Pestalotia Sp Research Articles

Effect of doses fertilizer and harvest interval on the intensity of leaf spot diseases, production and quality of citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus L.) essential oils in ultisols soil

Until now, Indonesia is still a world exporter of essential oils, including citronella oil. So that the role of farming communities in the development of Indonesia's essential oil industry is very helpful. For this reason, a study was carried out on response of fertilization and harvest interval on the intensity of leaf spot diseases of citronella grass, and productivity in ultisols soil which was carried out from October 2020 to September 2022. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design in factorial with 9 treatments, as the first factor is 3 levels of an organic fertilizer (NPK); P1 = 25 g clumps −1, P2 = 37.5 g clumps −1 and P3 = 50 g clumps −1. The second factor is the harvest interval with three levels which is 4 = harvest interval once every 4 months, 3 = harvest interval every 3 months and 2 = harvest interval once every 2 months, repeated three times. Each treatment plot consisted of 24 clumps with a plant spacing of 1 × 1 × 1 m. Varieties used is Serai wangi 1. Parameters observed were intensity of leaf spot diseases, vegetative growth, livestock production, oil production, quality analysis and R/C ratio. The results showed that there was an effect of fertilizer doses and harvest intervals on the development of leaf spot disease. It was seen that at the application of fertilizer doses of 37.5 g clumps −1 with harvest intervals once every three months showed the lowest disease attacks, namely on Cuvularia sp and Pestalotia sp (5.98%, 5.42% and 7.98 %, 7.44 %). In addition, the development of vegetative growth is also influenced by the application of fertilizer doses and harvest intervals on the parameters of canopy width, plant height, leaf length, leaf width and number of tillers. The best fertilizer dose is 37.50 g clump −1 successively (175.40 cm, 172.29 cm, 113.62 cm, 2.36 cm and 119.59 stems), with harvest intervals every 3 months (179.40 cm, 187.29 cm, 119.44 cm, 2.45 cm and 120.00 stems), as well as fresh leaves production tons/ha/year and oil production kg/ha/year the best is the application of fertilizer doses of 37.50 g clumps−1 with harvest intervals once every 3 months (67.81 tons−ha-year and 578.61 kg−ha- year,with, 67.40 tons–ha-th and 517.60 kg–ha-th). For oil quality, numerically, the application of fertilizer at a dose of 37.50 g of clump −1 with harvest intervals every 3 months is still high. The proper R/C ratio for farming occurs in the 2 nd year by administering a fertilizer dose of 37.50 g clump−1 and harvesting intervals once every 3 months with an increase of 116.67%. So, the citronella grass variety Serai wangi 1 can be developed on ultisol soil types by applying an organic fertilizer (NPK).

Identifying the fungal diseases of African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) and their incidence in south-west Nigeria

The incidence of fungi infecting Sphenostylis stenocarpa ([Hochst ex. A. Rich.] Harms) commonly known as African yam bean (AYB) were surveyed in Oyo, Ondo, Ekiti, Osun, and Ogun states within SW Nigeria during the 2018 planting season. The common field symptoms across all sites were tiny spot, brown spot, leaf blight, brown spot with yellow halo, necrotic lesion on foliage, and brown spot on the pods. Of these 1005 isolations, 14 fungal species were commonly identified after their purification: Aspergillus sp, Botrytis sp, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Curvularia lunata, Trichoderma harzianum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Pestalotia sp, Phoma sp, Fusarium verticillioides, F. oxysporum, F. solani, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Choanephora curcubitarium and Nigrospora spp. based on morphological characteristics. Phoma sp and C. gleosporoides had highest frequency of occurrence 69.9% and 51.9% at early and mature stages, respectively. To conform to Koch's postulates, the pathogenicity of 15 exemplar strains of the most abundant fungal species were confirmed under greenhouse conditions. The identities of Colletotrichum sp., Aspergillus sp., Curvularia aeria, Macrophomina phaseolina, Didymella sp., Pestalopsis sp, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, F. solani and F. oxysporum were confirmed based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and comparisons with the Genbank database. AYB germplasm from curated seed banks and farmer donated landraces were grown at the same site in 2020 and identical fungi were isolated. Further, genotypes with reduced disease incidence were identified. This first study to reveal the diversity of fungi associated with AYB in SW Nigeria that could inform disease management practices.

Integrated Control of Some Fungal Diseases Affecting Guava and Pomegranate from Farm to Fork in Egypt

These studies aim to identify a group of pathogens and design an integrated control program reducing the infection in Guava Psidium guajava and Pomegranate Punica granatum by cross inoculation method. Almost eight fungi were collected from governorate Ismaelia and Behera in 2019. Alternaria alternate, Fusarium spp, Phomopsis psidii, Macrophomina spp., Cercospora spp. Botrytis cineria and Pestalotia spp. were the most frequencies isolated fungi on all fruits. In the second season 2020 we treated trees with biocides, fungicides and fertilizer they gave significant differences between the treated treatments and control .The bluegreen algae bio treatment, showed the best results compared with both of RizoN and Plantagaurd treatments, the percentage of disease severity on the leaves was 13.4%, compared to the control45%, the best chemical treatment was Fungalpro, Topsin and Collise, where the disease severity was 0% in case of guava ,the same results obtained in pomegranate .At the end of the season, the best results were in the treatment with fungalpro which gave the least disease severity percentage on each of the leaves, branches and fruits in both guava and pomegranate .In the third season 2022 we applied integrated control program there were a significant decrease in pathogenic fungi in leaves, branches, flowers and ripe fruits, as the population at the end of the season for some fungi reached zero, such as Phomopsis sp. and Pestalotia sp. As Alternaria fungus, the results showed significant differences compared with the control, with regard to Guava, the percentage of disease severity in fruits was 8.75% and 9.75% in both Ismailia and South of Tahrir, respectively, compared to the control, which reached 85.5% and 88.5% in Ismailia and South of Tahrir, respectively. The results for pomegranate followed the same pattern.

Identification of Pests and Diseases in Red Chili Plants (Capsicum Annuum L.) in Nangsri, Manisrenggo, Klaten

Red chilies are one of the important types of vegetables cultivated commercially in tropical countries. Insect pests are one of the obstacles in efforts to increase the production of red chili ornamental plants. There are some farmers who do not understand the types of pests that exist in red chili plantations. This research aims to identify the types of pests that attack red chili plants in Nangsri Manisrenggo Village and observe the symptoms of pest and disease attacks. The methods used are observation and interviews. The data obtained was analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results of the research show that there are 2 types of disease, namely fungi that cause leaf spots, Pestalotia sp and Cercospora sp, and 6 types of pests that attack red chilies, namely: Thrips spp., peach aphids (Myzus persicae), armyworms (Spodoptera litura), flies fruit (Bactrocera spp.), mites (Tetranychus sp.; Polyphagotarsonemus sp.) and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci).

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of endophytic fungi isolated from Thysanolaena maxima Roxb., Dracaena spicata Roxb. and Aglaonema hookerianum Schott.

BackgroundEndophytic fungi have recently been recognized as an impressive source of natural biomolecules. The primary objective of the research was to isolate fungal endophytes from Thysanolaena maxima Roxb., Dracaena spicata Roxb. and Aglaonema hookerianum Schott. of Bangladesh and assess their pharmacological potentialities focusing on antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties.MethodsThe fungal isolates were identified up to the genus level by analyzing their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Ethyl acetate extracts of all the fungal isolates were screened for different bioactivities, including antimicrobial (disc diffusion method), antioxidant (DPPH scavenging assay), and cytotoxic (brine shrimp lethality bioassay) activities.ResultsAmong the thirteen isolates, Fusarium sp. was the most recognized genus, while the others belonged to Colletotrichum sp. and Pestalotia sp. Comparing the bioactivity of all the extracts, Fusarium sp. was shown to be the most effective endophyte, followed by Colletotrichum sp. and Pestalotia sp. In the antimicrobial study, two isolates of Fusarium sp. (internal strain nos. DSLE-1 and AHPE-4) showed inhibitory activity against all the tested bacteria and the highest zone of inhibition (15.5 ± 0.4 mm) was exerted by AHPE-4 against Bacillus subtillis. All the fungal isolates produced mild to moderate free radical scavenging activity, where the highest antioxidant activity was revealed by one isolate of Fusarium sp. (internal strain no. AHPE-3) with an IC50 value of 84.94 ± 0.41 µg/mL. The majority of Fusarium sp. isolates exhibited notable cytotoxic activity, where AHPE-4 exhibited the highest cytotoxicity, having the LC50 value of 14.33 ± 4.5 µg/mL.ConclusionThe findings of the study endorsed that the fungal endophytes isolated from T. maxima, D. spicata, and A. hookerianum hold potential as valuable origins of bioactive substances. Nevertheless, more comprehensive research is warranted, which could develop novel natural compounds from these endophytes to treat various infectious and cancerous diseases.

INVENTARISASI DAN PETA SEBARAN HAMA DAN PENYAKIT PADA EMPAT KOMODITI UNGGULAN PERKEBUNAN DI KABUPATEN BUTON, PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGGARA

Information on the type of OPT that attacks plantation commodities in Buton Regency is incomplete, even though the data can be the basis for mitigating attacks and controls if the plants have been attacked. For this reason, research was conducted to identify the type and distribution of pests in plantation crops, especially in cocoa, cloves, cashew, pepper, and coconut commodities. They analyzed the damage caused by OPT in plantation crops, especially in cocoa, cloves, cashews, pepper, and coconut commodities, and determined alternative solutions for control and prevention. Observations were made in several villages in several sub-districts in Buton Regency. Direct observations were made on the specified land, and interviews with farmers and various related parties were conducted. To get OPT-type data and damage levels. OPT that attacks cashew consists of two types of pests and one disease. The level of damage OPT in the categorized category of guava plants. The level of damage to the pest on the categorized cashew was low. In coconut commodities, found OPT from three types of pest groups, namely Orycter Rhynocheros, Aspidiotus Destructors, and Pestalotia sp. The level of attack of the three pests was categorized as low. Cocoa was the commodity mainly attacked by OPT, consisting of 4 types of pests and four types of diseases. Fruit rot (Phytophthora palmivora) and stem cancer (Phytophthora palmivora) had a heavy attack rate in all cocoa-producing districts in Buton Regency.

Fungal Flora on Weeds in the Cashew (<i>Anacardium occidentale</i> L.) Orchard in Côte d’Ivoire

Since 2015, Côte d’Ivoire has been the world’s largest cashew producer. However, cashew orchards in Côte d’Ivoire are infected by fungal diseases that weaken production. And the contribution of weeds to the spread of these diseases is not yet understood. This study was initiated with the aim of establishing the role of weeds in the proliferation of pathogenic fungi in orchards. It consisted of a survey of weeds showing disease symptoms in cashew orchards in Côte d’Ivoire from February 2021 to July 2022. The itinerant method was used for the weed inventory. Symptomatic leaves were collected and sent to the laboratory for diagnosis on PDA (Potatoes Dextrose Agar) medium. In total, 50 species in 46 genera and 23 families were recorded. Laboratory diagnosis of the samples showed that 80% of the weeds identified harboured pathogenic fungi. The highest infection rates were obtained on Danielia oliveri R. (99.33% to 100%), Vitellaria paradoxa G. (100%), Pterocarpus erinaceus P. (83.91% to 99.33%), Micuna pruriens L. (98.33% to 100%) and Isoberlinia doka C. et S. (56.33% to 100%). The diagnosis revealed the presence of Lasiodiplodia sp, Colletotrichum sp, Pestalotia sp, Alternaria sp and Curvularia sp on weeds in the cashew orchard in Côte d’Ivoire.

The effect of various essential oil and solvent additives on the botanical pesticide of Piper Aduncum essential oil on formulation antifungal activity

This study aims to obtain a formulation of the botanical pesticide P aduncum with additives and the right type of solvent. The research was arranged in a completely randomized design in factorial, the first factor being essential oil additives; citronellagrass oils (Andropogon nardus), lemongrass oils (Cimbopogon flexiosus), Ceylon cinnamon leaf oils (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Padang cinnamon leaf oils (Cinnamomum burmanii), clove leaf oils (Eugenia aromatica) and wild ginger leaf oils (Elettariopsis slahmong), both types of solvent (ethanol, methanol and turpentine). The experiment was carried out at the Laing Solok IPPTP parasitology laboratory. The results showed that all additive materials had a positive effect in increasing the antifungal activity of the botanical pesticide P aduncum essential oil with different effectiveness against the test fungi. Citronella oil showed the highest antifungal effectiveness compared to other additives, especially against S. rolfsii and Pestalotia sp, with diameter and biomass inhibition of fungal colonies tested S rolfsii 92.15% and 92.70%, Pestalotia sp 84.82% and 86,34% and F. oxysporum 43.87 and 47.17%. All solvents can be used for the formulation of the botanical pesticide P aduncum, ethanol solvent is better than methanol and turpentine with the highest inhibition capacity of the diameter and biomass of the fungus colonies tested S rolfsii 91.28% and 92.05%, Pestalotia sp 83.56% and 86.02% and for F. oxysporum 40.31 and 48.36%, respectively.

Pest and Disease Identification in Parijoto Plant (Medinilla speciosa blume) at Nglurah Tawangmangu

Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa blume) is a tropical plant that has purplish pink fruit often called Asian grape. In Indonesia, parijoto plants are very well known as ornamental plants that have various benefits, from parijoto fruit can be used as anti-inflammatory drugs so that ornamental plants are widely cultivated by the community, especially lovers of ornamental plants and ornamental plant cultivation in Nglurah. Medinilla speciosa blume is very suitable in Indonesia, which has a tropical climate, but the high rainfall in Indonesia in the rainy season should get more attention in caring for it. This makes parijoto plants susceptible to several types of diseases and pests that can damage the beauty of the Medinilla speciosa blume plant. However, the lack of experts in this field makes it very difficult for plant lovers and the cultivation community of Medinilla speciosa blume in Nglurah to solve the problem of diseases and pests that attack the Medinilla speciosa blume plant. The purpose of this study was to determine pests and diseases on Medinilla speciosa blume. This research was conducted in Nglurah Village Rt 01 Rw 02 Tawangmangu for five days on 04 – 08 September 2021. This research uses observation and interview methods. Data were analyzed by qualitative descriptive. This study used 10 samples of the observed Medinilla speciosa blume plant. The tools used are cellphone cameras and stationery. The variables to be observed are pests and diseases. The results of this study found 4 pests and 2 diseases on Medinilla speciosa blume including Fussarium oxysporum, Cercospora sp and Pestalotia sp, mealybugs, caterpillars, snails, grasshoppers. For this reason, the solution for treating parijoto plants to avoid pests and diseases requires extra care such as paying attention to soil moisture, giving appropriate fertilizers, and giving vitamins so that parijoto plants can grow well.

In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Biogenic Silver and Copper Nanoparticles: The First Report of Applying Biogenic Nanoparticles against Pilidium concavum and Pestalotia sp. Fungi.

There is increased attention paid to metallic nanoparticles due to their intensive use in various branches of agriculture and biotechnology, such as pest management, nanosensors, gene delivery, seed treatment, etc. There has been growing interest in applying environmentally friendly strategies for synthesizing nanoparticles without using substances which are hazardous to the environment. Biological practices for the synthesis of nanoparticles have been considered as possible ecofriendly alternatives to chemical synthesis. In the present study, we used biogenic silver and copper nanoparticles which were prepared by a previously reported green method. Moreover, the problem of chemical residues, which usually remain along with chemically synthesized nanoparticles and limit their application, was solved by developing such a green synthesis approach. To study the antibacterial activity of silver and copper nanoparticles, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used; for the evaluation of antifungal activity, the pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea, Pilidium concavum and Pestalotia sp. were applied. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first time that the antifungal impact of a nanoparticle has been tested on Pilidium concavum and Pestalotia sp. Silver nanoparticles were found to be the more effective antimicrobial agent against all examined pathogens in comparison to copper nanoparticles. Data from such investigations provide valuable preliminary data on silver nanoparticle-based compounds or composites for use in the management of different pathogens.

Seed Borne Fungal Organisms Associated with Germination Success of Terminalia brownii (Fresen) in Kenya

Terminalia brownii is an indigenous tree species highly valued in the Kenyan drylands for its products such as timber for wood curving, medicine, and charcoal production, among others. Due to this high value followed by overutilization, its population in the drylands is dwindling. Concern about the species’ low regeneration as shown by low germination has been raised. This research was conducted on the seed borne fungal organisms that are associating with the germination of this species. T. brownii seeds were collected from cluster patches of the species in Kendu Bay, Kimose and Ndumoni in Homabay, Baringo and Kitui counties of Kenya respectively. The seeds were harvested for fruit probing for maturity confirmation. Random sampling was used in selecting thirty trees, 50 meters apart, from which fresh fruits were uniformly collected from the crowns. The research adopted a complete block experimental design where one hundred seeds each from the three sites, were subjected to a germination test, seed borne fungal organisms’ presence, identified organisms cultured and DNA and DNA sequencing carried out for identification. Fungal organisms associated with germination success of T. brownii were Fusarium equiseti, Pestalotia sp, and Alternaria alternata. Paired t test run between germinants versus the number of sown seeds gave N = 12, p-value of 0.000, t = 16.29. On the other hand, paired t test run between fungal infected seeds with the number of germinants gave N = 12, p-0.000, t = 8.78. Fungi associated with germinants included Penicillium sp, and the data analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test run showed significant difference at a p value of 0.000. Identified organisms associating with none germination and germination success on the other hand were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Fungal organisms associating with germination success of T. brownii significantly affect germination of freshly extracted seeds from the field, hence, for maximum germination achievement, seeds should be sown while still fresh.

Isolasi, identifikasi dan karakterisasi penyebab penyakit bercak daun pada semai pinus di perum perhutani BKPH Purworejo, KPH Kedu Selatan

Pinus merkusii, a multiuse tree, is cultivated at Indonesian Plantation. Pinus plantation have been threatened by rust/spot leaf disease. The pathogen has infected pinus seedlings at Perum Perhutani, BKPH Purworejo, KPH Kedu Selatan and cause high mortality. The aims of this research to identify pathogen causing rust/spot leaf thus information how to control can be observed. Pathogens were isolated from infected leaves, and grown on the potato dextrose agar (PDA) and observed macroscopis and microscopis and identified. The pathogens also were inoculated to healthy seedlings (Postulat Koch Test). The result shows that pathogen causing rust/spot leaf on seedlings pine is Pestalotia sp with characteristic white colony, hypha has aservuli with conidia that have 25 septums and at the edge, some structure looks like feather whipped 3-5. Potulat Koch test indicated that inoculated healthy seedling shows similar symptom with infected seedlings. Rust/spot leaf has similar sympto and sign. Spot or rust appear on leaves started from edge and spread to base. At first, spots were formed in small size and separate each other but they developed and became larger and wider and fused.

Anti-MRSA activity of oxysporone and xylitol from the endophytic fungus Pestalotia sp. growing on the Sundarbans mangrove plant Heritiera fomes.

Heritiera fomes Buch.-Ham., a mangrove plant from the Sundarbans, has adapted to a unique habitat, muddy saline water, anaerobic soil, brackish tidal activities, and high microbial competition. Endophytic fungal association protects this plant from adverse environmental conditions. This plant is used in Bangladeshi folk medicine, but it has not been extensively studied phytochemically, and there is hardly any report on investigation on endophytic fungi growing on this plant. In this study, endophytic fungi were isolated from the surface sterilized cladodes and leaves of H.fomes. The antimicrobial activities were evaluated against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria and the fungal strain, Candida albicans. Extracts of Pestalotia sp. showed activities against all test bacterial strains, except that the ethyl acetate extract was inactive against Escherichia coli. The structures of the purified compounds, oxysporone and xylitol, were elucidated by spectroscopic means. The anti-MRSA potential of the isolated compounds were determined against various MRSA strains, that is, ATCC 25923, SA-1199B, RN4220, XU212, EMRSA-15, and EMRSA-16, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 32 to 128μg/ml. This paper, for the first time, reports on the anti-MRSA property of oxysporone and xylitol, isolation of the endophyte Pestalotia sp. from H.fomes, and isolation of xylitol from a Pestalotia sp.

In Vitro Antagonistic Potential of Trichoderma harzianum for Biological Control of Fusarium moniliforme Isolated from Dioscorea rotundata Tubers

Studies were conducted in vitro to determine the antagonistic potential of Trichoderma harzianum for biological control of Fusarium moniliforme isolated from rotted Dioscorea rotundata tubers. The experiments were performed at Advanced Plant Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria. Fungi organisms isolated and identified from the rotted white yam tubers were Botryodiploidia theobromae, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium purpurogenum and Pestalotia sp. Pathogenicity tests done confirmed F. moniliforme as one of the organisms responsible for the rot in yam tubers in this location. The antagonist was introduced same time with the pathogen, two days before the inoculation of the pathogen and two days after the inoculation of the pathogen. Plates were incubated for 192 hours and measurements of mycelial radial growths were done at intervals of 24 hours beginning from the third day of inoculation. The results of in vitro dual culture interactions between T. harzianum and F. moniliforme showed that T. harzianum has potentials to significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inhibit the growth of F. moniliforme irrespective of the time of introduction of antagonist and duration of incubation. Mean Percentage growth inhibition was highest (58.70%) when the antagonist was introduced 2 days before inoculation of the pathogen, followed by (52.54%) introduction of the antagonist same time with the pathogen while the least percentage growth inhibition (34.33%) was recorded when T. harzianum was introduced 2 days after inoculation of F. moniliforme. Minimum inhibition concentration showed moderately effective to effective control depending on the time of introduction of the antagonist. In conclusion, biological control agents should be used since they are biodegradable, eco-friendly, less expensive and target specific. The introduction is done before the arrival of pathogenic organisms in order to achieve highest level of effectiveness in controlling post-harvest rots causing organisms.

Biofabrication of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Silver Nanoparticles (Agnps) by an Endophytic Fungus Pestalotia Sp. Isolated from Madhuca Longifolia

Biofabrication of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Silver Nanoparticles (Agnps) by an Endophytic Fungus Pestalotia Sp. Isolated from Madhuca Longifolia Particles of metals or other materials in nanometre size are called as nanoparticles (NPs). Of ten endophytic fungi screened, seven endophytic fungi namely Alternaria alternata, Botryodiplodia sp., Pestalotia sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp. Aschersonia sp. and Phomopsis sp. were able to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Silver metal nanopartites were synthesised successfully by both mycelium as well as cell filtrate of Pestalotia sp., which was initially observed by spectrometric analysis. TEM pictures revealed the synthesis of angular shape of silver nanoparticles like trigonal, pentagonal, hexagonal, few of cuboids and some were of spherical in shape too. Most of nanoparticles (76%) were found below the size of 40 nm. FTIR spectra peaks showed the presence of -NH, CO, C=C and C-H containing organic metabolites which might play a role in stabilizing the nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles solution (0.5 mM) inhibited the growth significantly than control against all pathogenic bacteria tested. Mycosynthesized AgNPs were most active against Aeromonas hydrophila @2 μg/ml IC50 followed by Staphylococcus aureus (6 μg/ml), Escherichia coli (8μg/ml), Morganella morganii (24 μg/ml), Salmonella typhi (42 μg/ml), Enterococcus faecalis (40 μg/ml) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (50 μg/ml) respectively. Silver nanoparticles had also shown antioxidant activity with DPPH free radical scavenging with inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 47 μg /ml. To combat with new emerging pathogenic bacteria that threat our society by causing dreadful diseases, we require the development of effective therapeutics. Thus, eco-friendly synthesised antimicrobial and antioxidant silver nanoparticles allow us to suitably employing their application in nanoparticles mediated drug delivery and therapy of diseases.

Identification of causes of red leaf spot on red jabon (anthocephalus macrophyllus roxb.) Havil) seeds in kima atas permanent nursery, forestry research institute of manado

Fulfillment the needs of Red Jabon (Anthocephalus macrophyllus (Roxb.) Havil) seeds on the other hand can create an unbalanced ecosystem. The availability of red Jabon seed was becoming a source of food for pests, then it causes an explosion of pests and pathogens. The disease that most often affect red Jabon seeds, both in the nursery and in the field was red leaf spot (antraknose). The initial step to control red leaf spot disease is the identification of causing. Identification method performed by observation of the symptoms in the field, followed by microscopic observation in a laboratory. Based on the identification result, it was known that the disease caused by the fungus Cercospora sp., Colletotrichum sp. and Pestalotia sp. The effect caused by those fungal pathogens was the disruption of the photosynthetic process that ultimately inhibits the growth of red Jabon seeds. The controls which have been done are arranged the watering intensity, isolated the infected seed,and applied the chemical fungicide.

Identification of Causes of Red Leaf Spot on Red Jabon (Anthocephalus macrophyllus (Roxb.) Havil) Seeds in Kima Atas Permanent Nursery, Manado Forestry Research Institute

Fulfillment the needs of Red Jabon (Anthocephalus macrophyllus (Roxb.) Havil) seeds on the other hand can create an unbalanced ecosystem. The availability of red Jabon seed was becoming a source of food for pests, then it causes an explosion of pests and pathogens. The disease that most often affect red Jabon seeds, both in the nursery and in the field was red leaf spot (antraknose). The initial step to control red leaf spot disease is the identification of causing. Identification method performed by observation of the symptoms in the field, followed by microscopic observation in a laboratory. Based on the identification result, it was known that the disease caused by the fungus Cercospora sp., Colletotrichum sp. and Pestalotia sp. The effect caused by those fungal pathogens was the disruption of the photosynthetic process that ultimately inhibits the growth of red Jabon seeds. The controls which have been done are arranged the watering intensity, isolated the infected seed,and applied the chemical fungicide.

Indigenous fungal entomopathogens associated with the oil palm leaf miner <i>Coelaenomenodera lameensis</i> Berti and Mariau in Ghana

Background and Objective : The oil palm leaf miner Coelaenomenodera lameensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is the most devastating insect pest of the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacquin. Like most insect control programmes, control in Ghana has been through the use synthetic insecticides. The over-dependence on chemical control has brought in its wake adverse effects such as toxicity to the user and non-targeted organism. Entomopathogens have proven to be effective in the management of many insect species and these are environmentally-friendly. In this study we investigated reports by field workers of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Oil Palm Research Institute of Ghana who observed the presence of mycelia on the cuticle of cadavers of C. lameensis in their daily phytosanitary surveillance. Methodology and Results : Field surveys were conducted in three oil palm plantations viz: CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute and a commercial oil palm farm, both at Kusi in the Eastern Region, and Twifo Oil Palm Plantation of Unilever Ghana Limited at Twifo Praso in the Central Region of Ghana to collect cadaver of C. lameensis infected with fungi. The cadavers were aseptically cultured in the laboratory on Potato Dextrose Agar and fungi isolated and identified. A total of 17 fungal species were isolated from cadavers of the leaf miner. These include Aspergillus sp, Metarhizium sp, Paecilomyces sp, Penicillium sp, Pestalotia sp, Rhizoctonia sp, and three unidentified species. Bioassays conducted to ascertain the pathogenicity of the fungi against C. lameensis adult showed an overall mortality ranging between 12.5% - 77.5% within 7 days. Growth of mycelia on treated dead insects ranged from 0% - 47.5%. The unidentified fungus coded BKFF was found to be the most lethal inducing about 77% mortality in the insect and thus more entomopathogenic, followed by Paecilomyces sp. (Ioprik31 and Pestalotia sp. (CKFF) (both 65%) whilst Rhizoctonia sp was found to be the least lethal. Conclusion and application of findings : This study presents important naturally occurring fungal species associated with the oil palm leaf miner C. lameensis in the field which famers can utilize as a control option upon further field studies. Key words : Coelaenomenodera lameensis , entomopathogenic fungi, isolate, pathogenicity, mycelia

Perlakuan Udara Panas sebagai Tindakan Karantina terhadap Biji Kedelai

Introduction and dissemination of plant disease agents can be avoided through physical treatment on agricultural commodities as pre and post harvest treatment. Research was conducted to find effective quarantine treatment to eradicate fungi infestation on soybean seed. Four fungi species were chosen for this study, i.e. Cercospora sp., Sclerotium rolfsii, Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes, and Pestalotia sp. The evaluation was conducted for seed, seedling, bean oilcake, and fungi culture using hot air treatment on 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70 °C and control for 5 h. In general, heat treatment caused suppression significantly on seed germination and seedling growth. However, heat treatment on 45, 50 and 55 °C resulted on lower infestation of fungi on seed, and no infestation was observed on 65 and 70 °CKey words: eradication, quarantine treatment, heat treatment

A Novel Tetrahydrofuranyl Fatty Acid from a New Microbial Isolate, Pestalotia sp. YIM 69032 Cultivated in Extract of Potato

AbstractA novel tetrahydrofuranyl fatty acid (THFA) and a rare natural (R)‐configuration phenylethanediol were isolated from potato extract media in which Pestalotia sp. YIM 69032 had been cultivated. On the basis of spectral data including of HRMS, NMR and 2D NMR, their structures were determined as (3R,5S,6R,7S,8Z)‐8‐en‐5,7‐dihydroxy‐3,6‐epoxy‐tetradecanoic acid (1) and (R)‐1‐(3‐ethylphenyl)‐1, 2‐ethanediol (2). Thus, a new microbial isolate, Pestalotia sp. was found to produce THFA. The possible pathway from tetradecanoic acid (4) to THFA (1) in the extract of potato by Pestalotia sp. was proposed. Structures 1 and 2 showed no cytotoxicity against HL‐60, SMMC‐7721, A‐549, MCF‐7, SW480 cell lines.