Perspective Sketches Research Articles

An Architectural Perspective on Sketching

Architects often rely heavily on hand-sketching to represent their ideas to others, but many have never formally studied what makes a good perspective sketch. Elements of perspective sketching such as medium, subject, and composition are examined along with analysis of the technique’s benefits for other aspects of an architect’s work. We introduce and briefly address several technical skills which perspective sketching both requires and cultivates, including the treatment of negative space, correct perspectival construction, shade and shadow, tone, color, and entourage. Considering the underrated nature of good sketching, some suggestions for incorporating sketching practice into one’s daily regimen are put forth.

Recent legislation in the United States: consequences for the US and global energy and climate innovation systems

This Perspective sketches how recent legislation in the United States may impact the domestic and global energy and climate innovation systems, drawing on systems concepts articulated by Arnulf Grubler. It also sets out risks and gaps that could lead to less favorable outcomes.

Perspective: Systems biology beyond biology

The past decades have witnessed an astounding rise of the nascent field of systems biology. By and large unknown or ignored for a long time, the field rapidly moved into the limelight and is now in the process of becoming a widely recognized and respected component of mainstream biology. Of course, much remains to be explored and accomplished in systems biology within its parent domain of biology, but the time seems ripe for expansions beyond this domain. The goal of such an expansion should not be the creation of new strongholds or academic silos outside biology, but the true integration of biological systems thinking into educational programs of other disciplines. The expansion should naturally start with closely related fields like biophysics, biochemistry, bioinformatics, and bioengineering, but should continue further into other areas invested in the study of life, such as medicine, epidemiology, and public health, as well as applied mathematics and computer science. This perspective sketches out how systems biological thinking might enrich the training of a new generation of scientists in different fields of scientific endeavor.

Collaboration Building Prototyping Based on Sketch as Communication Language in Indonesia Rural Area

Researchers and builders collaborate on the manufacture of two-wheeled vehicles prototype for the Cikadu community in the rural village of West Java, Indonesia. Ethnography is used to understand the activities and solutions of two-wheeled vehicles in the community. The default, intervention, and compromise phase describe the process of collaboration with the community and execution through prototyping involving local workshops. Transparency, mutual trust, and mutual acceptance are the three intersections of the process phase carried out. Regarding collaboration of the local builder, manufacturing process for vehicle prototype, as matter of fact local builder utilizes and refers heavily on perspective sketches rather than shop drawings, these local builder utilizes perspective raw sketches during the logical measurements and prototypes assembling process. Keywords: collaboration, Cikadu, ethnography, sketch, rural vehicle DOI: 10.7176/ADS/102-05 Publication date: August 30th 2022

Skeleton-Based 3D Object Retrieval Using Retina-Like Feature Descriptor

Skeleton-based 3D object retrieval is a very efficient method to query the sketch databases in numerous applications. However, few skeleton images are found so far in existing sketch benchmarks. In this paper, we provide an initial benchmark dataset consisting of skeleton sketches, including hand-drawn skeletons and skeletons extracted from 3D objects, and both of them are used to form a generic object class. Then we present a method for skeleton-based 3D object retrieval using a retina-like feature descriptor (S3DOR-RFD) based on the structural property of the human retina for processing complex visual information in a very efficient way. As part of the S3DOR-RFD algorithm, we combine artificial bee colony (ABC) in support vector machine (SVM) so as to improve the performance with automatic parameter selection, where one can make full use of the advantages of ABC and SVM to further improve the accuracy rate of 3D object retrieval. Experimental results indicate that skeleton sketches can be automatically distinguished from perspective sketches, and that the proposed S3DOR-RFD method works efficiently for selected object classes.

Morphometric Mapping of Topography by Flowline Hachures

Hachuring is a classic method of cartographic relief presentation that origins from perspective sketching of the surface. Hachuring was developed into strict and mathematically grounded planimetric method during the eighteenth century. Established by Lehmann in 1799, topographic hachures flourished during the first half of the nineteenth century and then were gradually replaced by contours. Today, hachures are still popular in presentation of anthropogenic relief on archaeological and topographic maps. Some elements of hachuring can be found in geomorphometric and hydrometeorological mapping, where flowlines and arrows are used to show the intensity and direction of the flow on the surface, or its aspect and slope. The study aims to reveal the potential of hachuring in further development as surface presentation method. Automated implementation of all original requirements for hachure construction is provided for the first time by new algorithm using vector flowlines. Then an advanced hachuring technique called ‘slope and aspect hachuring’ is presented which depicts slope, aspect and flow direction of the surface simultaneously. Slope and aspect hachuring is compared to traditional area colours to reveal its advantages and shortcomings in sight of morphometric mapping. Some applications of the method and directions of future research are suggested in concluding part.

A novel CAI system for space conceptualization training in perspective sketching

For many designers, freehand sketching is the primary tool for conceptualization in the early stage of the design process. However, current education on concept presentation techniques rarely emphasizes the construction of the most fundamental spatial unit, the cube. Incorrect construction of spatial units leads to disproportions that deviate from the common visual experience, and consequently slows down the design process. In addition, weak spatial cognition can be a problem when transferring sketches into orthographic drawings. To address these issues, this research focuses on the training of cube sketching techniques using both freehand skills and digital devices. Based on the station-point approach for two-point perspective drawings, this study developed a computer-assisted instruction (CAI) platform for beginners, with which users can practice freehand sketching for self-improvement. This platform provides instant corrective feedback to every freehand-sketched cube, thus promoting better learning outcome and more effective use of educational resources. Similar platforms have not yet been found in the field. The proposed system’s feasibility and practicality were evaluated through a series of teaching experiments. The results indicated that the proposed CAI system can improve students’ sketching accuracy by 19% after 6 weeks of instruction, and that the proposed system was found to be more effective than traditional pen-and-pencil instructions in advancing sketching techniques.

The Shape of Things

Summary The making of pictures and the use of mathematics are often considered as activities carried out by two different classes of people. It may be true that the artist can get on without mathematics, but the converse is far less true. The operation which an artist terms ‘drawing’, might be described by a mathematician as ‘the mapping of a three‐dimensional network into a two‐dimensional one’. This article attempts to show how the mathematically minded student can use his mathematics to manipulate pictures. In doing so it introduces him to the tasks which a computer must perform in picture manipulation. The article is in two parts: Part A, discusses the use of three‐dimensional sketching and the role it plays in the preparation of ‘orthographic’ working drawings. It describes how a designer transfers his thoughts about spacial objects to paper, thus assisting himself to refine them and enabling others to perceive them. A case is made for encouraging perspective sketching in the teaching of engineering ...

A comparison of experiment and calculated wave-profiles and wave-resistances for a form having parabolic waterlines

It has been found possible to calculate the wave-resistance of simple three dimensional forms, and a number of such results have boon obtained which on the whole have shown good agreement with actual measurements when the forms are such as not to violate the assumptions on which the calculations are founded. But the calculation of wave-profiles is at present limited to two dimensional forms having infinite draft. Hence for the purpose of this research two models were made, at the William Froude Laboratory one of the maximum draft possible under mechanical limitations, with vertical sides and a flat bottom, the other having the greatest draft and displacement which would allow of the measurement of its resistance over the desired range of speeds, but with vertical sides for only half its draft and being then rounded oil in vertical section to an edge at the keel. The first model (No. 1254) was used to measure wave-profiles which were compared with those calculated for a model of infinite draft; the second model (No. 1302) was used for the comparison of measured and calculated resistances. It was impossible to use the first model for tins purpose as the added resistance due to eddying round the sharp corners at the bilges would render quite meaningless any calculation of the frictional resistance which must be subtracted from the measured force to bud the wave-resistance. Its wave-resistance was, however, calculated in order to show the similarity in shape between the calculated resistance curves of the two models. Fig. 1 shows perspective sketches of these models and the equations of their surfaces appear below (equations (1) and (7) respectively).