Pesticide Exposure In Children Research Articles

Research on knowledge construction and analysis of pesticide exposure to children based on bibliometrics.

Pesticide exposure is a major health problem that cannot be ignored, and children are particularly vulnerable and sensitive. As a result, the study of health damage in children caused by pesticide exposure has gradually developed into an important cross-disciplinary research topic. In this study, we reviewed the current state, characteristics, and trends of existing research findings and summarized them comprehensively and systematically through bibliometrics. We collected and examined a large number of studies using Citespace and Vosviewer, employing a clustering method to analyze the effects of pesticide exposure on children and to highlight the hot keywords in the research field. Through an analysis of the active time of high-frequency keywords, we found that the research field is in a hot spot, and the occurrence value of keywords was used to judge the innovation of the research results, thereby highlighting the frontier and key directions of future research in this field. We conclude that in addition to core pesticides, children, exposure, and other malaria and polychlorinated biphenyls also appear as high-frequency keywords in the research field of pesticide exposure effects on children. The core issues of concern in this field include occupational pesticide exposure and childhood leukemia, history of pesticide exposure during pregnancy and childhood leukemia, environmental factors and dietary intake and organophosphorus pesticide exposure in children, and pyrethroid pesticide exposure and neurobehavioral development in children. Future research may focus on how to control the safe use of pesticides, quantitative research on pesticide hazards, and potential effects on children's health.

Pesticide Exposure among Latinx Children in Rural Farmworker and Urban Non-Farmworker Communities: Associations with Locality and Season.

This study uses repeated measures to document the pesticide exposure of rural and urban Latinx children (age eight at baseline), and to compare these children in terms of the frequency and concentration of their exposure to a large set of pesticides, accounting for season. We used silicone wristbands worn for one week up to ten times at quarterly intervals from 2018 to 2022 to assess pesticide exposure in children from rural farmworker (n = 75) and urban non-farmworker (n = 61) families. We determined the detection and concentrations (ng/g) of 72 pesticides and pesticide degradation products in the wristbands using gas chromatography electron capture detection and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The most frequently detected pesticide classes were organochlorines, pyrethroids, and organophosphates. Controlling for season, organochlorine or phenylpyrazole detections were less likely for rural children than for urban children. Detections of organochlorines, pyrethroids, or organophosphates were lower in spring and summer versus winter. Controlling for season, urban children had greater concentrations of organochlorines, while rural children had greater concentrations of pyrethroids and Chlorpyrifos. Pesticide concentrations were lower in winter and spring compared with summer and fall. These results further document that pesticides are ubiquitous in the living environment for children in vulnerable, immigrant communities.

A Combination of Bio-Monitoring and Dietary Pattern is the Best Predictor of Health Risk Assessment Due to Pesticide Exposure in Children's

A Combination of Bio-Monitoring and Dietary Pattern is the Best Predictor of Health Risk Assessment Due to Pesticide Exposure in Children's

Risk Behavior for Pesticide Exposure in Children living in Agricultural Area

Chemical pesticides are mixtures of chemicals used to control or kill pests. Pesticides are often used in agriculture to maintain and increase agricultural production, but have a negative impact on the environment and public health. Children who live in agricultural areas are a group at risk of exposure to pesticides due to activities such as playing and participating in agricultural activities. The purpose of this study was to identify the behavior at risk of exposure to pesticides in children in the agricultural area of ​​Bulakamba District. This type of research is descriptive with a cross-sectional study design. The research variable is the identification of behavior at risk of exposure to pesticides in children. The subjects of the study were elementary school students in the Bulakamba district as many as 48 students. Data were collected by interview, observation, and examination of pesticide metabolites in students' urine. . The results showed that of the 48 students exposed to pesticides, 17 students were positive for pesticide metabolites and 31 students were negative. Risk behavior is the work of parents as farmers from 19 students there are 10 students who are positively exposed to pesticides, the habit of playing in agricultural areas from 18 students there are 11 students who are exposed to pesticides, the habit of helping with agricultural activities from 15 students there are 10 students positive for pesticides and the habit of storing pesticides in the home environment of 21 students there are 11 students positively exposed to pesticides.

Altered default mode network associated with pesticide exposure in Latinx children from rural farmworker families

Pesticide exposure has been associated with adverse cognitive and neurological effects. However, neuroimaging studies aimed at examining the impacts of pesticide exposure on brain networks underlying abnormal neurodevelopment in children remain limited. It has been demonstrated that pesticide exposure in children is associated with disrupted brain anatomy in regions that make up the default mode network (DMN), a subnetwork engaged across a diverse set of cognitive processes, particularly higher-order cognitive tasks. This study tested the hypothesis that functional brain network connectivity/topology in Latinx children from rural farmworker families (FW children) would differ from urban Latinx children from non-farmworker families (NFW children). We also tested the hypothesis that probable historic childhood exposure to pesticides among FW children would be associated with network connectivity/topology in a manner that parallels differences between FW and NFW children. We used brain networks from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 78 children and a mixed-effects regression framework to test our hypotheses. We found that network topology was differently associated with the connection probability between FW and NFW children in the DMN. Our results also indicated that, among 48 FW children, historic reports of exposure to pesticides from prenatal to 96 months old were significantly associated with DMN topology, as hypothesized. Although the cause of the differences in brain networks between FW and NFW children cannot be determined using a cross-sectional study design, the observed associations between network connectivity/topology and historic exposure reports in FW children provide compelling evidence for a contribution of pesticide exposure on altering the DMN network organization in this vulnerable population. Although longitudinal follow-up of the children is necessary to further elucidate the cause and reveal the ultimate neurological implications, these findings raise serious concerns about the potential adverse health consequences from developmental neurotoxicity associated with pesticide exposure in this vulnerable population.

Pyrethroid exposure among children residing in green versus non-green multi-family, low-income housing.

Background:There is growing concern about children’s chronic low-level pesticide exposure and its impact on health. Green building practices (e.g. reducing leakage of the thermal and pressure barrier that surrounds the structure, integrated pest management, improved ventilation) have the potential to reduce pesticide exposure. However, the potential impact of living in green housing on children’s pesticide exposure is unknown.Objective:To address this question, a longitudinal study of pyrethroid metabolites (3-phenoxybenzoic acid [3-PBA], 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid [4-F-3-PBA], trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid [trans-DCCA]) in first morning void urine, collected from 68 children from New Orleans, Louisiana residing in green and non-green housing was conducted.Methods:Children were followed for one year with three repeated measures of pesticide exposure. Generalized Estimating Equations examined associations between housing type (green v non-green) and urinary pyrethroid metabolite concentrations adjusting for demographic and household factors over the year.Results:Ninety-five percent of samples had detectable concentrations of 3-PBA (limit of detection [LOD]: 0.1 μg/L); 8% of 4-F-3-PBA (LOD: 0.1 μg/L), and 12% of trans-DCCA (LOD: 0.6 μg/L). In adjusted models, green housing was not associated with statistically significant differences in children’s 3-PBA urinary concentrations compared to non-green housing.Significance:In this study, green building practices had no impact on children’s pyrethroid urinary concentrations. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these findings.

Impact of pesticide exposure in childhood.

Pesticides represent a wide variety of chemicals presented as different formulations and concentrations and used in different settings: agriculture, animal sanitary bath, domestic use, and vector control. Lack of awareness, poor agricultural practices, and inappropriate disposal of containers will increase the exposure and risk of health effects during childhood. The concern about children's exposure to pesticides is based on their toxic properties and the special vulnerability to the exposure, which may occur in different stages, from the prenatal period to infancy. Pesticide related diseases may manifest during the infancy, adolescence, or adulthood. Children may be exposed by multiple routes of exposure, in different scenarios. In domestic settings, insecticides and rodenticides are usually stored within the reach of children, or may be transferred to non-original containers, leading to acute non intentional ingestion. Exploratory behavior increases the risk for exposure to pesticides present on the ground. Gardens and playgrounds may have pesticides residues. Children may be in contact with domestic animals that have been treated with pesticides. In rural settings, children can be exposed to pesticide residues in areas where they have been applied, or by contamination of work equipment and parents clothing. Families dedicated to rural activity have higher levels of exposure, through ingesting contaminated fruits, vegetables, milk, eggs, and water. Several studies confirmed pesticide exposure in children by biomonitoring. Higher levels of organophosphate metabolites have been reported in children compared to adult populations. Toxic effects of pesticides depend on their intrinsic toxic properties as well as on the dose, duration, and life period of exposure. Acute poisonings are related to high doses exposure, while chronic, subtle and delayed effects are often related to low levels/doses exposure. Epidemiologic, animal, and clinical studies suggest an association between chronic, low-level exposures and alterations in growth and development (particularly impaired neurobehavioral development), cancer and increased susceptibility to infections. New research presents evidence that some pesticides are a risk factor of a wide range of acute and chronic diseases. Better practices and public health policies are needed to prevent and protect children from pesticides exposure.

Organophosphate pesticide exposure in children in Israel: Dietary associations and implications for risk assessment

BackgroundHuman biomonitoring (HBM) data is increasingly being compared to risk–based screening values to assess human health risk. However, as screening values have not been established for assessing biomarker concentrations of organophosphate (OP) pesticide metabolites, there are few studies using HBM data on urinary OP concentrations to assess human health risk. The purpose of the current study was to measure OP exposure in a sample of children in Israel; to explore associations between dietary patterns and OP exposure; and to assess risk of OP pesticides using urinary metabolite concentrations. MethodsWe recruited 103 children in Israel and collected demographic and dietary data and urinary samples, and measured creatinine and dialkyl phosphate (DAP) concentrations. We compared urinary DAP concentrations to international populations and analysed associations between fruit and vegetable consumption and urinary DAP concentrations. Using urinary DAP concentrations, we calculated estimated daily intakes (EDI) of OP pesticides in each child and compared those to the acceptable daily intake (ADI). ResultsConcentrations of several dialkyl phosphate metabolites (dimethylphosphate (DMP) and dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP)) were higher in our study population of Israeli children (geometric mean concentrations of DMP and DMTP were 6.6 μg/L and 7.6 μg/L, respectively) compared to children in the US, Canada, Spain, and Denmark. We found positive correlations between total fruit consumption and creatinine adjusted log transformed urinary DMP, DMTP, diethylthiophopshate (DETP), total dimethyl (DM) and total DAP concentrations (p < 0.05), positive correlations between cucumber consumption and diethylphosphate (DEP), DETP and diethyl (DE) concentrations (p < 0.05), and positive correlations between apple consumption and DETP concentrations (p = 0.02). Based on urinary DAP concentrations, we found that a portion of the children in our study had EDIs above the ADI, ranging from 2.9% to 79.4% of the children, depending on the active OP ingredient. ConclusionsWe found that Israeli children in our study are widely exposed to OP pesticides; that levels of dimethyl metabolites were high compared to other international populations; and that fruit consumption was associated with higher urinary DAP levels. Using urinary DAP concentration data, we found that a portion of the children in our study may be exposed to OP pesticides at levels above those considered safe.

RIWAYAT PAPARAN PESTISIDA SEBAGAI FAKTOR RISIKO STUNTING PADA ANAK USIA 2-5 TAHUN DI DAERAH PERTANIAN

T he prevalence of stunting in the Wanayasa Subd istrict area reache d 23.7 percent and the stunting incidence was widely found in children aged 2-5 years. H istory of pesticide exposure is one of the factors that influence the incidence of stunting. Wanayasa Subdistrict is an area of potato and vegetable farming with high intensity of pesticide use in processing the land. The purpose of study was to analyze the history of pesticide exposure as a risk factor for stunting in children aged 2-5 years in Wanayasa Subd istrict , Banjarnegara District. The research design used was case control with a total sample of 47 cases (stunting) and 47 controls (not stunting). Subject selection by purposive sampling with matching age and gender. Data obtained through measurement of height, weight and structured interviews. Data were analyzed using chi-square test, calculating Odds Ratio (OR) and logistic regression method . The results showed that t he lowest value of HAZ in the case group were -5.4 SD and the highest was -2.55 SD, the lowest age of children 24-month in case group and 27-month in the control group. Most of mother ’ s work in case group (51.1%) and in control group (57.4%) were farmers. I n multivariate analysis showed that , the history of pesticide exposure in children (OR = 4.21, 95% CI: 1.77-10.04) as stunting risk factor, and history of pesticide exposure during pregnancy was not significantly related to stunting. The conclusion of this study that the history of pesticide exposure is the most dominant risk factor for the incidence of stunting in children aged 2-5 years.

Methylenecyclopropyl glycine, not pesticide exposure as the primary etiological factor underlying hypoglycemic encephalopathy in Muzaffarpur, India

Some districts of Bihar, especially Muzzaffarpur district, have been known to be affected by annual outbreak, called locally as Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) which became one of the major health concerns in Bihar, due to its high fatality and complications. Several hypotheses like bat virus, heat stroke, pesticide exposure and the presence of a compound – methylenecyclopropyl glycine (MCPG) in Litchi have been proposed by different investigators for AES. When the investigators examined the symptoms, signs and the epidemiological data, bat virus and heat stroke hypothesis were ruled out. Two major hypotheses which remain in question were the exposure to pesticides or MCPG present in litchi. Therefore, this study was designed to check the presence of both in the Muzzaffarpur samples of ripe and semi ripe litchi fruits. The fruit cover of ripe and semi ripe litchi showed the traces of Malathion (0.18-0.19 μg/g) and p’-p’-DDT (0.022–0.023 μg/g), while no pesticide residues were detected in the pulp of ripe or semi ripe litchi thereby ruling out the possibility of pesticide exposure in children of Muzzaffarpur. However, MCPG was detected in the pulp of semi ripe (0.57 μg/g) and ripe litchi fruits (0.19 μg/g). Further, when the human condition was simulated in animals, there was deprivation in body weight and glucose levels in starved litchi seed dosed rats, causing hypoglycemia. These results suggest that the cause of hypoglycemic encephalopathy in Muzzaffarpur is related to the consumption of semi ripe and ripe litchi fruits by undernourished children.

A Pilot Study Evaluating Organochlorine and Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure in Children and Adolescents of Mexican Descent Residing in Hidalgo County, Texas.

Children and adolescents of Mexican descent residing in Hidalgo County (TX) were evaluated for exposure to organochlorine (OC) and organophosphate (OP) pesticides. A convenience sample of 60 participants enrolled in our pilot study. The lipid-adjusted serum concentrations of nine OC metabolites and creatinine-adjusted urinary concentrations of six OP metabolites were measured and compared with data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Fourth Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the concentration levels for each metabolite. Study participants were aged 5-18years. For most of the OC and OP metabolites, our findings showed that participants had concentration levels within the distributional range of the national data. However, notable outlying levels (greater than the 95th percentile in the Fourth Report) were identified for the following OC metabolites: gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene, and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. Among the children aged 5-11years, one child had an outlying value for the OP metabolite: dimethylphosphate. Our findings on the levels of OC and OP pesticide exposure enhances the credibility of national estimates, and can serve as baselines for children and adolescents of Mexican descent residing in Lower Rio Grande Valley. Furthermore, our study contributes to the lacunae of knowledge regarding environmental exposures and presses further investigation of outlying OC and OP exposure levels.

Predictors of Detected Organophosphorus Pesticides Among Orang Asli Children Living in Malaysia

BackgroundIncreasing use of pesticides in agriculture to control pest may result in permanent damage to the environment and consequently cause harmful health problems especially among infant and children. Due to pesticide's natural toxicity and its widespread use, it causes a serious threat to public health especially to this vulnerable group. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine the organophosphorus pesticide urinary metabolite levels and its predictors among Orang Asli children of the Mah Meri tribe living in an agricultural island in Kuala Langat, Selangor. MethodsData collection was carried out at an island in Kuala Langat, Selangor, where a total of 180 Orang Asli children of the Mah Meri tribe voluntarily participated in the study. Data were collected via a validated, modified questionnaire. Urinary organophosphate metabolites, namely dimethylphosphate, diethylphosphate, dimethylthiophosphate, dimethyldithiophosphate, diethylthiophosphate, and diethyldithiophosphate were measured to assess organophosphate pesticide exposure in children. FindingsEighty-four (46.7%) of the respondents were positive for urine dialkyl phosphate metabolites. In multivariable analysis, children who frequently consumed apples had 4 times higher risk of pesticide detection than those who consumed apple less frequently. In addition, those who frequently ate cucumbers had 4 times higher risk for pesticide detection than those who ate cucumbers less frequently. Children with a father whose occupation involved high exposure to pesticides (agriculture) had 3 times higher risk of pesticide detection than those with a father in a low-risk occupation (nonagriculture). ConclusionsAlmost half of the children (46.7%) in the study area tested positive for urinary dialkyl phosphate metabolite levels. Most of the metabolite levels were equal to or higher than that reported in other previous studies. Major factors associated with pesticide detection in children in this study were frequent intake of apple and cucumber and fathers who are working in an agricultural area.

Pesticide exposure and neurodevelopment in children aged 6–9 years from Talamanca, Costa Rica

Certain pesticides may affect children's neurodevelopment. We assessed whether pesticide exposure was associated with impaired neurobehavioral outcomes in children aged 6–9 years.We conducted a cross-sectional study in 140 children living near banana plantations and plantain farms in the Talamanca County, Costa Rica and assessed their neurobehavioral performance. Exposure was determined by analyzing urinary metabolites of chlorpyrifos (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, TCPy), mancozeb (ethylenethiourea, ETU), and pyrethroids (3-phenoxybenzoic acid, 3-PBA). Repeated urine samples were obtained for 36 children. We estimated associations of pesticide concentrations with neurobehavioral outcomes using multivariable linear and logistic regression models.Median (25th–75th percentiles) TCPy, ETU, and 3-PBA concentrations were 1.4 (.7–3.1), 1.2 (.7–3.0), and .8 (.5–1.5) μg/L, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranged between .32 and .67. After adjustment for potential confounders, higher urinary TCPy concentrations were associated with poorer working memory in boys (n = 59) (β per 10-fold increase in TCPy concentrations = −7.5, 95% CI: −14.4, −.7); poorer visual motor coordination (β = −1.4, 95% CI: −2.7, −.1); increased prevalence of parent-reported cognitive problems/inattention (adjusted OR per 10-fold increase in urinary concentrations = 5.8, 95% CI: 1.6, 22.9), oppositional disorders (aOR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.0, 16.0), and ADHD (aOR = 6.8, 95% CI: 1.8, 28.6), and; decreased ability to discriminate colors (aOR = 6.6, 95% CI: 1.6, 30.3; the higher the score the worse). Higher ETU concentrations were associated with poorer verbal learning outcomes (β = −7.0, 95% CI: −12.7, −1.3). Higher 3-PBA concentrations were associated with poorer processing speed scores, particularly in girls (β = −8.8, 95% CI: −16.1, −1.4).Our findings indicate that children living near banana and plantain plantations are exposed to pesticides that may affect their neurodevelopment, which for certain domains may differ between boys and girls. We recommend the implementation of measures to reduce pesticide exposure in children living nearby banana plantations.

Abstract C40: Organochlorine and organophosphate pesticide exposure in children and adolescents of Mexican origin residing in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas

Abstract Background: Children and adolescents of Mexican origin residing in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of Texas, USA were evaluated for risk of exposure to organochlorine (OC) and organophosphate (OP) pesticides. This pilot study summarizes the lipid adjusted serum concentrations of OCs and the creatinine corrected urine concentrations of OPs obtained from study participants. Methods: The lipid adjusted serum concentrations of OCs (in ppb on a lipid-weight basis) along with creatinine corrected urine concentrations of OPs (in µg/g of creatinine) were measured and compared to the US national data reported by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Descriptive statistics, including geometric means (GMs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were used to summarize the distribution of concentration levels. Scatter plots were generated to visually assess distributions and to identify outlying values relative to the positioning of the NHANES 95th percentile. Half of the limit of detection (LOD) was substituted for cases where concentration levels were below LOD. Results: Sixty children and adolescents participated in the study, with 58 providing serum and urine samples for OC and OP analyses. Of the 9 OC pesticides analyzed, p,p'-DDE had the largest variability and highest frequency of lipid adjusted serum concentrations above the LOD. The GM for p,p'-DDE was 107.1 (ppb), similar to the GM of 105 (ppb) for p,p'-DDE reported by the NHANES. However, our inspection of the distribution of p,p'-DDE concentrations identified two participants with levels above 1,000 (ppb). Outlying values of 127 and 48.5 (ppb) were also identified for p,p'-DDT and gamma-HCCH, respectively. Of the 6 OP pesticides analyzed and specifically for participants 5 to 11 years of age, creatinine corrected urine concentrations of DMP had the largest variability and contained an outlying value of 64.8 (µg/g). For participants 12 to 18 years of age, the creatinine corrected urine concentrations of all 6 OPs were at or below the 95th percentile reported by the NHANES for adolescents 12 to 19 years of age. Conclusion: Although the OCs and OPs analyzed in this study were indicative of concentration levels within the distributional range of the US national data reported by the NHANES, the p,p'-DDE concentration levels of two children exceeded the 95th percentile for the US population by more than two-fold. This warrants further investigation given that p,p'-DDE is a known derivative of DDT which has been banned in the US for more than 40 years. Citation Format: Mike Hernandez, Celia Garcia-Prieto, Maria Hernandez-Valero, Sherri L. Patterson, Yisheng Li, Richard A. Hajek, Lovell A. Jones, Ernest Hawk. Organochlorine and organophosphate pesticide exposure in children and adolescents of Mexican origin residing in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(3 Suppl):Abstract nr C40.

Interaction between paraoxonase 1 polymorphism and prenatal pesticide exposure on metabolic markers in children using a multiplex approach.

Prenatal environmental exposures may influence the risk of cardio-metabolic diseases later in life. This study used a multiplex approach to investigate non-fasting serum levels of metabolic markers in a cohort of school-aged children for whom associations between prenatal pesticide exposure and body fat content and blood pressure were previously found to be dependent on paraoxonase1 (PON1) Q192R genotype. In children with the PON1 192 R-allele, leptin, glucagon, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were positively associated with prenatal pesticide exposure. For PON1 192 QQ-homozygote children none of the biomarkers were significantly affected by prenatal pesticide exposure. In children with the R-allele, leptin was associated with both body fat measures and prenatal pesticide exposure and seems to mediate body fat accumulation in exposed children. These findings support our previous results of an adverse cardio-metabolic risk profile associated with prenatal pesticide exposure in children with the PON1 192 R-allele.

Reduction in urinary organophosphate pesticide metabolites in adults after a week-long organic diet

BackgroundConventional food production commonly uses organophosphate (OP) pesticides, which can have negative health effects, while organic food is deemed healthier because it is produced without these pesticides. Studies suggest that organic food consumption may significantly reduce OP pesticide exposure in children who have relatively higher pesticide exposure than adults due to their different diets, body weight, behaviour and less efficient metabolism. ObjectivesA prospective, randomised, crossover study was conducted to determine if an organic food diet reduces organophosphate exposure in adults. MethodsThirteen participants were randomly allocated to consume a diet of at least 80% organic or conventional food for 7 days and then crossed over to the alternate diet. Urinary levels of six dialkylphosphate metabolites were analysed in first-morning voids collected on day 8 of each phase using GC–MS/MS with detection limits of 0.11–0.51μg/L. ResultsThe mean total DAP results in the organic phase were 89% lower than in the conventional phase (M=0.032 [SD=0.038] and 0.294 [SD=0.435] respectively, p=0.013). For total dimethyl DAPs there was a 96% reduction (M=0.011 [SD=0.023] and 0.252 [SD=0.403] respectively, p=0.005). Mean total diethyl DAP levels in the organic phase were half those of the conventional phase (M=0.021 [SD=0.020] and 0.042 [SD=0.038] respectively), yet the wide variability and small sample size meant the difference was not statistically significant. ConclusionsThe consumption of an organic diet for one week significantly reduced OP pesticide exposure in adults. Larger scale studies in different populations are required to confirm these findings and investigate their clinical relevance.

Trends in long term exposure to propoxur and pyrethroids in young children in the Philippines

Background/aimPesticides are neurotoxic and can adversely affect children′s neurobehavioral outcome. Ongoing pesticide exposure has to be monitored in the study of long term outcome of pesticide adverse effects since changes in the type and amount of exposure can influence outcome. The aim of this paper is to describe the trend in long term pesticide exposure in children through the analysis of pesticides in their hair. Patients and methodsAs part of an NIH study on the long term effects of pesticide exposure in young children, ongoing exposure to pesticides was determined by the analysis of children′s hair for propoxur and pyrethroids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry at 2, 4 and 6 years of age. ResultsThere were significant changes in the prevalence and concentration of propoxur and pyrethroids in children′s hair at 2, 4 and 6 years of age. At ages 2 and 4 years, the prevalence of propoxur exposure increased from 12.4% to 24.1% (p<0.001) but dramatically decreased to 1.7% at 6 years (p<0.001). For bioallethrin, the prevalence of exposure steadily increased from 2 years (0.7%, p<0.001) to 4 years (12.4%, p<0.001) and to 6 years (18.4% p<0.001). Exposure to transfluthrin significantly increased from 4 years (1.0%) to 6 years (9.2%, p<0.001).There were also significantly higher median concentrations of bioallethrin at 2 compared to 4 years and for propoxur at 2 years compared to 6 years. Between 4 and 6 years, there was a higher median concentration of propoxur at 4 compared to 6 years and for transfluthrin and bioallethrin, at 6 compared to 4 years. ConclusionChanges in the prevalence and concentration of exposure to propoxur and pyrethroids in children at 2, 4 and 6 years of age are related to the progress in ambulation of young children and to changes in the formulation of home spray pesticides. Thus, periodic monitoring of pesticide exposure is necessary when studying the long term effects of pesticide exposure in the neurodevelopment of young children.

Utilization of the Food Quality Protection Act’s Infant and Children Safety Factor and Implications for Dietary Pesticide Exposure in Children

Children are more vulnerable to the adverse health effects of pesticides because of their developing organ systems, immature metabolic functioning, less varied diet, and higher consumption of food ...

Council on Environmental Health. Policy Statement: Pesticide Exposure in Children. Pediatrics. 2012;130(6):e1757–e1763

Errata| May 01 2013 Council on Environmental Health. Policy Statement: Pesticide Exposure in Children. Pediatrics. 2012;130(6):e1757–e1763 Pediatrics (2013) 131 (5): 1013. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0576 Connected Content This is a correction to: Pesticide Exposure in Children Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Council on Environmental Health. Policy Statement: Pesticide Exposure in Children. Pediatrics. 2012;130(6):e1757–e1763. Pediatrics May 2013; 131 (5): 1013. 10.1542/peds.2013-0576 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All PublicationsAll JournalsPediatricsHospital PediatricsPediatrics In ReviewNeoReviewsAAP Grand RoundsAAP NewsAll AAP Sites Search Advanced Search Topics: environmental health, pesticides A couple of errors occurred in this AAP Policy Statement titled “Pesticide Exposure in Children” published in the December 2012 issue of Pediatrics (2012;130[6]: e1757–e1763; originally published online November 26, 2012; doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2757). In Table 2, in the second and third columns where glyphosate is discussed, the words “organic solvent” should be replaced with the word “surfactant.” On page e1758, in the first paragraph of the left-hand column, immediately beneath Table 1, the first full sentence should be amended to read: “For many children, diet may be the most influential source, as illustrated by an intervention study that placed children on an organic diet (produced without most conventional pesticides) and observed drastic and immediate decrease in urinary excretion of organophosphate pesticide metabolites.” View Original Article You do not currently have access to this content.

Health risk assessment of exposure to chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos in children at childcare facilities

The present study evaluated 168 childcare facilities from 6 cities in South Korea to assess exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) in children through 4 major pathways (indoor air, indoor dust, surface wipe of indoor objects, and hand wash water of children). The Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) was calculated based on the Cancer Potency Factor (CPF) and Age Dependent Adjustment Factor (ADAF) in adults. Dichlorvos residues were detected in the indoor air, indoor dust, surface wipes of indoor objects, and the hand wash water of children at frequencies of 47.4, 90, 100, and 100%, respectively. After revision based on the ADAF, total cancer risk in the 50th percentile was 3.99×10−3 for inhalation, oral intake, and dermal contact in children ages 3 to 4 and 4.63×10−4 in kindergarteners ages 5 to 6. Inhalation was the primary pathway of pesticide exposure in children in childcare facilities. Children ages 3 to 4 in daycare centers had a Hazard Quotient (HQ) of 0.5 for dichlorvos, which was 50% lower than the risk criterion level of 1 but was higher than the 95% percentile with a HQ of 1.9. This study postulates that children in childcare facilities may be exposed to specific OPs.