Peruvian Women Research Articles

Characterizing a syndemic: STI symptoms, substance use & violence among incarcerated Peruvian women

Abstract Background Despite increasing rates of incarceration and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among women globally, STI epidemiological data for this vulnerable at-risk population is limited. We therefore characterized patterns of STI symptoms and explored covariates and drivers of STI symptoms among incarcerated women in Peru. Methods Among 249 incarcerated women surveyed on substance use, depression, sexual behavior, STI symptoms and violence, univariate and bivariate analysis informed a latent profile analysis (LPA) and logistic regression assessing for syndemic associations between violence, substance use, and STI symptoms. Results Most participants were Peruvian (93.5%), in their late 30s (median=37; range:18-70 years), sentenced to < 5 years (86.6%) and had completed high school (78.7%). 36.9 had ≥2 STI; A minority were pregnant (2.6%), had children residing with them in prison (7.2%); symptoms. The LPA model with the best fit revealed the largest (39%) group with a ‘syndemic’ profile involving co-occurrence of multiple STI symptoms, substance use, and experiences of interpersonal violence (IPV); 86.6% of this latent class were <50 years old. The substance use and violence ‘syndemic’ profile was associated significantly higher likelihood of having multiple STI symptoms (2+ symptoms: PR = 1.88 (95% CI 1.18, 2.99) or 3+ symptoms PR = 2.55 (95% CI 1.32, 4.93). Conclusions and Recommendations The syndemic of younger incarcerated women with substance use and IPV with STI symptoms portends a group at substantially higher risk for HIV and given the structured setting of prisons, should be routinely screened for and treated for STIs. Moreover, these settings can and should screen for and address substance use and IPV and intervene before these women are released to community settings to not only improve individual but public health needs. Key messages • In line with syndemic theory, incarcerated women presenting with multiple STI symptoms (≥2) were more likely to be engaged in substance use (illicit drug use and/or alcohol) and experience violence. • Post-hoc analysis also revealed the rate of substance use was higher among women who engaged in commercial sex work (CSW) pre-incarceration compared to those who were not engaged in CSW.

Peruvian Migration and Community Organisation in Argentina: Transnational and Intergenerational Knowledge in the Social Production of Habitat

This paper analyses the transnational and intergenerational knowledge that Peruvian migrant women bring to the social production of habitat in Argentinean cities. In a context of increasing difficulties for Peruvian families to access urban space, this study highlights migrant women's capacity for agency through community organisation. Based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative data collected from research carried out in a neighbourhood built by migrants in the city of Cordoba, the article shows that urban experiences of Peruvian women reveal not only spatial segregation, but also a subaltern urbanism that attempts to ensure the sustainability of life.

Genetic association study of preterm birth and gestational age in a population-based case-control study in Peru.

Preterm birth (PTB) affects ∼15 million pregnancies worldwide. Genetic studies have identified several candidate loci for PTB, but results remain inconclusive and limited to European populations. Thus, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of PTB and gestational age at delivery (GA) among 2,212 Peruvian women. PTB cases delivered≥20 weeks' but < 37 weeks' gestation, while controls delivered at term (≥37 weeks but <42 weeks). Multivariable regressions were used to identify genetic markers for PTB and GA (∼6 million SNPs), adjusting for maternal age and the first two genetic principal components. In silico functional analysis was conducted among top signals detected with an arbitrary P < 1.0×10-5. We sought to replicate genetic markers for PTB and GA identified in Europeans, and we developed a genetic risk score for GA based on European markers. Mean GA was 30 ± 4 weeks in PTB cases (N = 933) and 39 ± 1 in the controls (N = 1,279). No associatiosn were identified at genome-wide level. Nominal PTB variants were enriched for biological pathways associated with polyketide, progesterone, steroid hormones, and glycosyl metabolism. Nominal GA variants were enriched in intronic regions and cancer pathways. Variants in WNT4 associated with GA in Europeans were replicated in our study. A genetic risk score was associated with a 2-day longer GA (P = 0.002) in our sample. This study identified various signals suggestively associated with PTB and GA in pregnant Peruvian women. None of these variants overlapped with signals previously identified in Europeans.

Economic factors influencing the empowerment of Peruvian women

Objective To determine whether economic factors are crucial in empowering women, guiding them towards growth and development opportunities, achieving empowerment, and contributing to two sustainable development goals of the 2030 development agenda: ending poverty and achieving gender equality. Methodology The research was foundational, with a phenomenological and hermeneutic design. The applied technique was in-depth interviews with 12 women who had started a business within the last five years in a region of Peru. Results It is evident that economic factors are decisive in business experiences and decisions, highlighting the necessity of having contingency funds to prevent operational impacts. Through entrepreneurship, women achieved economic independence, enabling them to support their families and impacting their empowerment. It concludes that to promote economic opportunity equality, addressing financing needs, encouraging economic independence, strengthening family empowerment, improving customer management, and facilitating access to government funds are essential. Conclusions The narrative of the participants provides a solid foundation for designing specific policies and support programs that boost the economic empowerment of women entrepreneurs and encourage their active participation in the business sphere.

Sociodemographic factors associated with knowledge and adequate attitudes about HIV in women of reproductive age from Peru

BACKGROUND: To determine the sociodemographic factors associated with knowledge and adequate attitudes about HIV in women of reproductive age from Peru in 2021. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study. We analyzed a demographic and family health survey (ENDES) 2021 carried out in women of reproductive age (12 to 49 years of age). The dependent variables were the adequate level of knowledge and adequate attitudes about HIV, the independents were sociodemographic variables. The statistical analysis was carried out with a Poisson regression model with robust variance obtaining the adjusted prevalence ratio (PRa) and confidence intervals. RESULTS: Thirty-four percent (CI 95%: 32,9–35,1) had an adequate level of knowledge about HIV and 32,9% (CI 95%: 31,7–34,0) had adequate attitudes. In the multivariate analysis, the main variables associated with the adequate level of knowledge about HIV were the higher level of education (PRa = 1,19; CI 95%: 1,15–1,23) and very rich wealth quintile (PRa = 1,15; CI 95%: 1,01–1,20); while the main variables associated with adequate attitudes on HIV were higher level of education (PRa = 1,44; CI 95%: 1,40–1,48), high-school education level (PRa = 1,21; CI 95%; 1,18–1,24), very rich wealth quintile (PRa = 1,18; CI 95%: 1,14–1,22), and age range between 35 and 49 years (PRa = 1,18; CI 95%: 1,15–1,21). CONCLUSIONS: The sociodemographic factors associated with knowledge and adequate attitudes about HIV in Peruvian women of reproductive age were mainly higher level of wealth, higher level of education, and a higher age range. Other sociodemographic variables presented a weak association with knowledge and adequate attitudes about HIV.

Why formalize? Examining the context of Peruvian women microentrepreneurs

Purpose In Latin America, the growing participation of women microentrepreneurs who continue to operate in the informal sector stands out. The purpose of this study is to analyse if the context where the business is developed influences the gender perspective in the decision of the microentrepreneur to remain in the informal sector, mainly in Peru, which registers high rates of informality in businesses led by women. Design/methodology/approach The National Household Survey for the period 2014–2021 is used with a sample of 63,020 micro and small Peruvian companies that have been in operation for more than three years. The data is analysed with the logistic regression technique. Findings The results show that microenterprises run by women are less likely to be formal. However, this situation would change if these businesses were larger. In addition, women microentrepreneurs face limitations in accessing resources, and their businesses frequently run from their homes, allowing them to hide their activities from regulatory bodies. Originality/value The context of Peruvian women microentrepreneurs who have been in operation for over three years and who persist in informality is analysed. It is essential to know the characteristics of this sector to formulate policies that encourage the formalization of companies, particularly in Latin America, incorporating gender differences.

Evidence of Internal Structure Validity, Measurement Invariance, Convergent Validity, Clinical Validity, and Reliability of the Woman Abuse Screening Tool in Peruvian Women.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most common type of violence committed against women and results in serious personal, familial, social, and economic consequences; thus, there is a need to detect IPV early. One test for detecting IPV is the Woman Abuse Screening Tool (WAST). The objective of the study was to obtain evidence of the validity of the WAST in terms of its internal structure, measurement invariance, convergent validity, clinical validity, and reliability. A total of 670 women who have or have had a heterosexual relationship participated in the study. The first stage included 513 adult women who partook of health services (M age = 35.5 years, SD age = 10 years). The second stage included 160 women, 80 diagnosed with IPV (M age = 34.2 years, SD age = 11.8 years) and 80 who were not (M age = 31.8 years, SD age = 11.5 years). We used multivariate and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. We found evidence that the WAST demonstrates a one-dimensional structure; evidence of measurement invariance regarding cohabitation with the partner, length of the relationship, and age; evidence of convergent validity in terms of correlations with emotional dependence, self-compassion, expressive suppression, anxiety, and depression; and evidence of clinical validity in terms of the high probability of detecting positive cases of IPV. These properties support the use of the WAST for detecting possible cases of IPV, which will allow timely intervention. This instrument can also be used in larger studies on IPV in the Spanish-speaking population.

What it means to live with fibromyalgia for Peruvian women: A phenomenological study

IntroductionPatients with fibromyalgia experience pain at a constant and incapacitating pace. It is still a complex entity yet to be fully understood but meanwhile affects patients in every aspect of their lives. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to describe what living with fibromyalgia means for Peruvian women and how it affects their family, work, and social lives in 2021. Materials and methodsThe study has a qualitative design with a phenomenological approach; snowball sampling and theoretical saturation sample size; 10 patients were interviewed through semi-structured in-depth interviews. An ideographic and a nomothetic analysis were conducted, divergences and convergences in the statements were sought and units of analysis were obtained. ResultsThere were 12 categories: meaning of fibromyalgia, clinical picture, complications and sequelae, diagnostic process, impact on work, impact on family life, impact on social life, experience with health personnel, lessons learned from fibromyalgia, ecclesiastical support, and myths, misinformation, and prejudices about fibromyalgia. ConclusionThe experiences and the clinical picture are diverse, the family remains an active and reliable support network for patients, unlike social and work lives, where there is a lack of initiative or empathy towards patients. In light of our findings, we expect healthcare workers and the public in general to learn and see beyond “just histrionics” or “attention seekers” and thus improve the patient's quality of life.

COVID-19 violence and the re-making of urban space through solidarity networks among transgender women in Lima, Peru

ABSTRACT Extreme instances of COVID-19 policy-related violence against transgender (trans) communities in Latin America highlight the imperative to better understand how gender, power, and rights are entwined within public spaces. Peru is a useful vantage point to explore the intersections between gendered power asymmetries, violence, and access to safe public spaces, given the brief COVID-19 public health policy that restricted the mobility of its citizens based on binary understandings of sex and associated cisheteronormativity. These policies restricted access to public spaces and essential services to women on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, and to men on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays and were enforced based on sex assigned at birth reported via identity documents. Drawing on 25 in-depth interviews with Peruvian trans women, this paper examines the impacts of these COVID-19 policies on trans communities and documents grassroots activism efforts to navigate public space that ultimately demand and assert human rights both during and post-COVID-19. Findings illustrate that while short-lived, the sex-based policies and associated policing in urban public space significantly impacted the well-being of Peruvian trans women. Participants illustrated numerous community-enacted strategies to navigate COVID-19 inequities, including information sharing, crowd-sourcing funds to secure food, pay rent and/or secure housing, and grocery shopping provided by trans people for trans people. Further, community mutual aid efforts have continued and evolved years into the pandemic. Jointly, findings advance understandings of the critical role of public spaces as arenas of political struggles that reveal and challenge a wider spectrum of intersecting oppressions and power structures that trans women continually navigate and resist.

Is “Clack” Enough? Rib Remodeling Guided by Ultrasound

Summary: Rib remodeling is a surgical technique that allows waist contouring in women and men. This study proposes that the “clack” sound heard in ultrasound-guided scarless rib remodeling (RibXcar technique) is not evidence of the completion of the surgery, but rather, the use of ultrasound is necessary to identify angulations, loss of bone strength, and ultrasound visualization of the loss of bone continuity, and thus consider cosmetic rib surgery to be complete. This study was performed on 100 Peruvian women aged 18–40 years who voluntarily agreed to a rib remodeling procedure. The RibXcar technique was used, and intraoperative ultrasound was performed to obtain objective information during each patient’s procedure. Of the total number of patients who underwent surgery with the RibXcar technique, the “clack” sound was detected in 90% of patients, and no “clack” sound was detected in the remaining 10% of patients. However, the use of ultrasound revealed monocortical fractures in 100% of patients. It is observed that of the total number of patients, only in 90% was the “clack” heard; however, in 100% there was a monocortical fracture evaluated in the immediate postoperative period. We suggest not considering the “clack” as the end point of the surgery; instead, define the end point after the use of the ultrasound examination, which provides information on angulations, the loss of bone resistance, and ultrasound visualization of the loss of bone continuity.

Barriers to access to health care according to Peruvian-Venezuelan nationality in postpartum women in a public hospital in Peru.

Objective: Analyze the barriers to access to health care according to Peruvian - Venezuelan nationality in postpartum women in a Public Hospital of Peru 2022 – 2023. Methods: Observational, analytical, prospective and cross-sectional study; included a sample of 284 postpartum women of Peruvian and Venezuelan nationality, from the San Juan de Lurigancho Hospital, selected by stratified sampling. The data collection technique was a survey and the instrument was a valid and reliable questionnaire. Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used to determine the difference. The association was assessed using the Poisson regression test and the sense of regression using the crude and adjusted prevalence ratio. Results: 87,3 % of postpartum women were Peruvian and 12,7 % Venezuelan. The most frequent barriers to access to health care in Peruvians were availability: not having all the services necessary for care (p &lt; 0,001) and acceptability: feeling that their beliefs or customs were affected (p &lt; 0,001). Venezuelan postpartum women reported as barriers to acceptability: having received different treatment for being a migrant (p &lt; 0,001) and having felt discrimination during care (p = 0,007). Conclusions: There is a significant difference in the barriers to access to health care in postpartum women, with availability and acceptability barriers occurring in Peruvian women and the latter in Venezuelan women.

Witnessing inter-parental violence in childhood and help-seeking behaviours in violence against women in Peru

BackgroundViolence against women (VAW) severely impacts their physical and mental health. In some cultures, women can normalize certain types of violence if they were linked to home models in childhood and, eventually, do not seek for help in adulthood. We aimed to determine, in Peruvian women, (1) the association between witnessing violence in their family of origin and VAW experienced in adulthood, (2) the extent to which women who have experienced VAW seek some help, and (3) identify VAW prevalence by Peruvian region.MethodsCross-sectional study of secondary data obtained from the 2019 National Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES). The outcome was VAW (psychological, physical and sexual violence), whereas the exposure was witnessing violence in the home of origin. Help-seeking behavior was a secondary outcome, for which VAW was the exposure. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated to assess both associations, unadjusted and adjusted for covariates (aPR).ResultsData from 14,256 women aged 15 to 49 years were analysed. 51.5% reported having experienced VAW and 43.8% witnessed violence in the home of origin during childhood. Witnessing inter-parental violence in childhood was associated with psychological violence aPR = 1.25 (95% CI: 1.17–1.33), physical aPR = 1.52 (95% CI: 1.38–1.67), and sexual aPR = 1.99 (95% CI: 1.57–2.52). Women who have experienced both types of violence (physical and sexual) were more likely to help-seeking (aPR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.14–1.50) than women suffering only one type of violence.ConclusionWomen who reported having witnessed home violence in their childhood are more likely to experience Violence Against Women (VAW) by their current partner. Physical and sexual violence with a current partner was more associated with witnessing inter-parental violence in childhood, and when physical and sexual violence jointly occurred women were more help-seeking. The southern region of Peru is identified as an area of high vulnerability for women. It is crucial to promote educative and community-based programs aimed at the prevention and early recognition of VAW.

Association between television viewing frequency and anthropometric indices among Peruvian women: Evidence from the 2019 demographic health survey

AimThis study aimed to evaluate the association between television viewing frequency and anthropometric indices in Peruvian women aged 15–49 years. MethodsA secondary analysis of the 2019 Demographic and Family Health Survey of Peru was conducted. Anthropometric measures related to increased cardio-metabolic risk, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), Waist to Height Ratio (WHtR), and Conicity Index (CnI), were evaluated as outcomes. Television viewing frequency during a typical week (never [0 times per month]; occasionally [1 to 3 times per month]; and frequently [≥1 time per week]) was the exposure variable. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was performed considering confounding values as age, education level, current employment status, wealth index, residence area, region of residence, and current smoking status. ResultsA total of 13,249 women aged 15–49 years were included in the analysis. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 39.3% and 25.0%, respectively. Watching television frequently increased the odds of being overweight or obese (aOR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.07 to 2.12; p = 0.019), as well as having higher tertiles for WC (aOR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.12 to 2.20; p = 0.008), WHtR (aOR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.12 to 2.26; p = 0.010), and CnI (aOR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.09; p = 0.031), compared to those who never watched television. ConclusionsA higher television viewing frequency was associated with obesity and increased values of WC, WHtR, and CnI. These insights underscore the potential impact of television habits on weight-related outcomes and provide valuable considerations for public health initiatives.

What words can tell us about social determinants of mental health: A multi-method analysis of sentiment towards migration experiences and community life in Lima, Perú.

To support resilience in contexts of migration, a deeper understanding of the experiences of both receiving communities and migrants is required. Research on the impacts of migration on community life is limited in contexts with high internal migration (i.e., migrating within one's country of origin). Evidence suggests that cultural similarity, community relationships, and access to resources may be protective factors that could be leveraged to support the mental health of internal migrants. The current study uses data drawn from a sample of pregnant Peruvian women (N = 251), 87 of whom reported being internal migrants and 164 of whom reported being from the locale of the study (Lima, Perú). The aim was to better understand the social experience of internal migration for both local and migrant women. Inductive thematic analysis was used to examine migration experience and perceived impact of migration on community life. Internal migrants discussed three themes relative to their experiences: motivations, adjustment, and challenges. Experiences of women in receiving communities consisted of four themes related to migration: positive, negative, neutral, and mixed perceptions. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC-22) software was also used to assess sentiment towards migration. Across both analytic methods, migration motivations and perceptions were multifaceted and migrants reported a wide range of challenges before, during, and after migration. Findings indicated that attitudes toward migration are broadly positive, and that there is a more positive appraisal of migration's impact on the community life for internal as opposed to international migration.

Association between intimate partner violence and pregnancy intention: evidence from the Peruvian demographic and health survey

BackgroundIntimate partner violence (IPV) in Peru represents a significant public health challenge. IPV can influence women’s reproductive and social behaviors, undermining fertility control, and exacerbating unintended pregnancies. Our objective was to assess the association between IPV and pregnancy intention among Peruvian women of reproductive age.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of Peru’s 2020 Demographic and Family Health Survey data. The independent variable in this study was IPV against women, which includes psychological IPV, sexual IPV, and physical IPV. If a respondent experienced any of these three forms of IPV, the IPV variable was labeled as “yes”; if none were present, it was labeled as “no”. The dependent variable was pregnancy intention (no vs. yes). We utilized a generalized linear model (GLM) from the Poisson family with a log link function to assess the relationship between IPV occurrences (total and each IPV type) and pregnancy intention. We report crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).ResultsWe analyzed data from 8466 women aged 15 to 49. The prevalence of any IPV was 49.6% (psychological IPV: 45.8%; physical IPV: 22.2%; and sexual IPV: 4.3%). Exposure to physical IPV (aPR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.03–1.07), psychological IPV (aPR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.02–1.06), and sexual IPV (aPR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.04–1.13), as well as a history of any IPV (aPR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02–1.07), were associated with a higher probability of not intending to become pregnant. This association persisted after adjusting for confounders like age, marital status, educational attainment, education level of the child’s father, place of residence, wealth, ethnicity, and parity.ConclusionOne in two Peruvian women reported experiencing IPV. An association was observed between IPV exposure and a higher probability of not holding an intention to become pregnant.

Association between history of interparental violence and alcohol abuse among reproductive-age women: Evidence from the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey.

Exposure to domestic violence by triggering repetitive distress and fear can affect neurodevelopmental and mental health in the short and long term. This, in turn, has been linked to an increased risk of substance abuse, such as alcohol abuse in adulthood. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between exposure to violence from the father toward the mother and alcohol abuse in Peruvian women. Cross-sectional study. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) of 2019. A total of 19,980 reproductive-aged women (15-49 years old) were surveyed using the Health Questionnaire during 2019. The dependent variable of the study was alcohol abuse, collected through self-report, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria. Intimate partner violence (IPV; violence perpetrated by the father against the mother) was considered as the exposure variable. To assess the association of interest, we only considered observations with complete data and used binary logistic regression models, calculating crude odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios (aOR). For the multivariable model, we adjusted for confounding variables (age, marital status, education level, wealth index, ethnicity, residence, current smoker, depression, and IPV). We analyzed a final sample of 9953 women. The prevalence of interparental violence and alcohol abuse was 41.3% and 1.5%, respectively. We found that interparental violence was associated with higher odds of alcohol abuse (aOR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.03-4.28) after adjusting for age, marital status, education level, wealth level, ethnicity, area of residence, current smoking, depression, and IPV. We identified that women of reproductive age who have been exposed to interparental violence were at higher odds of experiencing alcohol abuse issues.

Clinicopathological features associated with CD44 and CD63 expression in breast cancer.

CD44 is a cell-surface transmembrane glycoprotein that participates in the regulation of many cellular processes, including cell division, adhesion, migration and stem-like characteristics. CD63 is involved in the exocytosis process. To evaluate the relationship between CD44 and CD63 expression and clinicopathological features, including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PIK3CA) mutation and survival. CD44 and CD63 were stained in samples from 101 breast cancer cases from Peruvian women. Median age was 52 years, most were most were grade-3 (68%), estrogen receptor (ER)+ (64%) and stage II-III (92%). Median ki67 was 30%, median stromal TIL was 30% and PIK3CA mutation was found in 49%. Longer survival was associated with earlier stages (p = 0.016), lower ki67 (p = 0.023), ER+ (p = 0.034), luminal phenotype (p = 0.029) and recurrence (p < 0.001). CD44 was classified as high cell density staining in 57% and high intensity in 55%. High CD44 density was associated with younger age (p = 0.043), triple-negative phenotype (p = 0.035) and shorter survival (p = 0.005). High CD44 expression was associated with short survival (p = 0.005). High CD63 cell density was found in 56% of cases and was associated with ER-positive (p = 0.045), low TIL levels (p = 0.007), Luminal-A (p = 0.015) and low CD44 intensity (p = 0.032). CD44 expression was associated with aggressive features and low CD63 density staining.

Knowledge and attitudes about sexually transmitted infections in Peruvian women’s

Introduction: Sexually transmitted infections are a very present problem in society, mainly due to sexually risky behavior in young people and adolescents and a certain section of the population. These infections are transmitted through sexual intercourse of any kind, but mainly due to a lack of knowledge of the population, which is why the objective of this research is to describe the relationship between knowledge and current attitudes about sexually transmitted infections in women in Peru. Methodology: A bibliographic review was carried out using the articles retrieved from the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scielo databases, in the period between July and August 2024. External articles were added to the time frame due to their importance for the writing of this article, without the research presenting an update percentage of less than 90%. A total of 30 references were selected, which specifically fit the topic in question, excluding those with possible biases in their methods. Development: Knowledge includes information about sexually transmitted infections, including their symptoms, types, and prevention measures. It is obtained through teaching, campaigns and specific programs on STIs, which include various pathologies of infectious etiology where sexual transmission is epidemiologically relevant. Conclusions: Sexually transmitted infections are entities that coexist with the daily life of the general population, an element that does not exclude Latin America and much less Peru. Adequate knowledge about the management of these infections by the female community, both students and gynecological-obstetric patients and health personnel, represents a vital need to avoid the risk of infection by pathologies of this nature

Association between witnessing domestic violence against the mother in childhood and intimate partner violence in adulthood: A population-based analysis of Peru

ObjectiveTo assess the association between witnessing domestic violence against the mother in childhood and intimate partner violence (IPV) in adulthood. Study designAn analytical cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the 2019 Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES). The independent variable was the condition of witnessing physical violence by the father against the mother during childhood. The dependent variable was IPV, defined by the presence of some subtype of violence (physical, psychological, and sexual) against the respondent in the last year by her husband or partner. To assess this association, generalized linear models of the Poisson Family with a logarithmic link function were performed to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). ResultsData from 17,911 Peruvian women between 15 and 59 years of age were analyzed. Most women were between 30 and 49 years old (71.4%), were cohabiting (65.0%), and had secondary education (43.2%). The prevalence of IPV in the last year was 16.0%, and the history of witnessing domestic violence against the mother during childhood was 42.0%. In the regression models, those with the studied exposure showed a higher prevalence of experiencing an episode of IPV in the last year (any IPV [aPR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.50–1.91]; physical IPV [aPR: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.43–2.02], psychological IPV [aPR: 1.64; 95% CI:1.42–1.88], and sexual IPV [aPR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.22–2.32]). ConclusionsWomen with a history of domestic violence towards their mothers were likelier to have had IPV in the last year than women who did not report violence towards their mothers during childhood. Approximately two in ten Peruvian women reported having had IPV in the past year, and nearly half reported witnessing domestic violence against their mother as a child.

Informality as a choice to do legitimate business: evidence from Peruvian women in times of COVID-19

PropósitoNos países em desenvolvimento, as mulheres microempreendedoras caracterizam-se por serem informais, criando um desafio para a sustentabilidade dos seus negócios. A presente investigação analisou diferentes negócios que adotam essa forma de operação com o argumento de que a formalidade não é necessária por serem negócios legítimos (razão institucional); além disso, foi incorporado o papel do gênero na gestão empresarial e se validou a consistência dos resultados num contexto de COVID-19.Desenho/metodologia/abordagemSe utilizaram dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Domicílios do Peru para desenvolver uma análise comparativa entre o período 2018–2019 (pré-COVID-19), composto por uma amostra de 14.077 observações, e o período 2020–2021 (COVID-19), com 7.922 observações. A unidade de análise é a microempresa informal com mais de três anos de operação e os dados são analisados através de um modelo logístico.DescobertasResulta maior a probabilidade de adoção da informalidade por motivos institucionais no caso das proprietárias em contraste com os proprietários, quando se trata de um negócio pertencente ao setor do comércio e que funciona numa casa com serviços básicos, enquanto esta probabilidade diminui se o negócio não tem local fixo. Estes resultados são consistentes em tempos pré-COVID-19 e COVID-19.Originalidade/valorA pesquisa tem como objetivo contribuir no fechamento de brechas na geração de evidências que ajude a compreender o comportamento dos microempreendedores informais nos países em desenvolvimento, permitindo uma melhor abordagem desta problemática para o desenho e implementação de políticas públicas adequadas. Tudo isto contribuirá para o cumprimento dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável.