Human Health Perspective Research Articles

Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolates in Recreational Waters: Implications for Public Health and One Health Approach

Escherichia coli is commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals and is routinely used as an indicator of fecal contamination in recreational waters. While most E. coli are commensal, some can harbor pathogenic potential, posing a major public health risk. This study investigated the sources of fecal contamination in recreational waters through the characterization of E. coli isolates. Presumptive E. coli detection was performed using selective and differential media, confirmed by PCR, and followed by characterization. E. coli were detected in all studied aquatic environments, with most isolates belonging to phylogenetic groups D1 (24%, non-human mammals) and B1 (20%, birds), suggesting animals as primary contaminants sources. Among E. coli isolates, 35% were identified as diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC), with enterotoxigenic (34%) and enterohemorrhagic (26%) being the most prevalent pathotypes. Furthermore, 85% of all isolates and 86.5% of DEC isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance, with highest rates displayed in phylogenetic subgroups A1 (human and non-human mammals) and B1. This study highlights the importance of the One Health approach encompassing a human, animal, and environmental holistic health perspective to effectively manage public health strategies and ensure the safety of beachgoers.

The Beneficial Elements in Forest Environment Based on Human Health and Well-Being Perspective

The Beneficial Elements in Forest Environment Based on Human Health and Well-Being Perspective

The Occurrence of Chlamydia felis in Cats and Dogs in Hungary.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that many human infections are zoonoses, creating a worldwide public health challenge. Among Chlamydia species, Chlamydia felis is the leading cause of conjunctivitis in cats and is a prominent zoonotic species. This study aimed to determine the occurrence and risk of chlamydiosis in cats and dogs in Szeged, Hungary, and surrounding areas. The total nucleic acids from conjunctival swab samples of symptomatic and asymptomatic animals were extracted using an automated nucleic acid extraction system. After that, DNA was amplified by pan-chlamydia PCR. Bacterial and fungal cultures were also performed to detect other microorganisms. Of the 93 animals, 32 (34.4%) were positive for pan-chlamydia PCR. The positivity rates were 33.3% (26/78) in cats and 40.0% (6/15) in dogs. Furthermore, the positivity rates were 37.2% (16/43) in the cat shelter, 42.4% (14/33) in the veterinary clinic, and 11.7% (2/17) in household pets. In total, 103 species were identified through culture-based examinations, including 97 (94.2%) bacterial and 6 fungal (5.8%) species. From both human and animal health perspectives, it is essential to have a detailed understanding of the circumstances of chlamydiosis, given the global impact of zoonotic diseases.

Using one health training for interprofessional team building: implications for research, policy, and practice in Nigeria.

In recent years, the concept of One Health (OH) has arisen as an approach that helps to catalyze the creation of transdisciplinary teams needed for surveillance and investigation of emerging disease dynamics. Besides a wealth of descriptions of what the OH approach encompasses, a dearth of information is available regarding the training of individuals in OH competencies. In 2019, the Nigerian Center for Disease Control developed an OH strategic plan to meet the country's human, animal, and environmental health challenges. In response to the demand for clinicians, scientists, climatologists, conservationists, and environmentalists, who have expertise in environment, human, plant, and animal health to work collaboratively in addressing OH challenges in Nigeria. An interprofessional group of faculty from the University of Texas Medical Branch, the University of Jos, and the National Veterinary Research Institute convened to develop a novel OH course 'entitled 'One Health for Translational Team Science. The objective of the course was to explore the evolution of an emerging epidemic, capitalizing on various learning environments, including animal, environmental, human, and public health perspectives. The 6-week course comprised of three parts: 2-weeks virtual part of case-based group discussions focusing on animal and environmental aspects, 2 weeks of individual field experiences, and a final virtual part focusing on human health. Pedagogical tools used were: case-based group discussions, breakout group presentations, role-play activities, field project write-up, peer evaluation, group writing assignments, and weekly reflections with the goal of working in teams to develop and practice the fundamental leadership and management skills in addressing emerging public health challenges. Post-course evaluations showed that all participants felt more confident identifying and practicing the necessary attitudes and skills to participate effectively in the evaluation of an outbreak. Furthermore, the roles, responsibilities, and "One Health ways of thinking" for the various disciplines and professions involved in improving global health were articulated and identified.

Unregulated introduced fish (Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758) is host to zoonotic parasites in a small Mediterranean island

Introduced species have a major impact on freshwater ecosystems, particularly on islands. Numerous fish species have been introduced in Corsica (Mediterranean island, southern France) as part of planned programs or clandestinely. The introduction of non-native freshwater fish species can have a range of impacts on the recipient ecosystem, including through the co-introduction of its pathogens. A sample of introduced perch Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758 from the artificial reservoir of Padula was examined following a report of parasites by an angler. The analyses revealed the occurrence of Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda) and Clinostomum complanatum (Digenea), two zoonotic parasites in P. fluviatilis. Both parasites are reported for the first time in France. Eustrongylides sp. and C. complanatum may have been introduced with their fish intermediate hosts or through their final bird hosts. The occurrence of the two parasites raises concerns from both a veterinary and human health perspective as they can use a wide range of amphibians as intermediate hosts and can be acquired in humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked fish.

Comparative Efficiency Analysis of Organic and Conventional Melon Farming

Abstract Globally, the impact of chemical fertilizer usage in agricultural cultivation techniques is increased production. This phenomenon leads to a dependence on its usage among farmers. However, the current situation in Indonesia is experiencing a scarcity of chemical fertilizers, resulting in high prices. One effort to improve this situation is through organic farming. Organic farming is a method that emphasizes the principles of natural ecosystems in the production process while yielding high-quality products. One approach to achieving organic farming is the use of organic fertilizers. This article uses a system literature review method regarding organic and conventional melon agribusiness. This article discusses the efficiency of organic and conventional melon farming from an environmental, human health, and economic perspective. Indonesian statistical data from 2021 indicates a 6.54% decrease in melon production, amounting to 129,147 tons. This decline is caused by the potential yield of melon varieties in Indonesia, ranging from only 36 to 43.91 tons per hectare, with fluctuating results. The issue of melon production in Indonesia is attributed to cultivation techniques reliant on chemical substances such as chemical fertilizers. Melon cultivation that adopts organic farming practices demonstrates that a 10% increase in organic fertilizer usage can lead to a 4.2% increase in melon production. The result indicates that organic melon farming is more efficient and profitable for farmers due to its higher market value.

Functional Construction of a Novel Lanthanide MOF for Efficient Ratio Luminescence Detection of Ethanol Vapor

AbstractIt is necessary to develop excellent sensors for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detection from the perspective of environmental protection and human health. Luminescent lanthanide metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have many advantages such as porosity, luminescence, and structural controllability, making them very suitable as luminescent sensing materials. Based on a functional oriented strategy, novel Ln‐MOFs are successfully constructed and their structure and properties are characterized in detail. A series of vapor luminescence sensing tests have shown that Eu/Tb doped L1‐Eu0.1/Tb0.9 not only exhibits high selectivity for alcohols, especially ethanol vapor, but also has high sensitivity and extremely low detection limit (9.76 mg L−1). To the knowledge, there are no reports on ratio luminescence sensors based on Ln‐MOFs for ethanol vapor, especially those with such excellent performance. Crystal structure determination demonstrates that ethanol binds to the framework through multiple hydrogen bonding interactions, altering the energy transfer efficiency between Tb3+ and Eu3+ to achieve ratio luminescence detection. In addition, L1‐Eu0.1/Tb0.9 has good repeatability, the prepared thin film sensing material also demonstrates the advantages of portability and processability. This work can provide some experience for the development of VOCs sensing materials with better performance.

Presence of heavy metals in pulses and cereals ploughed adjacent to the Rampal power plant: a probabilistic health risk assessment

ABSTRACT In a recent study, we examined the concentrations of heavy metals, namely lead (Pb), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu), in seven categories of food, specifically rice, wheat, maize, lentil, black gram, mung bean and pea (B-22). The ranges of Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Cr and Pb in the food items were 0–4.7, 1.1–8.5, 0.01–8, 0.001–0.2, 0–4.7 and 0–0.8 mg per kg fresh weight (fw), respectively. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of As, Ni and Cr exceeded the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI), stipulating that these elements potentially originated from dietary consumption. The cumulative risk {target hazard quotient (∑THQ)} associated with food consumption was found to exceed in rice and maize, indicating that non-carcinogenic risks from heavy metals in these two dietary items may offer possible health problems for the population. The hazard index (HI) value was 1.4 × 101, indicating that the food items may encounter detrimental health consequences. However, the carcinogenic risk (CR) linked with total As from most of the food items (rice, wheat and maize) exceeded the acceptable level. From a human health perspective, our analysis revealed that the studied food items were declared safe for residents living near the Rampal power plant area in Bagerhat, Bangladesh. However, the present results suggest that regular monitoring of these essential and toxic elements in food items as well as in soil and irrigation water around the study area is necessary to prevent excessive build-up of these elements in the food chain.

Applying a non-GMO breeding approach with an identified natural variation to reduce food allergen Len c3 in Lens culinaris seeds.

Lentils (Lens culinaris) are produced in diverse agroecological regions and are consumed as one of the most important food legumes worldwide. Lentils possess a nutritional profile from a human health perspective that is not only nutrient dense but also offers a better balance between protein and carbohydrates. However, lentil causes food allergy, which has been a significant concern due to increased consumption in parts of the world. Len c3, a non-specific lipid transfer protein (LTP), was identified as one of the allergens in lentil seeds. In this study, we identified an LTP gene Lcu.2RBY.4g013600 that encodes the lentil allergen Len c3. We then focused on gene screening from a collection of natural accessions to search for natural mutations of the Len c3 allergen-encoding gene. A natural lentil line M11 was identified with mutations at LcLTP3b and low accumulation of vicilin through genomic-assisted approaches. Furthermore, we generated a pool of lentil germplasms with LcLTP3b mutation background through crossing the identified lentil plant M11 with two lentil cultivars, CDC Redmoon and CDC Gold. These generated lentil hybrids can be used as a breeding resource targeting at reducing allergen risk in lentil consumption.

The impact of temperature on increased airborne pollen and earlier onset of the pollen season in Trentino, Northern Italy

The impact of climate change on ecosystems can be assessed through pollen dispersion data, which acts as a proxy for the plant flowering stage. The aim of this study is to verify if changes occurred in the season and concentration of airborne pollen in Trentino (Northern Italy), and to evaluate if temperature (T), precipitation (P), and/or land use influenced such changes in the period 1989–2018. Airborne pollen, sampled by a Hirst-type trap, was analyzed by light microscopy, and pollen concentrations were obtained. Twenty-four taxa, covering 95% of the local pollen spectrum, were considered for this study. A significant upward trend in annual pollen integral (APIn) is the main outcome over the study period. The increase in APIn is more evident when analyzing the data in three decadic blocks, both for all the considered taxa (+ 58%) and for Arboreal Pollen (AP; + 155%). Considering both the annual data and the decadic blocks, APIn shows a significant positive trend for Cupressaceae/Taxaceae, Ulmus, Populus, Salix, Ostrya, Quercus, Olea (AP), and Plantago, Cannabaceae, Ambrosia (non-arboreal pollen, NAP); a significantly earlier start of the Main Pollen Season (MPS) is proved for Rumex and Poaceae. APIn for 24 taxa shows a significant positive correlation with annual T min (< 0.005) and T mean (< 0.001), both of which showing a significant increase, and a negative correlation (< 0.025) with the number of frost days. From a human health perspective, higher temperatures, driven by climate changes, lead to higher concentrations of allergenic airborne pollen, turning into a higher risk for allergy sufferers.

Threat of heavy metal pollutants and parasites to freshwater fish with special reference to their risk of cancer to humans in Egypt

Understanding how pollution and parasite infection work together to stress their hosts' health raises the possibility of a danger to aquatic life and humans. This study examined two freshwater fish species, Clarias gariepinus, and Oreochromis niloticus, at El-Abbasa Fish farm in Sharkia Governorate of Egypt. to determine their heavy metal content, parasite frequency, and potential health risks. Parasitological investigations revealed higher parasite prevalence in C. gariepinus, with trematodes being the most prevalent. Histopathological examinations displayed severe alterations in infected fish, including gill necrosis, intestinal damage, liver degeneration, and muscle necrosis. Moreover, heavy metal analysis. Heavy metals levels in water, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, As, and Cd levels were 0.95 ± 0.04, 0.75 ± 0.03, 0.14 ± 0.02, 0.09 ± 0.01, 0.07 ± 0.01, and 0.03 ± 0.01 mg/L, respectively. Sediment samples showed Cd as the lowest (2.38 ± 0.94 μg/g dry wt. basis) and Fe as the highest (241.01 ± 6.39 mg/kg dry wt. basis). The sequence of heavy metal concentrations in both water and sediment was Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu > As > Cd. Significant differences were found among metals in water and sediment (p < 0.05). Heavy metal concentrations in fish tissues followed the order liver > muscles > gills > intestine Iron was the most abundant, while cadmium was the lowest is the order in which bio-accumulation factors (BAF) between water and fish tissues followed a descending order: BAF-Liver < BAF-Gills < BAF-Intestine < BAF-Muscles. The sequence of heavy metal accumulation in tissues was BAF-Fe > BAF-Pb > BAF-Cd > BAF-As > BAF-Cu > BAF-Zn, indicating varying degrees of accumulation across different metals and tissues and bio-sedimentation (BSF) of metals in fish tissues are the order of heavy metal concentration within tissues was BSF-Cd > BSF-As > BSF-Fe > BSF-Zn > BSF-Cu > BSF-Pb. Additionally, data were recoded to reflect histological changes in several fish organs. The estimated daily intake of heavy metals (EDI-HMs) was far lower than the permissible tolerated daily intake (PTDI) limits, which were set by international authorities at 70 kg of body weight. As the hazard index value is below 1, the THQ and HI associated with the consumption muscle of fish demonstrate negligible non-carcinogenic harm to residents' health. Contrarily, As, and Cd pose a cancer threat for kids and adults who eat muscular fish, and it needs to be viewed as a warning sign from the perspective of data indices and human health.

Is Candida auris the first multidrug-resistant fungal zoonosis emerging from climate change?

The emergence and evolutionary path of Candida auris poses an intriguing scientific enigma. Its isolation from a pet dog's oral cavity in Kansas, reported by White et al. (T. C. White, B. D. Esquivel, E. M. Rouse Salcido, A. M. Schweiker, et al., mBio 15:e03080-23, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.03080-23), carries significant implications. This discovery intensifies concerns about its hypothetical capacity for zoonotic transmission, particularly considering the dog's extensive human contact and the absence of secondary animal/human cases in both animals and humans. The findings challenge established notions of C. auris transmissibility and underscore the need for further investigation into the transmission dynamics, especially zooanthroponotic pathways. It raises concerns about its adaptability in different hosts and environments, highlighting potential role of environmental and animal reservoirs in its dissemination. Critical points include the evolving thermal tolerance and the genetic divergence in the isolate. This case exemplifies the necessity for an integrated One Health approach, combining human, animal, and environmental health perspectives, to unravel the complexities of C. auris's emergence and behavior.

Enhanced phytoremediation of metal contaminated soils aimed at decreasing the risk of antibiotic resistance dissemination

The enhanced phytoremediation of metal contaminated soils holds great promise for the recovery of soil health and functionality, while providing a range of co-benefits, from an environmental and human health perspective, derived from the revegetation of the degraded sites and the concomitant delivery of ecosystem services. Due to diverse evolutionary co-selection mechanisms between metal resistance and antibiotic resistance in bacteria, metal contaminated soils are considered potential reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) which can contribute to the existing antibiotic resistance crisis. During the enhanced phytoremediation of metal contaminated soils, the application of organic wastes (e.g., manure, slurry, sewage sludge) as soil amendments can aggravate the risk of antibiotic resistance spread, because they often contain ARB which harbor antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that can then be propagated among soil bacterial populations through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Due to the magnitude and criticality of the antibiotic resistance crisis, as well as the higher risk of spread and dispersal of ARB and ARGs (they make copies of themselves) compared to metals, it is proposed here to aim enhanced phytoremediation strategies towards decreasing the soil resistome (and, hence, the risk of its potential link with the human resistome), while reducing total and/or bioavailable metal concentrations and restoring soil health and the delivery of ecosystem services. To this purpose, a decalogue of practices is tentatively suggested. Finally, a proper management of plant and soil microbial compositions is a most crucial aspect, together with the selection of the right organic wastes and phytoremediation practices.

Soy-Based Tempeh as a Functional Food: Evidence for Human Health and Future Perspective.

Tempeh is an Indonesian traditional food made from fermented soybeans, which offers wide culinary use in East Asian countries. Similar to all fermented foods, its preparation offers the purpose of food preservation. However, preclinical studies have highlighted that microbial action leads to a modification in the nutritional composition of the food's matrix. Although there is a wide availability of data on the beneficial effect of soy, tempeh remains relatively unexplored, perhaps due to its limited diffusion in the world, which limits its research availability. However, available data suggest that tempeh may confer beneficial health effects due to the high bioavailability of nutrients and phytochemicals, showing ameliorative action on oxidative stress, glycaemic control, and blood lipid levels. Furthermore, the high biological value of tempeh means it can be used to optimize protein and caloric intake in athletes, vegetarians, and children. Moreover, the microbial fermentation used in the production of tempeh, in addition to improving the bioavailability of minerals, proteins, fibre, vitamins, and isoflavones, produces biopeptides whose biological effect is currently of great interest. Tempeh can be employed in traditional preparations as well as second-generation foods, such as plant-based meat substitutes, to provide functional and nutritional properties and a higher eco-friendly option compared to animal foods. This review aims to provide an overview of tempeh's properties, regarding human data and future research perspectives.

MnN4 embedded zeolite-templated carbon for methylamine and trimethylamine sensing: Insights from DFT study

From the perspective of raw material losses and human health, monitoring fish-based food quality has become more prominent. As a nondestructive technology, gas sensors have received extensive attention for evaluating the freshness of fish. In this study, the sensing and electronic properties of methylamine (MA) and trimethylamine (TMA) molecule adsorption on MnN4 embedded zeolite templated carbon (MnN4-C) were studied by density functional theory (DFT) method. The results show that the MnN4-C exhibits good structural stability, and displays high sensitivity toward MA and TMA gases by analysis of the interaction distance, adsorption energy, charge transfer and sensing response. It is worth noting that the ambient humidity has demonstrated no effect on the gas-sensing properties of MnN4-C for the studied gases. Meanwhile, applying a positive electric field can increase the adsorption energy and charge transfer, which enhances the MA and TMA gas sensitivity of MnN4-C. The recovery time reveals that MnN4-C can be an excellent reusability sensor for MA and TMA gases. This study provides theoretical direction for exploring the sensing application of MnN4-C in evaluating freshness of fish.

Enhancing Immunity-Eradication Mal Nutrition by all Local Availabilities- A Review

The paper focused on nutrition research and the common facing problem of health as malnutrition to the community from a human health perspective and to the immune system. This focus has served to unite ‘food-facing’ and ‘health-facing’ aspects which have been treated as a continuum. The aim was to ensure that all relevant sectors were adequately supported to carry out relevant to malnutrition health issue to cause effects with immune system. Malnutrition may be a consequence of energy deficit or micronutrient deficiency. It is considered the most relevant risk factor for illness and death, particularly in developing countries. We described the magnitude of this problem, as well as its direct effect on the immune system and how it results in higher susceptibility to infections. A special emphasis was given to experimental models used to investigate the relationship between undernutrition and immunity. Malnutrition is obviously a challenge that must be addressed to health authorities and the scientific community.

Heavy Metals Assessment and Health Risk to Consumers of Two Commercial Fish Species from Polyculture Fishponds in El-Sharkia and Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt: Physiological and Biochemical Study

Metal pollution is a major environmental concern worldwide, especially in Egypt. The aquaculture industry uses widespread artificial feeds to stimulate fish production, leading to metal accumulation in the aquatic environment. Heavy metal concentrations (HMCs) in sediments, water, and tissues were studied to study the effect of pollution levels on heamatological, and biochemical, immunological aspects of farmed fish as well as on human health. Results declared that the HMC levels in the water and sediment were significantly different between El-Sharkia and Kafr El-Sheikh fishponds (T-test, p < 0.05). This was supported by the metal pollution index in the water and sediment, indicating that El-Sharkia fishponds (ES fishponds) were more contaminated than Kafr El-Sheikh fishponds (KES fishponds). Also, HMCs in fish tissues were significantly increased in fish cultivated in ES fishponds than in KES fishponds. Haematological, immunological, and biochemical alterations of Bolti (Oreochromis niloticus) and Topara (Chelon ramada) fish were significantly different within the different fish species as well as the different fishponds. From the human health perspective, the THQ-HMC and HI-HMC associated with the consumption of muscle suggest a safe non-carcinogenic risk to human health. In contrast, cadmium poses a cancer risk to children who consume the muscular tissue of Bolti fish from ES fishponds, which should be regarded as a warning sign based on data indices and a human health perspective. In order to minimise HMC pollution in the aquaculture sector, it is advisable to take possible assessments and carry out continuous monitoring considering international WHO/FAO assessments.

Pressmud Subdue Phytoremediation Indices in Lead-Contaminated Soils: A Human Health Perspective.

Direct discharge of waste into water bodies and mining are two major sources of lead contamination in ecosystems. Water scarcity promoted the usage of industrial effluent-contaminated waters for crop production, mainly in peri-urban areas. These wastewaters may contain heavy metals and pollute crop ecosystems. These metals can reach the living cell via contaminated raw foodstuffs that grow under these conditions and cause various ill effects in metabolic activities. In this study, graded levels of pressmud (0, 2.5, 5, 10g/kg) were applied on lead imposed soil with different contamination levels (0, 100, 150, 300mg/kg) and metal dynamics was studied in spinach crop. Experimental results showed that the addition of pressmud upto 10mg/kg had decreased different phytoremediation indices in spinach crop. Whereas, increasing Pb level enhanced the indices' values, indicating accumulation of significant amount of Pb in spinach biomass. However, application of pressmud (upto 10mg/kg) reduced the bioconcentration factor (BCF) from 0.182 to 0.136, transfer factor (TF) from 0.221 to 0.191, translocation efficiency 66.11-59.34%; whereas, Pb removal enhanced from 0.063 to 0.072 over control treatment. These findings suggest that application of pressmud declined Pb concentration, the BCF and the TF in test crop which lead to less chances of adverse effect in human. These information are very useful for effectively managing wastewater irrigated agricultural crop production systems.

Cobalt Uptake by Food Plants and Accumulation in Municipal Solid Waste Materials Compost-amended Soil: Public Health Implications.

One of the most pressing environmental issues is how to properly dispose of municipal solid waste (MSW), which represents both a substantial source of concern and a challenge. The current study evaluated cobalt (Co) accumulation in MSW, their uptake by different vegetables grown for two years, and related human health risks. Vegetables were grown in four different groups, such as one control (ground soil), and the remaining treatment groups (T1, T2, and T3) received varying concentrations of MSW. The analysis of Co was done through an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Results revealed that the concentration of Co was higher in all the vegetables (n = 15) grown in soil supplemented with 75% MSW during 2nd growing year. Among all vegetables, the highest concentration of Co was observed in Solanum tuberosum at T3 during 2nd growing year. The pollution load index (PLI) value for vegetables during both growing years was more than 1 except in control soil. The findings indicated that the highest enrichment factor (EF) and hazard resilience index (HRI) value of 0.09 was present in S.tuberosum. Health index values for cobalt in the study were below 1. The HRI < 1 indicated that consumers do not face any immediate health risks. The investigation of Co concentrations in blood samples obtained from individuals residing in different areas contributes a human health perspective to the research. The findings indicate that the concentration of Co rises with an increasing proportion of MSW. While the metal levels in MSW-treated soil were not high enough to classify the soil as polluted, the results recommend that recycling MSW can substitute mineral fertilizers. Nevertheless, the presence of cobalt in MSW may directly affect soil fertility and could impact crop production and human health.

Video Introduction to "The Microbiome and Human Health Perspective".

Video Introduction to "The Microbiome and Human Health Perspective".