-Targeted Fluorescent Probe as a Biosensing Platform for Broad Detection of Pesticide Residues

Pesticide residues, significantly hampering the overall environmental and human health, have become an increasingly severe issue. Thus, developing rapid, cost-effective, and sensitive tools for monitoring the pesticide residues in food and water is extremely important. Compared to the conventional and chromatographic techniques, enzyme inhibition-based biosensors conjugated with the fluorogenic probes provide effective alternative methods for detecting pesticide residues due to the inherent advantages including high selectivity and sensitivity, simple operation, and capability of providing in situ and real-time information. However, the detection efficiency of a single enzyme-targeted biosensor in practical samples is strongly impeded by the structural diversity of pesticides and their distinct targets. In this work, we developed a strategy of multienzyme-targeted fluorescent probe design and accordingly obtained a novel fluorescent probe (named as 3CP) for detecting the presence of wide variety of pesticides. The designed probe 3CP, targeting cholinesterases, carboxylesterases, and chymotrypsin simultaneously, yielded intense fluorescence in the solid state upon the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis. It showed excellent sensitivity against organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides, and the detection limit for dichlorvos achieved 1.14 pg/L. Moreover, it allowed for the diffusion-resistant in situ visualization of pesticides in live cells and zebrafish and the sensitive measurement of organophosphorus pesticides in fresh vegetables, demonstrating the promising potential for tracking the pesticide residues in environment and biological systems.

Pesticide and veterinary drug residues in honey - validation of methods and a survey of organic and conventional honeys from Slovenia

ABSTRACTFour analytical methods were developed and validated for the determination of veterinary drug residues and environmental pesticide residues in honey: (a) GC-MS method for the analysis of amitraz and all metabolites containing the 2,4-dimethylaniline moiety; (b) GC-MS method for the analysis of thymol, chlorfenvinphos and coumaphos; (c) GC-MS method for the analysis of 75 active substances; (d) LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of 60 active substances. Between the GC-MS (method c) and the LC-MS/MS method (method d) there was no overlap among active substances, meaning that using both methods 135 active substances originating from the environment in total were included and validated. The first method involved hydrolysis of amitraz and its metabolites containing the 2,4-dimethylaniline moiety to 2,4-dimethylaniline and extraction of 2,4-dimethylaniline to n-hexane. The other three methods had the same extraction procedure with a mixture of solvents: acetone, dichloromethane and petroleum ether. All 4 methods were tested in practice. Sixty samples of honey were analysed: 22 from organic and 38 from conventional production. Overall, residues were mainly higher than reported in literature but did not exceed MRLs. Risk assessment confirmed that the analysed samples are of no cause for concern for consumers.

A colorimetric detection method of pesticide acetamiprid by fine-tuning aptamer length

This work investigates the effect of shortening aptamer sequences on the colorimetric detection of acetamiprid using aptamer-wrapped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Truncated 37-mer and 25-mer aptamers were generated by deleting excess flanking nucleotides from parental 49-mer acetamiprid-target aptamer. In comparing the responses of the three sequences, truncated aptamers did not improve the ability to discriminate against other tested pesticides. However, comparison between 49-mer and other shorter aptamers showed that shortening aptamer sequences through removing excess flanking nucleotides outsides of binding region improved colorimetric sensitivity for acetamiprid by 3.3 fold. Due to excess bases, the target-bound aptamer might still adhere to AuNPs, resulting in incomplete dissociation of aptamer from AuNPs and therefore the suppression of aggregation responses. This work provides further insight to the effects of aptamer structure on detection of the target, as well as a method by fine-tuning aptamer length for rapid detection of pesticide residues in environments or food.

유기 및 무농약 인증 곡류와 근채류 중 잔류농약 모니터링

This study was carried out to investigate characteristics of the pesticide residues in environment friendly cereal grains and root vegetables. The samples, 747 the environment friendly agricultural products were collected from supermarkets and retail stores in eight major cities in May and August 2012. Residues of 245 pesticides in the samples collected were analyzed by multiresidue methods using GC and HPLC. No pesticide residues were detected in all the samples, representing the environment friendly cereal grains and root vegetables were produced according to the guideline for prohibition of use of pesticides during crop cultivation.

Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in the Environment of Central Jianghan Plain, China

This research was a case study of central Jianghan Plain targeting groundwater as well as river water from Han River, the tributary of Yangtze River. Organochlorine pesticide residues in different aquatic environments and water-soil interface were investigated. River water, groundwater, and soil samples were collected and analyzed. Endrin, Endosulfan2, o, p′ -DDT and Endrin aldehyde were not detected in any water samples. The highest total concentrations were found in Han River water. The residue in the soil profile didn’t follow the same trend in those three boreholes but depth from 10cm to 50cm should be the most active leaching path. Most of the targeted pesticides were not detected in those corresponding wells. Our field study indicated that highly toxic pesticides are still being used locally, and enforcement of regulations to manage pesticide production and application in the study area is urgently needed.

Effects of co-existed proteins on measurement of pesticide residues in blood by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Accurate measurement of pesticides in biological fluids such as blood is important for quantifying environmental exposures. Beyond sample enrichment and separation, the method presented here is focused on studies of interactions between pesticides and co-existed proteins. It was experimentally demonstrated that entrapped or adsorbed pesticide residues within the folded native structures of proteins were poorly recovered using direct solvent extraction solely. We described here an effective approach termed Enzymatic Digestion-Organic Solvent Extraction (eDOSE) that utilizes the enzymatic approach to disrupt the folded structures of proteins and release entrapped or adsorbed pesticide residues. In this approach, samples were first reduced, alkylated, tryptically digested and then diluted 10 times before the subsequent extraction using an n-hexane solution. Resultant pesticide residues were determined by capillary gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer. Mean recoveries of the 5 organophosphorus pesticides pre-spiked in fish blood including diazinon, parathion-methyl, malathion, parathion-ethyl and ethion were 85%, 95%, 84%, 103%, and 43% respectively using eDOSE strategy but only 24%, 45%, 40%, 27%, and 29% respectively using direct solvent extraction approach. The eDOSE approach was effective for demonstrating the critical role of folded native structure of serum albumin in adsorption of exogenous chemicals. It provides an alterative means for denaturation of proteins when the target analytes are not stable in acidic solution or entrapped within the protein aggregates caused by organic solvents such as acetone that have been applied for protein denaturation. The eDOSE approach should be able to combine with other advanced techniques of enrichment and separation for more efficient and accurate measurement of target compounds present in the context of complex biological systems. This approach can provide wide applications to the analysis of a variety of small molecules including environmental pesticide residues and metabolites as well as other toxins present in cells, tissues and biofluids.

Determination of Methoxyfenozide Residues in Water and Soil by Liquid Chromatography: Evaluation of its Environmental Fate Under Laboratory Conditions.

Pesticide residues play several key roles as environmental and food pollutants and it is crucial to develop a method for the rapid determination of pesticide residues in environments. In this study, a simple, effective, and sensitive method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of methoxyfenozide in water and soil when kept under laboratory conditions. The content of methoxyfenozide in water and soil was analyzed by first purifying the compound through liquid-liquid extraction and partitioning followed by florisil gel filtration. Upon the completion of the purification step the residual levels were monitored through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a UV absorbance detector. The average recoveries of methoxyfenozide from three replicates spiked at two different concentrations and were ranged from 83.5% to 110.3% and from 98.1% to 102.8% in water and soil, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) were 0.004 vs. 0.012 ppm and 0.008 vs. 0.024 ppm, respectively. The method was successfully applied to evaluate the behavioral fate of a 21% wettable powder (WP) methoxyfenozide throughout the course of 14 days. A first-order model was found to accurately fit the dissipation of methoxyfenozide in water with and a DT50 value of 3.03 days was calculated from the fit. This result indicates that methoxyfenozide dissipates rapidly and does not accumulate in water.

Development of a one-step strip for the detection of triazophos residues in environmental samples

Environmental and food safety issues now are recognized internationally, and pesticide residues play key roles as environment and food pollutants. It is crucial to develop methods for rapid determination of pesticide residues in environments and foods. A one-step strip based on nanocolloidal-gold-labeled monoclonal antibodies for detection of triazophos residue was developed. The nanocolloidal gold, with an average particle diameter of 25 nm (G25), was labeled to an antitriazophos monoclonal antibody. This conjugate was dispensed on the conjugate pad of a porous glass fiber. Ovalbumin hapten and goat anti-mouse IgG were dispensed on the nitrocellulose membrane and served as the test line (T-line) and control line (C-line), respectively. After conditions optimization, the one-step strip was finally developed for the residue determination of triazophos. The limit of detection (LOD) of the strip was 4 ng/mL for standard. The detection was not affected by the pH of the liquid sample but low total ion concentration will induce illegible C-line and T-line. The LOD for spiked samples of soil and water was 5 ng/mL, with run time of no more than 10 min.

Neurotoxic and general effects of combined subchronic exposure of rats to insecticides and heavy metals

Three different insecticides: dimethoate, cypermethrin and amitraz were given, alone or combined with the heavy metals Pb, Hg and Cd, to male Wistar rats per os for 12 weeks from their 4th week of life. After the treatment period, the left hemisphere of the rats was exposed in urethane anaesthesia, and spontaneous and evoked cortical activity was recorded from the primary sensory areas. The effects of dimethoate on the spontaneous activity, and of dimethoate and amitraz on the evoked responses, were increased by the metal combination treatment, whereby the metals alone had no effect on the spontaneous and mild effect on the evoked activity. Finally, the animals were dissected, organ weights measured, and relative organ weights calculated. The weight gain of all treated groups was significantly retarded compared to the control. Several organ weights were also significantly reduced, mainly in groups receiving insecticide plus metal treatment. The toxic interactions observed in this work indicate that combined human exposure to environmental pesticide residues and heavy metals may have unexpectedly severe effects.