Perspiration Fastness Research Articles

Synthesis and characterization of some new Schiff base azo disperse dyes based on chromene moiety for simultaneous dyeing and antimicrobial finishing

New azo Schiff base disperse dyes based on a chromene moiety were synthesized by reacting (2-amino-7-hydroxy-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4 H-chromene-3 carbonitrile) and(2-amino-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-4 H-chromene-3-carbonitrile), with vanillin and ninhydrin, producing new chromene Schiff base derivatives, which in turn were coupled with 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline diazonium salt to give new 4 azo disperse dyes (1–4). The structures of the prepared dyes were confirmed using elemental analysis, 1HNMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and IR. The synthesized dyes were applied to polyester and nylon fabrics using different dyeing techniques: high temperature- high pressure, and ultrasonic dyeing methods. The highest K/S values for all investigated dyes were achieved usinga high temperature-high pressure dyeing technique. Also, the color reflectance of all synthesized dyes with different dyeing shades (1%, 2%, and 3%) was obtained. The fastness properties of the dyed samples using the investigated dyes showed good color fastness toward light, washing, rubbing, and perspiration fastness. The presence of a chromene moiety and Schiff base in the investigated dyes promotes a higher antimicrobial activity on nylon and polyester fabrics against all tested bacteria (E. coli gram-negative and Staphylococcus aureus gram-positive) and two fungi, Aspergillus Niger and Candida albicans.

Green nanotechnology for the enhancement of antibacterial properties in lining leather: MgO-chitosan nanocomposite coating

Antimicrobial nanomaterials have received a lot of interest in recent years due to their potential to fight against microbial degradation, a common problem in leather products. In this study, a nanocomposite was synthesized with MgO nanoparticles prepared by Aloe vera leaf extract and chitosan (CS), as an innovative solution to this problem. Three nanocomposite samples (C1, C2, and C3) were formulated with varying ratios of MgO and chitosan and evaluated for antimicrobial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Leather treated with MgO/Chitosan nanocomposite (MgO/Chitosan-1:1) exhibited substantial inhibition zones of 13 mm and 12 mm against E. coli and B. subtilis, respectively. Characterization of MgO nanoparticles, chitosan, and MgO/CS nanocomposite was performed through FTIR, XRD, SEM, TGA, and cytotoxicity tests. The average particle size and crystallite size of MgO nanoparticles were found as 136 nm and 10.3 nm, respectively and a weight loss of 67 % for MgO/CS nanocomposite in thermogravimetric analysis. FTIR confirmed the successful incorporation of MgO nanoparticles into the chitosan matrix, evidenced by the presence of characteristic functional groups. Application of nanocomposite onto lining leather via spraying resulted in finished leather with improved color rub fastness, perspiration fastness, and thermal stability compared to untreated leather. In comparison to dry color rub fastness, wet color rub fastness was notably improved by the MgO/CS nanocomposite, with gray scale ratings ranging from 4/5 to 5. Perspiration fastness was marginally enhanced by the MgO/CS coating, with gray scale ratings ranging from 4/5 to 5 for both grain and flesh samples. Specifically, the coated leather exhibited a water vapor permeability (WVP) of 9.94 mg cm−2.hr−1 that was lower than both uncoated (12.37 mg cm−2.hr−1) and PVA-coated (11.22 mg cm−2.hr−1) leather. This study presents a promising solution to the challenge of microbial degradation in leather products and highlights the potential of natural sources for synthesizing functional nanocomposites with diverse applications in materials science and biotechnology.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Color Performance of Bis-Azo and Bis-Pyrazole Derivatives for Dyeing of Polyester

In this study, a novel series of bis-azo dyes 3-10 were synthesized via a two-step process. Initially, benzene-1,4-bis(diazonium) chloride was reacted with several active methylene compounds, such as ethyl acetoacetate, acetyl acetone, ethyl cyanoacetate, and malononitrile. yielding the corresponding bis-azo dyes 3-6. Subsequently, these dyes were cyclized through condensation with phenylhydrazine, resulting in the formation of bis-pyrazole derivatives 7-10. Comprehensive spectroscopic characterization, employing techniques like infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, along with elemental analysis, elucidated the structural features, and electronic transitions of the synthesized dyes. The electronic absorption properties were investigated experimentally and computationally, revealing bathochromic and hypsochromic shifts influenced by substituents and tautomeric forms. The dyes showcased excellent dyeing performance on polyester fabrics, exhibiting notable color strength, perspiration fastness, light fastness, and wash fastness. Theoretical investigations of the electronic properties were conducted utilizing Density Functional Theory (DFT) methodology, employing the B3LYP functional with the 6-31G(d,p) basis set, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the structure-performance relationships governing the dyeing behavior of these dyes on polyester.

One-Bath One-Step Dyeing of Polyester/Cotton Blend Fabrics Through Lipase Enzyme Surface Modification

ABSTRACT In this study, based on lipase enzyme surface modification, low-temperature dyeing of polyester/cotton fabric with reactive dyes was researched to achieve a one-bath one-step dyeing method. The Box-Behnken method was used to conduct the experiment and determine factors. For surface modification, lipase concentration, reaction time, and treatment temperature were considered, whereas for the dyeing process, reactive dye concentration, dyeing time, and dyeing temperature were taken into account to measure color strength. A treatment temperature of 30°C, a lipase enzyme concentration of 14 w/v %, and a treatment time of 50 min were shown to be ideal or optimum surface treatment parameters for lipase enzyme surface modification. The optimal or ideal conditions for the dyeing process were a reactive dye concentration of 2.13 w/v%, dyeing time of 50 min, and dyeing temperature of 66°C, giving a color strength value of 3.02. Lipase enzyme-modified polyester/cotton (p/c) blend fabrics provide color fastness that is all over grades 3–4, including washing fastness, rubbing fastness, perspiration fastness, and light fastness. The outcomes raise the prospect of developing a new technique for dying polyester/cotton blend fabric in a single bath using a single dye class that is typically employed for dying textiles made of cellulosic material.

Applying Giloy Stems Dye to Silk and Lyocell Fabrics to Improve Their Antimicrobial and Fastness Properties Using Bio-Mordant

The investigation of novel strategies to combat harmful bacteria is warranted given the serious threat that antimicrobial resistance poses to world health. Out of all of these, treating textile materials with antimicrobial compounds has attracted a lot of attention due to its potential to stop the spread of infectious diseases. The goal of this study was to evaluate how silk and lyocell materials' inherent antibacterial qualities might be improved by giloy dyeing and lemon mordanting. The goal of mordanting was to improve dye adhesion by using only natural ingredients such as citrus lemon extract. Using dye from Azadirachta indica, which was made by aqueous boiling, Lyocell and Silk materials were dyed under various circumstances. Following Giloy dyeing and Lemon mordanting, the antibacterial efficiency significantly improved, notably against common infections like Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, according to the results. Furthermore, the study assessed washing and perspiration fastness capabilities, which yielded positive results and confirmed the method's feasibility. This method has the potential to considerably improve infection control measures in textiles, particularly in fields focused on public health and cleanliness. Given the serious issue of antimicrobial resistance, adopting new textile treatments like this can help to build effective and sustainable solutions. Future studies can investigate further uses and adjustments, assuring its adaptability and wider adoption across many environments.

Performance enhancement of reactive foam dyeing for cotton fabric through different foaming agents and stabilizers

Purpose In the textile dyeing industry, the foam dyeing has been recognized as a significantly sustainable alternative for the cotton fabrics. However, this efficient technology undergoes the many issues related to the foam generation, foam optimization and the required performance of the resultant fabrics. The purpose of this paper is to address these issues through the development and optimization of the novel reactive foam dyeing recipes for the cotton fabrics. Design/methodology/approach The foam dyeing recipes were generated and optimized using the different stabilizers, foaming agents and three primary colors of reactive dyes. The different recipes were applied onto the cotton fabric using laboratory scale foam coating machine. The performance of the foam coated and padded fabrics was evaluated using different criteria including the shade depth, rubbing fastness, air permeability, washing fastness, perspiration fastness, light fastness and tear strength. Then, a complex decision-making approach, namely, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), was applied for the ranking of the key recipes based on the main criteria. Findings The newly optimized foam dyeing recipes were found very competitive with the conventional pad dyeing process with respect to the shade-depth and the other performance properties. The optimization of foaming parameters and addition of stabilizers have advanced the foam dyeing process, which would accelerate the implementation of foam dyeing methods in the textile industry. Furthermore, significant water and energy savings would be achieved as compared to the conventional foam dyeing. AHP model offered a comprehensive and rational way to identify the most important recipes amongst the selected recipes. Originality/value In this research, novel foam dyeing recipes have been developed for the cotton fabrics through the optimization of the different stabilizers, foaming agents and the three primary colors of reactive dyes. Until now, the exiting literature has not reported the combination of these stabilizers with the different foaming agents and three primary reactive dyes for the improvement of sustainable foam cotton dyeing process.

Natural Dyeing of Cotton, Wool and Viscose Fabrics with Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin

This study investigates the optimal dyeing concentrations of cotton, wool, and viscose fabrics with sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC). Using SSC above the optimal concentration increases the amount of SCC in the wastewater, which is a disadvantage. Pre-finished 100% cotton, wool and viscose 1 x 1 rib knitted fabrics were dyed with varying SCC concentrations. Optimal dyeing concentrations were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, showing dye absorption decreasing as SCC concentration increases. Equilibrium was reached at approximately 7 ml/L for cotton and viscose, and 3 ml/L for wool. Color measurement values and K/S values of the dyed samples were obtained according to the CIELab color system. The K/S values of dyed cotton, viscose, and wool fabrics rose as the concentration of SCC increased, reaching a peak at 9 ml/L for viscose and 12 ml/L for cotton and wool. Rubbing and perspiration fastness were rated good to excellent.

Exploring the Potential of Dacryodes Edulis Leaf Extract as Natural Colourant on Polyamide Fabrics: Extraction, Characterization and Application

There is a growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives in the textile industry, particularly in search of natural colourants derived from plants. This research study investigates the extraction and characterization of natural colourant from the leaf of D. edulis and explores its application to polyamide fabrics. Laboratory experiments, such as solvent extraction was performed to obtain the colourant. The extraction process was optimized using Response Surface Methodology-Central Composite Design (RSM). The dye was isolated and characterized using vacuum liquid chromatography, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Physical properties such as light fastness, perspiration fastness, rubbing fastness and wash fastness were assessed to determine the durability and stability of the natural colourant on the fabrics. The results indicated that the optimal conditions for dye extraction are 65.9 ℃ and 2 hours, providing feasible parameters for replication. Examination of the natural dye obtained from the isolated fraction, revealed the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C), carbonyl (C=O), ester (-COO), aldehyde (CHO) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups; with rutin, isoquercetin and tannic acid as its major compounds. The isolated dye exhibited an absorption peak at 403 nm. The ratings for the treated fabrics varied from fair to good and very good. The light fastness ranged from 4 to 6, perspiration fastness and wash fastness ranged from 2-4, and rubbing fastness ranged from 3-5. On the other hand, the untreated fabrics had ratings, with a range of 2-5 for light fastness, 2-4 for perspiration fastness and wash fastness and 1-4 for rubbing fastness, it was also observed that the colour strength values of mordanted fabrics were deeper than those of the unmordanted fabrics. These results indicate that the dye obtained from D. edulis leaf has considerable potential as a source of natural dyes. These findings contribute valuable insights into the extraction, characterization and application of natural colourants, promoting a shift towards more sustainable and eco-friendly practices in the textile industry.

Eco-Dyeing and Functional Finishing of Cotton Fabric Using a Natural Colour Derived From Lotus Seed: Enhanced Fastness Properties with Chitosan

Medicinal plant-based dyeing introduces vibrant colours alongside antibacterial and anti-odor properties, fostering sustainability. Innovations include mass sampling for consistent pigment production. Furthermore, lotus seedpods, rich in bioactive compounds, exhibit potential in diverse fields. Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, boasts versatility in drug delivery systems, wound healing, and antimicrobial applications. This experimental inquiry delves into the dyeability and antimicrobial efficacy of cotton fabric subjected to treatment with chitosan and dyed using Lotus seeds. The investigation encompasses varied parameters such as dye concentration, duration, and temperature for fabric dyeing. The study elucidates the aqueous extraction methodology for dye from Lotus seeds, the chitosan-based mordanting techniques. Standardized assessments are utilized to gauge colour fastness characteristics, encompassing washing, rubbing, and perspiration fastness, along with assessing the antimicrobial attributes of the treated cotton fabric. The study indicates that the application of chitosan-treated cotton fabric enhances dye intensity and overall dyeing quality, consequently improving the colour fastness property of washing, rubbing, and perspiration. Additionally, the treated cotton fabric exhibits significant antimicrobial activity against common bacteria, highlighting the potential of Lotus seed-derived colourants and chitosan mordant in the development of sustainable and antimicrobial textiles. The future scope lies in optimizing the integration of Lotus seed-derived colourants and chitosan mordant for enhanced sustainability and antimicrobial efficacy in textile applications, leveraging advancements in dyeing technology and antimicrobial formulation techniques.

Enhancing color brilliance and fastness of polyester dyeing with antipyrine-derived disperse dyes

Disperse azo dyes are important colorants for dyeing polyester fabrics, but developing optimized disperse azo dyes remains a challenge. This work details the synthesis of seven new disperse azo dyes 3a-g derived from the coupling reaction of 4-aminoantipyrine diazonium salt with various phenolic precursors including phenol (3a), salicylic acid (3b), salicylaldehyde (3c), cresols (3d-f), and resorcinol (3g). The dyes were characterized by spectroscopic techniques. Their UV–visible absorption spectra were studied, revealing bathochromic shifts for 3d-g containing electron-donating methyl and hydroxyl substituents compared to parent dye 3a while dyes 3b-c showed hypsochromic shifts. The impact of acid and base on the absorption spectra indicates azo-hydrazone tautomerism for 3f-g but predominant azo form for 3a-e. The dyes showed excellent dyeing on polyester fabrics with up to 97.86 % dye exhaustion. High wash, light and perspiration fastness was exhibited while fastness to respiration varied. The strongest color yield on polyester was achieved with 3g derived from resorcinol coupler. Density functional theory calculations were performed to elucidate relationships between substituent effects and spectral attributes. Lower energy gaps were computed for 3f-g, consistent with enhanced reactivity. This work expands disperse azo dye precursors while offering fundamental structure-performance insight to guide future design. The potent polyester coloration and good fastness properties warrant ongoing investigation of these dyes.

Comparative Study on Dyeing Behaviours of Tasar and Tasar Blended Silk Fabrics

Tasar silk is widely sought after because to its natural beauty, durability, sustainability, and cultural relevance. Despite the long-standing yearning for Tasar textiles in their natural colour, weavers can only manufacture a limited number of different designs and types of the silk.It has become necessary to dye the Tasar fabric a different colour since the younger generation requires 100% Tasar cloths in a range of styles and colour combinations.Some manufacturers are now dyeing Tasar fabrics in smaller quantities, but their processing quality is subpar due to non-compliance with correct procedures for color concentration, time intervals, and warm washing, resulting in uneven dyeing, inconsistent hues, and poor fastness attributes.However, considering the current circumstances, it is essential that the Tasar Silk Industry understands how both pure Tasar fabrics and Tasar-blended fabrics are endowed with the fastness properties of Lanaset, Acid, and Reactive dyes.In this article, a comperative study was carried out to understand the dyeing behaviour of Acid, Lanaset and Reactive dye on Tasar x Tasar fabrics and Tasar x Mulberry fabrics. The fabric samples were prepared accordingly to evaluate the tensile properties, colour fastness to rubbing, perspiration, washing & light and colour strength. According to the findings, reactive dyeing had a larger percentage of strength loss than Lanaset and acid dyeing. Relative to other materials, acid-dyed fabrics required less washing, according to fastness data. However, reactive dyed fabrics did not perform well when it came to perspiration fastness. Lanaset dyed fabrics reacted faster to light than other types due to the presence of metal ions. The studies also showed that materials colored reactively had stronger color retention. This attempt shall provide the blue print for the industry to emulate in the future.

Preparation of cationic waterborne polyurethane and its application in leather dyeing

The development of organic chromium-free tanning agents is currently a major research focus in leather tanning. However, these agents decrease the electrical potential of the tanned leather, which hampers the absorption of subsequent anionic dyes and fatliquoring agents. Consequently, issues such as lower color fastness, poor dyeing effects and environmental pollution arise. To address these challenges, this study proposes the utilization of anionic polyurethane (CWPU) as a dye fixing agent to enhance its performance and application in the leather preparation process. CWPU was successfully synthesized using polycarbonate diol (PCDL), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), polypropylene glycol (PPG), and N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) as raw materials, and the optimal synthesis conditions were optimized. The experimental results showed that the synthesized CWPU color fixing agent exhibited excellent emulsion properties and comprehensive performance when the PCDL: PPG ratio was 1:1 and the MDEA addition amount was 6 wt%. When applied to leather color fixation, the leather not only achieved improved dry and wet rubbing fastness levels of 4–5 but also demonstrated significant improvements in solvent wash resistance and perspiration fastness. Furthermore, the leather treated with CWPU color fixing agent exhibited deeper color and improved physical and mechanical properties and tactile quality. Therefore, this study provides an effective choice of color fixing agent for environmentally friendly chromium-free tanning systems and has broad prospects for the application of acid dyes.

A Study on Natural Dye Application on Cotton Fabric using Clitoria Ternatea

In this fast fashion era dyeing is considered as a major cause for the textile pollution. It is also a cause for many deadly diseases due to the poor usage of synthetic dyes and most of the textile industry does not care about the workers and their protective wears and the workers suffer from health hazardous due the emitted effluents that gets emitted from the dyeing process. During the dyeing the synthetic dyes produce strong fumes, and these are highly carcinogenic and while disposing the dye there are proper treatment for the disposal otherwise this will create a huge damage to the environment. The present study focuses on colour ant that is extracted from clitoriaternatea flower on cotton fabric has been studied using alum. The wash, rub, light, and perspiration fastness of the dyed samples have been tested. It is discovered that clitoriaternatea dye can be successfully used for the dyeing of cotton to obtain a wide range of colours by using various mordant. In regard to colour fastness test samples exhibit excellent fastness to sunlight, washing, crocking, perspiration, and saliva.

Synthesis of castor oil/PEG as textile softener

New castor oil/polyethylene glycol (CAO/PEG) hybrids were synthesized by reacting of CAO with PEG 300, 600, 1000, 2000 or 4000, in presence of ammonium per sulfate (APS) as an initiator. The optimum conditions to synthesis such hybrids are: PEG/CAO weight ratio, 35%; APS/PEG weight ratio, 15%; reaction temperature, 80 °C; and reaction time, 60 min. Only the hybrids based on PEG 1000 and 2000 formed oil in water stable emulsions. Treating cotton fabric samples with easy care finishing formulation containing 40 g/L of the synthesized hybrids emulsions results in an enhancement in softness, tensile strength, whiteness index, and stiffness along with a reduction in nitrogen content, wrinkle recovery angle, and wettability properties of treated fabric, compared to that sample finished in absence of that emulsions. The chemical structure of the synthesized CAO/PEG1000 hybrid was confirmed via the FTIR and 1HNMRanalysis whereas the TEM analysis showed that the particles size of that hybrid emulsion is in the range of 27–105 nm. Moreover, such hybrid emulsion treated fabric surface was characterized via SEM and EDX analysis. Furthermore, treating dyed samples with the nominated hybrid emulsion improves the color strength of that samples but keeps the washing fastness, wet rubbing fastness as well as alkaline perspiration fastness of the dyed/finished samples unchanged. The wet rubbing fastness and alkaline perspiration fastness of all the dyed/finished samples were enhanced while the light fastness of such samples decreased.

Enhancing Antimicrobial and Fastness Properties of Silk and Lyocell Fabric by Dyeing with Azadirachta indica and Mordanting with Citrus limon Extract

Antimicrobial resistance presents a substantial global health challenge, prompting the exploration of innovative strategies to combat pathogenic bacteria. Within this context, considerable attention has been directed towards textile materials treated with antimicrobial agents for their potential to mitigate the spread of infectious diseases. This research sought to investigate the influence of Neem dyeing and Lemon mordanting on enhancing the innate antimicrobial properties of Silk and Lyocell fabric. Textile materials underwent mordanting exclusively with natural agents, such as citrus lemon extract, to enhance dye adherence. The dyeing process involved the use of Azadirachta indica dye obtained through aqueous boiling, applied to lyocell and silk fabrics under various parameters. The key findings revealed a significant augmentation in the antimicrobial effectiveness of lyocell and silk fabrics following Neem dyeing and Lemon mordanting. Optimized conditions, including prolonged dyeing time, elevated temperatures, and constant dye concentrations, notably improved inhibition percentages against common pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Furthermore, the study assessed the washing and perspiration fastness properties of silk and lyocell fabrics in accordance with established standards. In conclusion, the integration of Neem dyeing and Lemon mordanting emerges as a promising method to significantly enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of Lyocell and silk fabrics. This approach opens avenues for the development of textiles with heightened infection control properties, particularly in sectors focused on public health and hygiene. The evaluation of fastness properties also yielded excellent results, further supporting the viability of this method in academic and practical contexts. Considering the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance, adopting such innovative strategies in textile treatment can contribute significantly to the development of effective and sustainable solutions. Future research endeavours may explore additional applications and variations of this method, ensuring its adaptability and widespread implementation in diverse settings.

An approach for the valorization of bio-waste pistachio shells (Pistacia vera L.): Dyeing of cellulose-based fabrics

The waste management subject is a very important issue today and in the future. Therefore, lots of scholars are endeavoring to investigate the valorization of wastes from different sources, such as paper, metal, glass, and vegetables. In this study, the pistachio soft and hard shells, as an industrial waste material, were used as natural dye sources. For this purpose, waste were collected from Gaziantep province in the south of Türkiye. Then, the soft and hard pistachio shells that had been dried in the shadow were investigated in terms of FTIR analysis and then used as a dyestuff source in the dyeing of cotton fabrics with the help of bio-mordants and metal mordants. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of the soft and hard shell of pistachio was assessed through the DPPH and FRAP assay methods, and the antibacterial activities were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli for selected dyed samples. A spectrophotometer was used to determine the CIE L*a*b* color values and (K/S) of cotton fabrics that had been dyed. The results exhibited that the tested wastes could be useful for the coloration of the cotton fabrics, and depending on the used natural dye source, mordanting agent, and mordanting method, the colors were found to have changed, but in general, light brown-ecru-brown colors were observed in the dyed samples. Meanwhile, the fastness of the samples was examined, and the sources were found to exhibit limited light fastness values but good or perfect washing, rubbing, and perspiration fastness. In conclusion, the evaluated conditions were found to be useful for the coloration of cotton, and even more importantly, the pistachio soft and hard shells were observed to reveal great potential for use in textile dye houses as a natural dye source.

Investigating the feasibility of utilizing <i>Pennisetum purpureum</i> leaves waste as a sustainable dye: Extraction, characterization and application on textile

This study investigated the potential of Pennisetum purpureum (Elephant grass) leaves waste as a source of natural dyes. The objective was to extract, characterize and apply the natural dyes on textile fabrics. Elephant grass was chosen due to its abundant availability as agricultural waste, making it an environmentally sustainable alternative to synthetic dyes. The extraction process involved maceration, followed by filtration to obtain the dye extract. The dye components were isolated using vacuum liquid chromatography and then characterized using analytical tools such as UV-Visible Spectrophotometry, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify the presence of specific compounds responsible for the dyeing potential. The perspiration fastness, rubbing fastness, light fastness and wash fastness properties were assessed to evaluate the durability and suitability of the natural dyes. The UV-Visible spectrum, HPLC and FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of chromophores such as conjugated systems, and provided information about chemical components namely rutin, quercetin, senecionine, hyoscyamine and tannic acid present in the dye, as well as the types of bond present in the molecules including C-H, O-H, C=O and C-O groups, which are characteristics of natural dyes. The dyed textile fabrics demonstrated somewhat fair to good with a rating of 3-7 for perspiration fastness, light fastness, rubbing fastness and wash fastness, indicating the potential of the natural dye for practical applications. The findings can inspire further research and development in utilizing agricultural waste for natural dye production, promoting sustainable practices in textile manufacturing.

Novel enrichment in biobased monomers of waterborne polyurethane dispersions as a textile finishing agent for poly-cotton fabrics

This study introduces a novel biobased textile finishing agent synthesized as waterborne polyurethane dispersions (FCCB-WPUDs), utilizing bio-based monomers like fenugreek oil-based polyol, corn oil-derived emulsifier, and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) chain extender. The FCCB-WPUDs were prepared through the prepolymer polymerization method and characterized using FTIR, TGA, DMA, SEM, DLS, and swelling tests. Their application to poly-cotton fabrics significantly improved various fabric properties. The enhancements included increased washing fastness (from 3/4 ± 0.01 to 4 ± 0.02 for dyed and 3 ± 0.02 to 4/5 ± 0.02 for printed fabrics), rubbing fastness (from 3 ± 0.02 to 4/5 ± 0.03 for dyed and 4 ± 0.02 to 4/5 ± 0.03 for printed fabrics), and perspiration fastness (from 3 ± 0.02 to 4 ± 0.03 for acidic dyed and 3/4 ± 0.02 to 4 ± 0.02 for alkaline printed fabrics). Additionally, tear strengths improved significantly (from 13.66 ± 0.04 N/m to 20.53 ± 0.06 N/m for warp dyed and 10.85 ± 0.06 N/m to 15.14 ± 0.06 N/m for warp printed fabrics), along with tensile strengths (from 327 ± 5.38 N/m to 361 ± 3.26 N/m for warp dyed and 357 ± 5.34 N/m to 449 ± 4.90 N/m for warp printed fabrics). These improvements correlated with increasing CAB moles as a chain extender. This research presents a cost-effective and simple biobased method for textile finishing, offering an alternative to petrochemical-based monomers in conventional WPUD preparation.

Dyeing Tencel Fabric with Azadirachta Indica Leaves and Mordanting with Potassium Aluminium Sulphate and Citrus Limon Extract for Enhanced Fastness Properties

Amidst mounting concerns regarding the health and environmental repercussions associated with synthetic agents, there has been a burgeoning interest in the exploration of natural dyes as a safer alternative. Derived from minerals, plants, and animals, these natural dyes have gained substantial traction due to their perceived eco-friendliness and reduced health risks compared to their synthetic counterparts. Notably, our study revealed significant enhancements in fastness properties across all mordanted samples, while those left un-mordanted exhibited notably inferior fastness properties. Among the mordants under investigation, potassium aluminium sulphate demonstrated appreciable stability characteristics, yet Citrus limon extract emerged as an even more effective mordant than potassium aluminium sulphate. The study also delved into evaluating the colour strength properties of the test samples, providing a comprehensive analysis of the Tencel fabric's overall dye performance and adherence to industry standards. In this research, a natural dye was extracted from the leaves of Azadirachta indica which was applied to Tencel fabric, which was then meta-mordanted with potassium aluminium sulfate and Citrus limon extract. The study explored various dyeing parameters, including diverse dye concentrations (7 g), dyeing temperatures (35, 50, and 65 °C) with a precision of ±1 °C, and dyeing durations (40, 55, and 75 minutes). The resulting samples were then subjected to testing against fastness properties, including washing fastness (ISO 106 C06), rubbing fastness (AATCC 8), perspiration fastness (ISO 105 E04) and Colour strength (K/S) of the Tencel fabric. The assessment of fastness properties was carried out using a grey scale.

Zeytinyağı Üretim Atıklarının Yün Boyamacılığında Kullanım Olanaklarının Araştırılması

In this research, the dyeability of wool fabrics by using olive oil production waste was investigated. In this study, olive oil wastes were separated into two components as olive oil wastewater and pomace by filtration method. 100 % wool fabrics were dyed with conventional method with olive oil wastewater. In addition, the pre-mordanting method was preferred as the mordanting method. Alum, ferrous sulphate, tannic acid and tartaric acid were used as mordant materials, and various mordant concentrations and different mordant durations were studied. In dyeing, 100 % olive oil wastewater was used as dyeing liquor and all dyes were dyed in 1:20 liquor ratio. Color analyses of dyed fabrics were made, CIEL*a*b* and K/S values were examined. In addition, the coloring agents in olive oil wastewater were investigated by HPLC analysis. Light fastness, washing fastness, wet and dry rubbing fastness, acidic and alkaline perspiration fastness and water stain fastness were investigated.