Decision-making Perspective Research Articles

Perspectives on Evaluation of Food Banks

Food banks have played an important role in reducing food loss and waste and improving the food insecurity of vulnerable people. This study aimed to carry out a systematic review of food bank evaluation studies and bring new perspectives for future research and decision-making. Ninety-three articles were selected and analyzed from a search on the Web of Science and ScienceDirect platforms. Bibliometric analyses and analyses of the evaluation methodologies were performed. The bibliometric results present the evolution of the studies over the period considered (1994–2024) and indicate how peaks of growth in the number of studies may be related to external events. Both the authors and studied organizations are located mainly in high-income countries. The main aspects considered in the evaluation methodologies are related to the dimensions of short-term impacts and results, indicating less interest in the dimension related to internal processes and activities. This study provides important support for researchers and decision-makers: in addition to presenting, in each dimension of the evaluation, the main indicators used, it raises the questions of the extent to which evaluation studies reflect the reality and context of a given country or region and the extent to which they reflect the management processes of food banks.

Developing a Digital Disaster Documents System for Essential Documents: Perspectives of Decision-Makers in Disaster and Emergency Management in Canada

Despite a growing recognition in the literature concerning the intricate relationship between innovation as an adaptive measure to effectively achieve the overarching objectives of disaster risk reduction and resilience, limited studies have examined how social innovation can be tailored to the local context. This study fills this gap by examining decision-makers' perspectives on the Digital Disaster Documents System (D3S), which digitizes vital documents for disaster response and recovery. A web-based survey was completed by 21 decision-makers across Canada, analyzing their responses using thematic analysis and descriptive statistics. Overall, decision-makers exhibit a positive attitude toward the innovation of D3S as a means to enhance disaster preparedness. Moreover, their constructive feedback on various aspects (content, organization, and storage) of the D3S paves the way for necessary adjustments and enhancements tailored to local needs. This research underscores the necessity for social innovations in emergency and disaster preparedness, especially in ways that are inclusive and equitable.

Recipient selection for lung transplantation: perspective in decision-making.

To determine the conditions that prevented transplant in patients referred to our center due to end-stage lung disease. Descriptive study. Department of lung transplant clinic, Koşuyolu High Specialization Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey, from December 2017 to January 2022. Patients with end-stage lung disease referred to our clinic were retrospectively evaluated with regard to reasons for exclusion, diagnosis, and demographic data. The Karnofsky Performance Status scoring scale was used to measure the functional status of the patients. A total of 311 patients were evaluated during the study period. The mean age was 44.2 (range 4-73) years. There were 207 (66.6%) male patients. The most common indications were idiopathic interstitial pneumonia in 104 (33.4%) patients, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 53 (17%) patients, bronchiectasis in 49 (15.7%) patients, and cystic fibrosis in 28 (9%) patients. Of the patients, 106 (34%) were not appropriate candidates for a lung transplant. The most common reasons for refusal were preventable situations such as activity limitation and poor performance in 53 (50%) patients, weight in 49 (46.2%) patients, and smoking in 10 (9.4%) patients. Impaired performance status was the most common cause of lung transplant exclusion. Weight and smoking were preventable causes of exclusion. Implementing pulmonary rehabilitation in very few patients was the most important handicap. It is believed that providing optimal treatment with a multidisciplinary approach and timely referral to transplant centers will significantly reduce the reasons for exclusion. Key message What is already known on this topic? Referring lung transplant candidates to clinics at the earliest stage is essential for assessing their condition and exploring treatment options. What this study adds? Factors like smoking, obesity, and muscle loss can hinder the transplantation process; thus, timely interventions are crucial. The primary reason for excluding candidates from lung transplantation is the decline in performance status. How this study might affect research, practice or policy? Programs focused on smoking cessation, weight management, and muscle strengthening can play a vital role in enhancing patients' health before transplantation. It is imperative to expand and enhance the accessibility of pulmonary rehabilitation programs.

The what, the when and the how: A qualitative study of allied health decision-maker perspectives on factors influencing the development and implementation of advanced and extended scopes of practice in Australia.

Health workforce supply is critical to ensuring the delivery of essential healthcare and may be enhanced via mechanisms which alter the scopes of practice of health professions. The aim of this paper is to study the collective perspectives of allied health decision-makers on factors which influence their development and implementation of advanced and extended scope of practice initiatives, and how they contribute to scope of practice change. The reasoning for the selection of each factor will also be examined. A grounded-theory, qualitative study of the experiences of allied health directors and senior managers across two Australian State/Territory jurisdictions. Twenty allied health decision-makers participated in the study. Data coding of interview transcripts identified 14 factors specific to scope of practice change, spanning rational (n=8) and non-rational (n=6) decision-making approaches. Leadership, Governance, Needs of organisational leaders, Resourcing, Knowledge, skills & experience - clinical, Supporting resources, Knowledge & skills - change and Sustainability were identified as being rational and enabling in and of themselves, with Leadership seen as being most influential. Comparatively, the non-rational factors of Socio-economic & political environment, Perceived patient need, Organisational environment, Change culture & appetite, Perceived professional territorialism and Actual professional territorialism were more varied, and primarily influenced the timing/catalyst and application of decision-making. The complex interplay between these factors was conceptually represented as a decision-making construct. Allied health decision-makers hold a complex, systems-level understanding of scope of practice change. Whilst rational decision criteria were predominant and seen to enable scope change, non-rational influences reflected greater variation in decision timing/catalyst and application, thus emphasising the human dimensions of decision-making. Further research is required to better understand how decision-makers integrate and weight these decision-making factors to determine their relative importance and to inform the development of structured decision tools.

Decoding decision delegation to artificial intelligence: A mixed-methods study on the preferences of decision-makers and decision-affected in surrogate decision contexts

Organizations are increasingly opting to use decision-making systems based on artificial intelligence (AI) to increase decision quality and speed and free up resources. However, delegating decisions to AI is challenging, especially in contexts that go beyond classical optimization problems. Current research has so far largely neglected to include the viewpoints of the decision-affected and of surrogate decision-makers in the discussion. To address these gaps, in this study we rely on two experimental designs and complement our findings with qualitative interview data to shed light on both sides: the perspective of those affected by the decision and that of the decision maker in surrogate and ethically complex decision contexts. Findings reveal that the individual decision-making perspective may lead to opposing perceptions. Whereas the willingness to delegate an ethically challenging decision to AI in a surrogate decision context is lower than that in a non-surrogate context (decision-maker perspective), people affected by the decision do not generally prefer humans to AI (decision-affected perspective). By these findings, we contribute to the literature on AI-enabled decision-making and decision delegation to non-human entities.

Factors informing funding of health services for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children: perspectives of decision-makers.

Background The factors informing decisions to fund health services for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children are unclear. This study's objective aimed to describe decision-makers' perspectives on factors informing decisions to fund health services for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 participants experienced in making funding decisions at organisational, state, territory and national levels. Decision-makers were from New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Victoria and Western Australia. Transcripts were analysed thematically following the principles of grounded theory. Results We identified five themes, each with subthemes. First, prioritising engagement for authentic partnerships (opportunities to build relationships and mutual understanding, co-design and co-evaluation for implementation). Second, valuing participant experiences to secure receptiveness (cultivating culturally safe environments to facilitate acceptability, empowering for self-determination and sustainability, strengthening connectedness and collaboration for holistic care, restoring confidence and generational trust through long-term commitments). Third, comprehensive approaches to promote health and wellbeing (linking impacts to developmental milestones, maintaining access to health care, broadening conceptualisations of child health). Fourth, threats to optimal service delivery (fractured and outdated technology systems amplify data access difficulties, failure to 'truly listen' fuelling redundant policy, rigid funding models undermining innovation). Fifth, navigating political and ideological hurdles to advance community priorities (negotiating politicians' willingness to support community-driven objectives, pressure to satisfy economic and policy considerations, countering entrenched hesitancy to community-controlled governance). Conclusion Decision-makers viewed participation, engagement, trust, empowerment and community acceptance as important indicators of service performance. This study highlights factors that influence decisions to fund health services for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children.

Social sustainability: employment of former-offenders by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Czech Republic

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the recruitment practice of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Czech Republic to learn whether it encourages or discourages former offenders from attempting to attain work after release. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative approach was taken to understand the perspective of SME company owners and decision-makers within the Czech Republic. In all, 25 semi-structured interviews were conducted which examined the current recruitment practice and individual attitudes towards employing former offenders. Findings Through a change of employer perception, working with support agencies and amending recruitment practice, opportunities can be created for former offenders in the workplace to assist their rehabilitation. This would assist with overcoming employer attitudes which have little sense of responsibility to helping former offenders with reintegration through employment. Recruitment practices focus heavily on past accomplishments and the existence of a criminal record which can disincentivise former offenders from applying for work because of their stigmatised identity. Prior experience with offenders can lead to a change of attitude and offers a vector for changing employer attitudes. In combination with linkage to agencies which work with former offenders, small businesses could amend their recruitment practice and provide support for former offenders on their rehabilitation journey. Research limitations/implications This study is based on a limited sample size, only 25 responses, and the need for translation from English to Czech could have led to a loss of nuance in the responses gathered. With asynchronous interviews also being used, some brief responses limited the insight which could have been gained. Practical implications The findings of this study highlight areas of practice which can be amended to better attract former offenders, being future-focused rather than past-focused. Social implications Enhancing employment opportunities for former offenders would be a major enhancer for their reintegration efforts and lower the associated social costs to society. Originality/value Prior research has been conducted into the offender experience, with recruiter/owner receiving far less attention. Most prior studies have been quantitative in nature, with few using a qualitative approach.

The promoting effect of the absence of second-party's punishment power on third-party punishment in maintaining social fairness norms: An EEG hyper-scanning study

Third-party punishment (TPP) plays an irreplaceable role in maintaining social fairness. Punishment power is a significant area of study within economic games. However, the impact of whether or not the second-party possesses punishment power on TPP remains unexplored. The present study utilizes the high temporal resolution of EEG and time-frequency analysis, intra-barin functional connectivity analysis, inter-brain synchronization (IBS) analysis, and granger causality analysis(GCA) to comprehensively explore the neural mechanism of TPP from the perspective of third-party individual's decision-making and IBS in the real-time social interaction. Time-frequency results found that, the absence of the punishment power activated more theta-band and alpha-band power compare to when second-party has punishment power. When second-party has no punishment power, functional connection results observed stronger functional connectivity in theta band for medium unfair offers between rTPJ and PFC. Dual-brain analysis revealed that when the second-party has no punishment power, there is a significantly higher IBS in the alpha band between the frontal and frontal-central lobes of the second-party and the parietal and parietal occipital lobes of the third-party. GCA results further showed that the direction of IBS from third-party to second-party was significantly stronger than from second-party to third-party. This study demonstrates that the absence of the second-party's punishment power promote TPP, and similar cognitive process of thinking on how to maintain social fairness enhances IBS. The current study emphasizes the influence of punishment power on TPP, broadens the research perspective and contributes crucial insights into maintain social fairness.

Energy justice and sustainable urban renewal: A systematic review of low-income old town communities

Improving living conditions, quality of public services and social safety nets in blighted and underdeveloped urban areas also are important aspects of urban renewal. In another way, achieving sustainable urban development requires more improvements. Equity, sustainability, and universality are core principles of sustainable development and should be integrated into urban renewal strategies. For instance, urban renewal in old town areas presents multiple challenges, including balancing public investment needs, social justice considerations, and environmental impacts. Studies have shown that inequalities often arise during implementation, disproportionately affecting low-income residents in old town areas. While energy justice is a key concept for reducing these inequalities during renewal process, however existing frameworks lack a multi-dimensional approach. This study proposes a comprehensive evaluation framework that combines sustainable development with energy justice principles during the renewal of old town areas. This framework aims to achieve equitable and sustainable development outcomes in renewal of old urban areas by systematically examining the unequal impacts on low-income groups and proposing equitable energy services and inclusive policies. The proposed equity evaluation framework includes two key components: 1) Main factors in existing renewal strategies, which include equitable access to energy resources, sustainable energy systems, affordability, and public participation. 2) Criteria for refining energy justice evaluation framework, which include accessibility, energy efficiency, community participation, and policy coordination. The research emphasizes the importance of fairness in providing affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy opportunities within urban renewal initiatives. This focus can provide rational perspective and reference for decision makers, thereby empowering vulnerable groups, giving equitable energy access and contributing to achieve sustainable urban development.

The role of emotion in urban development decision-making: A qualitative exploration of the perspectives of decision-makers

People's feelings about their neighbourhoods are important for health, but they may be undervalued in urban development decision-making. This study explores how decision-makers understand and respond to residents' emotions. Reflexive thematic analysis was conducted on a secondary dataset consisting of 123 interviews with influential professionals in urban development decision-making. We developed three themes and one subtheme: ‘(mis)understanding residents’ emotions', ‘neglecting the health impact of positive emotions’, ‘avoidance of emotion in community engagement’ and ‘sanitized emotions’. We recommend decision-makers engage directly with residents' emotions during urban development processes to ensure healthier place-making.

Investigating Rural Logistics and Transportation through the Lens of Quadruple Bottom Line Sustainability

Background: An alternative to unsustainable urban developments, rural living is on the rise, but it already has its challenges. To that end, rural logistics and transportation (RLT) calls for a comprehensive analysis of its context, especially in a climate-changed and socially turbulent world. Unlike urban logistics, there is limited focus on RLT in academic literature. However, rural areas’ lack of transportation and limited logistics operations negatively affect rural residents’ daily lives, especially socially disadvantaged groups such as older people, children, women, and low-income households. Methods: This study first identifies the key literature on RLT and sustainability using a systematic literature review. Then, it synthesizes from the extant literature the challenges in RLT and proposed solutions to understand how to improve accessibility and address some barriers to implementation, all through the perspective of quadruple bottom line (QBL) sustainability pillars. Results: The lack of opportunities presented to rural residents due to limited RLT leads to inequality between rural and urban populations, requiring academic attention. Moreover, despite the growing emphasis on sustainability in academic literature, there is a noticeable lack of attention to sustainability in RLT. Conclusions: This study leads policymakers toward a better understanding of rural communities’ complexities, directs practitioners to adopt the QBL perspective in decision-making, and aims to stipulate innovative RLT topics for further research for academicians.

Principal Allyship in Saskatchewan Inner-City Schools

ABSTRACT Schools that are described as “inner-city” schools in Saskatchewan are commonly found in communities plagued with racialized poverty that consist predominantly of Indigenous families. Principals who are considered to be allies by Indigenous communities work alongside Indigenous students, families, and staff to challenge the effects of colonization and marginalization, and collectively work on student learning outcomes. This article reports on the findings of a study that examined school-based leadership within an inner-city Saskatchewan school with a high Indigenous population. The purpose of the study was to invite Indigenous people associated with schools to discuss school leadership and the extent to which school-based leaders can work as allies to improve the experiences of Indigenous students. Participants identified significant challenges within inner-city schools rooted in colonization, racism, and poverty, as well as mitigating measures that school leaders can take to offset some effects of these challenges. The need for principals to be identifiable to the community through their actions was significant. This included demonstrating a commitment to listening and learning from the community; maintaining high expectations for students as well as staff; focusing on relationship building with all segments of the community; welcoming diverse perspectives in decision-making, and; challenging and changing unjust processes and systems.

Learning Behavior Analysis and Prediction Based on Convolutional Neural Networks

With the development of information technology and the change of educational needs, personalized learning and intelligent education have become an important direction of current educational research. Traditional educational assessment and teaching methods are limited by subjectivity and limitations, and it is difficult to fully analyze and understand learners individual needs and behavior patterns. The analysis and prediction method of learning behavior based on convolutional neural networks provides new tools and perspectives for educational decision makers and teachers through automated and data-driven methods, which is expected to deepen the understanding of the laws behind learners behaviors and achieve the goal of education personalization and effect optimization. This paper will discuss the application status and future development direction of CNN in learning behavior analysis, and contribute new theoretical and practical experience to the innovation and progress of educational technology.

Understanding collaboration beyond contracting: the relationship between inter-organizational collaboration and hard/soft control

PurposeThis paper aims to extend insights about the relationship between inter-organizational collaboration and approaches to control from the perspective of decision-makers. We investigate the relationship between approaches to control and intended forms of integration between actors responsible for solving the complex problem of integrated person-centered care for elderly with diverse and significant needs.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical study is based on a content analysis of contractual agreements. We have analyzed a total of 118 collaboration agreements and associative documents between all Swedish regions and municipalities.FindingsThe study shows that intended integration is subject to remarkable variation in intended forms of inter-organizational collaboration in this Swedish case. The paper illustrates that decision-makers’ intentions with proposed collaboration in each given context are important for the chosen approach to control. Regardless of intended forms of integration, our study suggests that an imminent soft approach to control is expressed alongside limited signs of hard control. Various forms of intended integration can be managed by the two approaches simultaneously insofar as the agreements appear to have a two-sided purpose.Originality/valueOur paper proposes an empirically driven taxonomy of intended forms of integration initiatives. The taxonomy provides resources for studies about how collaboration can be managed when it is stipulated by national legislation but local self-governance gives actors considerable freedom to decide on how to organize and manage services. By presenting the taxonomy and relating this to approaches of control, our iterative study builds on and adds to a recent stream of research arguing that the relationship between collaboration and approaches to control may by fuzzier and more complex than originally thought.

Employability status of female university graduates under the Covid pandemic 19: case Hassan I University Settat Morocco

A previous study on the dynamics of employability and professional integration of young graduates during the COVID-19 period revealed significant gender disparities. Focusing on graduates of Hassan I University in Settat, the study found that female graduates were more adversely affected than their male counterparts. The study found that women were disproportionately likely to lose their jobs compared to men, prompting a closer examination of the employability status of female graduates. This current research examines the impact of the pandemic on the job prospects, employment rates, and career trajectories of female graduates. By identifying these variables, the research seeks to offer a thorough understanding of the distinct obstacles faced by female graduates in the midst of this unprecedented era, with the ultimate goal of providing valuable perspectives for decision makers and academic institutions to improve support and ensure fair job prospects in the aftermath of the pandemic.

Incarnation and decay: reconciling the organizational decision-making and organizational institutional theory perspectives on budgetary research

PurposeThe organizational decision-making perspective (ODM) has a legacy regarding its concern for budgeting as an essential organizational routine in decision-making. Budgeting has also become a direct concern to organizational institutional theory (OIT) because of its prominent role in institution building, where budgeting can build trust in inter-organizational relationships. This paper builds on these two perspectives to explore organizational budget processes' formation, disruption, and re-creation over time.Design/methodology/approachWe conducted a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the ODM and OIT perspectives, focusing on a fundamental paradox between ODM's emphasis on stability through organizational routines and OIT's focus on organizational legitimacy through the decoupled expression of organizational values. We then expanded on these paradoxical concerns in the context of budgeting, formalizing them into specific research propositions for future studies.FindingsTensions around the stability, decay, and re-creation of budgets as organizational routines emerge as a pressing issue requiring further empirical investigation from the ODM perspective. A critical issue in the OIT perspective is the potential for organizational budgets to provide an opportunity to decouple from practice through routinized expressions of rationality and to facilitate loose coupling in practice. These findings offer a fresh perspective and open up new avenues for future research in this area.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the accounting and organizational research literature by shedding light on how organizations respond to the potential decay of budget routines and the manifestation of organizational values in decoupling processes by further re-creating and elaborating budget processes.

Supply chain optimization: bibliometric analysis, research structure and future outlook

Purpose Supply chain (SC) research has boomed over the past two decades. Significant contributions have been made to the field from various analytical and decision-making perspectives. This paper, a comprehensive bibliometric study, aims to identify the key research contributors, institutions and themes. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive knowledge domain visualization of over 1,000 articles, published between 2000 and 2022, is carried out to construct a bird’s eye view of the field in terms of research production, key authors, main publication outlets, geographic disparity of the contributions and emerging research trends. Additionally, collaboration patterns among researchers and institutions are mapped to highlight the communication networks underlying research initiatives. Findings Results show an explosive growth in the number of articles tackling supply chain optimization (SCO) issues with a significant concentration of the contributions in a relatively small cluster of authors, journals, institutions and countries. Among the many important findings, our analysis indicates that mixed-integer linear programming is the most commonly used model, while robust optimization is the method of choice for handling uncertainty. Furthermore, most SC models are developed at only one level of the organizational hierarchy and consider only one planning horizon. The importance of developing integrated SCO systems is key for future research. Originality/value The study fills the optimization techniques gap that exists in SC management bibliometric studies and presents a thematic map for the SCO research highlighting the various research foci.

Multiethnic Perspectives of Shared Decision-Making in Hypertension: A Mixed-Methods Study.

Shared decision-making (SDM) has the potential to improve hypertension care quality and equity. However, research lacks diverse representation and evidence about how race and ethnicity affect SDM. Therefore, this study aims to explore SDM in the context of hypertension management. Explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was used. Quantitative data were sourced at baseline and 12-month follow up from RICH LIFE (Reducing Inequities in Care of Hypertension: Lifestyle Improvement for Everyone) participants (n=1212) with hypertension. Qualitative data were collected from semistructured individual interviews, at 12-month follow-up, with participants (n=36) selected based on their SDM scores and blood pressure outcome. Patients were cross- categorized based on high or low SDM scores and systolic blood pressure reduction of ≥10 or <10 mm Hg. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that predictors of SDM scores and blood pressure outcome were race and ethnicity (relative risk ratio [RRR], 1.64; P=0.029), age (RRR, 1.03; P=0.002), educational level (RRR, 1.87; P=0.016), patient activation (RRR, 0.98; P<0.001; RRR, 0.99; P=0.039), and hypertension knowledge (RRR, 2.2; P<0.001; and RRR, 1.57; P=0.045). Qualitative and mixed-methods findings highlight that provider-patient communication and relationship influenced SDM, being emphasized both as facilitators and barriers. Other facilitators were patients' understanding of hypertension; clinicians' interest in the patient, and clinicians' personality and attitudes; and barriers included perceived lack of compassion, relationship hierarchy, and time constraints. Participants with different SDM scores and blood pressure outcomes varied in determinants of decision and descriptions of contextual factors influencing SDM. Results provide actionable information, are novel, and expand our understanding of factors influencing SDM in hypertension.

Assessing experiential performance in basketball halls: a comparative measure through post-occupancy evaluation

ABSTRACT Designing architectural spaces that effectively cater to the dynamic and evolving needs of diverse user groups is a complex and challenging task. This complexity is especially pronounced in public spaces like basketball halls, which must accommodate a wide range of user needs and have specific spatial requirements to ensure optimal functionality and user satisfaction. This study introduces a novel measure for comparing qualitative data obtained from Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) studies in basketball halls. POE is a powerful tool for assessing how well a building meets its intended purpose and user needs after a period of occupancy. However, comparing the success of different buildings can be challenging when evaluations are based on qualitative data. To address this issue, our measure incorporates the perspectives of key decision-makers involved in different stages of the building's lifecycle: the designer, facility manager, and sports manager. These perspectives are integrated using the Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method SWARA. The validity of the proposed measure was tested through a field study. Results demonstrate its effectiveness in enabling the comparison of user-based qualitative data, offering a valuable tool for evaluating the experiential performance of basketball halls, a building type underrepresented in POE studies to date.

A Multi-dimensional Framework of Valued Output for Primary Care in England.

Improving efficiency and productivity are key aspects to ensure that general practices in England can meet the needs of a growing population with increasingly demanding and costly healthcare needs. However, current evidence on the efficiency and productivity of general practices is weak, partly due to suboptimal approaches to measure their 'valued' output. To overcome this limitation, this paper presents a multi-dimensional framework and indicators of valued output from the healthcare decision-maker's perspective. We identified existing primary care performance frameworks through a targeted literature review. We reviewed the frameworks and selected the dimensions relating to the impact on patients' health outcomes, corresponding with the definition of 'valued' output from the healthcare decision-maker perspective. For each dimension, we reviewed the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) evidence base and guidance on best practice to develop indicators of valued output. Clinical experts and representatives of the main primary care stakeholders reviewed and validated the framework's comprehensiveness and development process. Based on a review of three existing frameworks, we synthesised a multi-dimensional output framework comprising 13 dimensions for significant primary care-related conditions and services and 51 indicators of valued output. Each indicator of valued output measures a healthcare episode and the resulting impact on patient's health. The multi-dimensional framework and indicators provide a theoretical tool to improve the measurement of primary care output in economic efficiency and productivity studies. Future research should explore the measurability of the indicators through available datasets and the implementation of the framework through analytical approaches for efficiency measurement.