Personal Knowledge Research Articles

Impact of Consumer Awareness on Bank Lending Services to the Buying Behavior of Millennials in Metro Manila, Philippines

Personal financial knowledge can help financial management, resulting in financial problems and economic inequality. This research investigates the impact of millennials' awareness of bank lending services impacts their consumer buying behavior and their everyday lives. Furthermore, the study aims to assist the financial and marketing industry by analyzing empirical evidence from the millennial generation, enabling banks and financial institutions to customize their promotions and advertising. The research employed the correlational research method and structural equation model (SEM) to assess the structure of consumer buying behavior with its confounding variables, such as demographic factors and COVID-19 considerations, and the independent variable of consumer awareness. Moreover, to produce these kinds of inferences, a survey questionnaire was distributed to two hundred seventy-one respondents from the millennial generation (26 - 41 years old) to assess their awareness of financial lending products. The results indicate that internal (demographics) and external (pandemic) factors significantly influence millennials' level of awareness of bank lending services. However, only internal factors such as social class and employment status significantly impact millennials' buying behavior.

ORAL HEALTH EQUITY, BELIEFS, PRACTICES, PERCEPTIONS AMONG OLDER DETROIT RESIDENTS

Abstract Oral health disparities are widespread among older and disadvantaged Detroit residents. While preventable, poor oral health is strongly associated with adverse health and social outcomes and increased risk of cognitive impairments. To address limitations in access and knowledge among older Detroit persons, the University of Detroit Mercy Oral Health Equity project is providing free drop-in clinics offering screenings and basic care at multiple local community centers. However, we need person-centered knowledge about the reasons for an individual’s current oral health status and to inform strategies to increase service uptake. We conducted interviews with attendees onsite after their services to learn oral health perceptions, wants, and practices. Findings are reported from a sample, n=62, of predominantly African American, median age 81, female 69%, 50% over two years without a dental visit, and 61% fair to poor self-reported oral health. Analyses used topic, theme, pattern, and critical case content analytic methods. Constructs comprising four key domains were identified: (a) Oral health care exists at the intersection of forces featuring societal, political, historical, local urban place, and economic dimensions beyond individual-level health and behaviors; (b) lifespan pathways into current oral health and care practices, including wishes for future oral health status; (c) barriers and resources to oral health care access and practices; and (d) personal knowledge gaps regarding signs and mechanisms of oral health. Discussion will focus on strategies to reduce disparities and increase utilization, community and person-level knowledge gaps, and training dental students to engage older disadvantaged persons effectively.

SELF-RATINGS OF HEALTH BY AGE AND BIRTH COHORT: FOR WHOM DO THEY PREDICT MORTALITY?

Abstract Global self-rated health as a predictor of mortality has become one of the most reliable outcomes in population-based follow-up studies. However, few studies focus on age or birth cohort differences in the mortality predictiveness of self-ratings of health. Personal knowledge of health accumulates throughout the life course, leading to the hypothesis that self-rated health would be most predictive in old age or in earlier birth cohorts. However, the pronounced effect of self-rated health on mortality means that those with the higher mortality risk of poor self-rated health in earlier adulthood would be less likely to survive to old age, potentially diminishing the effect through selective survival. In this paper we test for potential variations in the effects of age and birth cohort on the association between self-rated health and mortality in a large sample of adults aged 25-101 in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (N=6437) followed from 1999-2019. We ask if self-rated health -- net of sociodemographic factors, physical and mental health conditions, and health risk behaviors – is equally predictive of mortality in three age groups spanning young, middle, and late adulthood, and in four birth cohorts. Fully adjusted models show that self-rated health was the most predictive for the group aged 41-64, and for those born 1946-1980, and that there were nearly null effects for those aged 25-40 or born 1981-1994. Thus, the effects of self-rated health on mortality vary by age and cohort, in ways that support both knowledge-based and selective survival interpretations of the association.

‘For the first time in My life, My past is an advantage’: the perceived effects of professional peer work on wounded healers in the field of drug addiction

As part of the evolution of the strengths-based approach in the criminological field in recent decades, various countries in the world operate peer-based programs in prisons and in the community. These programs utilize the personal knowledge and live experience of convicts and addicted people, that is, wounded healers, to promote recovery and rehabilitation processes. Studies point to the many advantages inherent in such peer work, especially for the aid providers. However, little is known about the perceived effects of professional peer work for people with a history of addiction and incarceration, as the current study suggests, the first of its kind in Israel. The respondents were 23 trained men and women with a history of traumas, addiction, and incarceration, all are formally employed in peer worker positions in various therapeutic settings, in prison and/or in the community. The findings indicate that peer work enhances the participants’ social capital, and promotes their positive change and recovery process, albeit with some difficulties and challenges. The paper discusses these findings from the emerging Convict Therapy perspective and related approaches of positive criminology and desistance from crime. Specifically, our findings expand the literature on wounded healers in the criminological field and reinforce the culture of ‘giving back’ embodied in the role of peer supporters.

Mobile treatment for opioid use disorder: Implementation of community-based, same-day medication access interventions

BackgroundMedications for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) are lifesaving, but <20 % of individuals in the US who could benefit receive them. As part of the NIH-supported HEALing Communities Study (HCS), coalitions in several communities in Massachusetts and Ohio implemented mobile MOUD programs to overcome barriers to MOUD receipt. We defined mobile MOUD programs as units that provide same-day access to MOUD at remote sites. We aimed to (1) document the design and organizational structure of mobile programs providing same-day or next-day MOUD, and (2) explore the barriers and facilitators to implementation as well as the successes and challenges of ongoing operation. MethodsProgram staff from five programs in two states (n = 11) participated in semi-structured interviews. Two authors conducted thematic analysis of the transcripts based on the domains of the social-ecological model and the semi-structured interview guide. ResultsMobile MOUD units sought to improve immediate access to MOUD (“Our answer is pretty much always, ‘Yes, we'll get you started right here, right now,’”), advance equity (“making sure that we have staff who speak other languages, who are on the unit and have some resources that are in different languages,”), and decrease opioid overdose deaths.Salient program characteristics included diverse staff, including staff with lived experience of substance use (“She just had that personal knowledge of where we should be going”). Mobile units offered harm reduction services, broad medical services (in particular, wound care), and connection to transportation programs and incorporated consistency in service provision and telemedicine access.Implementation facilitators included trusting relationships with partner organizations (particularly pharmacies and correctional facilities), nuanced understanding of local politics, advertising, protocol flexibility, and on-unit prescriber hours.Barriers included unclear licensing requirements, staffing shortages and competing priorities for staff, funding challenges due to inconsistency in grant funding and low reimbursement (“It's not really possible that billing in and of itself is going to be able to sustain it”), and community stigma toward addiction services generally. ConclusionsDespite organizational, community, and policy barriers, participants described mobile MOUD units as an innovative way to expand access to life-saving medications, promote equity in MOUD treatment, and overcome stigma.

The Influence of Financial Literacy on the Consumptive Behavior of Students in the Management Study Program, Faculty of Business and Economics, Islamic University of Indonesia

This research aims to determine the effect of financial literacy on consumptive behavior in students of the Management Study Program, Faculty of Business and Economics, Islamic University of Indonesia. The sampling technique used was probability sampling with the criteria being students of the Management Study Program at the Islamic University of Indonesia who had taken financial management courses so that a sample of 180 respondents was obtained. This research is quantitative research and uses primary data obtained directly from respondents through questionnaires and processed using the multiple linear regression analysis method. The results of this research indicate that there is a significant negative influence on investment and risk management variables on consumptive behavior. Meanwhile, there is no significant influence on the variables of basic personal financial knowledge and savings on consumptive behavior.

Applying Push and Pull Theory to Determine Domestic Visitors’ Tourism Motivations

The purpose of the study was to determine the motivations driving domestic tourists’ travel decisions to Vietnam’s Central Highlands. These motivations are categorized as originating from within the tourists themselves (push) and as being shaped by the attractiveness and external attributes of the tourist destination in the Central Highlands (pull). Additionally, the study aimed to examine how demographic factors such as gender and age influence these motives. To conduct this research, the authors gathered relevant studies and expert opinions to construct a research model. A total of 745 visitors were surveyed over a period of more than two months. The collected data was quantitatively analyzed using two tools: SPSS and AMOS. The findings indicated that three factors impact push motivation: personal factors, escapism, and knowledge and cultural experiences. Furthermore, three elements influence pull motivation: destination information and accessibility, the destination’s unique image, and personal factors. Gender and age exhibited significant effects on these aspects at various levels, except for males, who had no influence on the escapism factor. These findings provide valuable insights for the Central Highlands tourism sector, enabling tourism managers and stakeholders to adjust their services and marketing strategies to better cater to the preferences and demands of domestic visitors. Moreover, the outcomes of this study could be applied to other regions with similarities, such as the Northwest region of Vietnam, the mountainous areas of the central provinces of Vietnam (challenging regions with diverse ethnic minorities), or analogous areas worldwide.

Financial knowledge, financial attitude, and personality as antecedent of financial management behavior

Purpose: This study looks into the relationship between financial management behavior and financial knowledge, attitude, and personality. Design/Methodology/Approach- The study population included Yogyakarta's Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Ceramic Crafts Enterprises. Data for this study was collected through purposeful sampling, with 45 respondents forming up the study sample. Analysis processes were performed on this research data using an analysis program called SPSS. Findings-The findings show that personality, financial attitude, and financial knowledge positively influence the financial management behavior of Yogyakarta's Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Ceramic Crafts Enterprises. Research limitations/implications- To promote the growth of financial management behavior, the ceramic craft industry must maximize its financial knowledge, attitude, and personality. Originality/value-The study of financial management behavior in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises, especially ceramic crafts, is still quite limited. In addition, no previous research has discussed financial management behavior by adding personality variables as one of the influencing factors.

A Study on Exploring the Level of Awareness of Privacy Concerns and Risks

With the recent increase in phishing attacks and other kinds of malicious activities, increasing the awareness of security and privacy awareness is arguably one of the best proven ways of preventing these kinds of threats. The main challenge in security and privacy awareness is the end user’s awareness of aspects of privacy and security they give up when using the Internet. Thus, this study focuses on identifying and discussing the growing threats of Internet usage and the lack of privacy and security knowledge of the everyday person. This study presents the results of a survey conducted to determine discrepancies between what rights users think they sign away when they agree to terms of service versus what rights they actually give away. It is hypothesized that people are genuinely unaware of what rights they are giving up, especially since they are signing the terms of service without reading the fine print. In this study, the terms of service were presented to respondents, and they answered questions on what they thought they were giving up, but once they answered the questions, they were explicitly told whether they truly knew what rights they signed away. The experimental results of this study examine how much knowledge the everyday person lacks with respect to the privacy policies they sign. All of this is ultimately used to examine possible flaws in the system. The experimental results illustrate the results of the survey. Based on the total surveys completed, the average score was 62%. This means that out of 10 clauses described in a given terms of service document or privacy policy, people are truly unaware of at least 4 of these statements.

Media Literacy Among Santri Students Efforts to Build Originality and Credibility of Citizen Journalism

This research aims to determine the role of students in Islamic boarding schools in coloring information in the digital world so that the information produced is truly validated and to build the credibility of citizen journalism. The methodology used by the author is library research with a descriptive approach from a postpositivist perspective, namely observing all Islamic boarding school activities naturally and then explaining them in the form of descriptions, while for analysis, the author uses Miles Huberman data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The author's research shows that the educational activities developed by this Islamic boarding school are ideal for meeting the requirements of citizen journalists. Because being a journalist not only requires knowledge of the tools but also the building of the information that will be conveyed. In Islamic boarding schools a person is taught science (Nahwu), Tool Science (Sharf), Arabic, Fiqh, Hadith, Akhlaq, Tarikh, Tajwid, Ulumul Qur'an, Ulumul Hadith, Ushul Fiqh, and Sufism. These sciences are able to support a person's knowledge in processing and producing information. Tool science can help someone skillfully write information to the public, by collaborating with religious sciences as a basis for considering morality, appropriateness, and even the effectiveness of messages.

A realist synthesis of prospective entrustment decision making by entrustment or clinical competency committees.

The real-world mechanisms underlying prospective entrustment decision making (PEDM) by entrustment or clinical competency committees (E/CCCs) are poorly understood. To advance understanding in this area, the authors conducted a realist synthesis of the published literature to address the following research question: In E/CCC efforts to make defensible prospective entrustment decisions (PEDs), what works, for whom, under what circumstances and why? Realist work seeks to understand the contexts (C), mechanisms (M) and outcomes (O) that explain how and why things work (or do not). In the authors' study, contexts included individual E/CCC members, E/CCC structures and processes, and training programmes. The outcome (i.e. desired outcome) was a PED. Mechanisms were a substantial focus of the analysis and informed the core findings. To define a final corpus of 52 included papers, the authors searched four databases, screened all results from those searches and performed a full-text review of a subset of screened papers. Data extraction focused on developing context-mechanism-outcome configurations from the papers, which were used to create a theory for how PEDM leads to PEDs. PEDM is often driven by default (non-deliberate) decision making rather than a deliberate process of deciding whether a trainee should be entrusted or not. When defaulting, some E/CCCs find red flags that sometimes lead to being more deliberate with decision making. E/CCCs that seek to be deliberate describe PEDM that can be effortful (when data are insufficient or incongruent) or effortless (when data are robust and tell a congruent story about a trainee). Both information about trainee trustworthiness and the sufficiency of data about trainee performance influence PEDM. Several moderators influence what is considered to be sufficient data, how trustworthiness data are viewed and how PEDM is carried out. These include perceived consequences and associated risks, E/CCC member trust propensity, E/CCC member personal knowledge of and experience with trainees and E/CCC structures and processes. PEDM is rarely deliberate but should be. Data about trainee trustworthiness are foundational to making PEDs. Bias, equity and fairness are nearly absent from the papers in this synthesis, and future efforts must seek to advance understanding and practice regarding the roles of bias, equity and fairness in PEDM.

Examining the reading comprehension pedagogical practices developed by ESL teachers in Namibian primary schools

Many studies addressing methods to improve reading comprehension in English Language Learners (ELLs) primarily focus on WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) samples. Unfortunately, ESL teachers in global South regions like Namibia have often been overlooked in this research. This study aims to bridge this gap by examining the self-developed strategies employed by Grade 7 ESL teachers to enhance reading comprehension in primary schools within Namibia’s Oshikoto region. This research adopts an exploratory case study approach with an interpretivist orientation. The selection of five Grade 7 ESL teachers is done purposefully, and data collection involves stimulated recall interviews and classroom observations. To analyse the collected data, an inductive thematic analysis is applied. The findings shed light on the practices of experienced teachers, revealing that they continue to utilise pedagogical methods acquired during their initial teacher education, including previewing, reading aloud, fluency training, and vocabulary development. However, these methods do not appear to guarantee improved reading comprehension for learners. Importantly, these teachers did not adapt their practices to suit their specific cultural and linguistic contexts and the needs of their learners. The study’s findings hold implications for the initial teacher education curriculum as they emphasise the importance of incorporating reflective practice to foster personal practical knowledge for teaching reading in non-Western settings.

Factors Affecting Sericulture Groups Decision Making on Career Sustaining in The Queen Sirikit Regional Office of Sericulture3, Khon Kaen Province

Background and Aims: The occupation of agriculture has been closely associated with the Thai people for a long time. The cultivation of mulberry and sericulture have become alternative professions for Thai farmers. However, the number of individuals engaged in this profession is decreasing daily. This is due to the impact of borderless communication, the emergence of a new era of trade, and environmental changes, all of which affect farmers' livelihoods. The objective of this research was to study 1) The situation of mulberry cultivation and sericulture in the responsibility area of the Mulberry Cultivation Promotion Office, Region 3, which includes Khon Kaen Province. 2) The adaptation of farmers to economic, social, political, and technological changes. 3)Factors influencing the career decisions of the group of farmers. Methodology: The research methodology used is a mixed-method approach, with a sample group consisting of members engaged in mulberry and sericulture cultivation in six provinces: Chaiyaphum, Kalasin, Roi Et, Maha Sarakham, Mukdahan, and Khon Kaen, totaling 361 individuals. The research tools used include questionnaires and group interviews. Statistical analysis methods used include averages, percentages, and multiple regression analysis. Results: The study found that most mulberry and sericulture farmers primarily rely on household labor and typically own less than five rai of land. Many face challenges related to water availability for mulberry cultivation, with some areas experiencing insufficient water for adequate mulberry growth. There is a willingness among these farmers to adopt technological advancements in production and product processing with the assistance of government knowledge transfer initiatives. They also work to reduce unnecessary costs and collaborate in market negotiations. Factors influencing career decisions include personality traits, knowledge, understanding, and perception of the profession, job stability in mulberry and sericulture cultivation, quality of life, production/system management, land area used for cultivation, increasing age of farmers, succession planning, and participation in farmer groups. Conclusion: Most mulberry and sericulture farmers are the main household laborers, have an area of no more than 5 rai/household, have problems with water and dryness, and try to adapt to technology and receive assistance from the government. Factors affecting the decision to maintain a career include personality traits, knowledge, job stability, quality of life, production system, growing area, age, occupational succession, and joining groups for market bargaining.

CONNECTED: leveraging digital twins and personal knowledge graphs in healthcare digitalization.

Healthcare has always been a strategic domain in which innovative technologies can be applied to increase the effectiveness of services and patient care quality. Recent advancements have been made in the adoption of Digital Twins (DTs) and Personal Knowledge Graphs (PKGs) in this field. Despite this, their introduction has been hindered by the complex nature of the context itself which leads to many challenges both technical and organizational. In this article, we reviewed the literature about these technologies and their integrations, identifying the most critical requirements for clinical platforms. These latter have been used to design CONNECTED (COmpreheNsive and staNdardized hEalth-Care plaTforms to collEct and harmonize clinical Data), a conceptual framework aimed at defining guidelines to overcome the crucial issues related to the development of healthcare applications. It is structured in a multi-layer shape, in which heterogeneous data sources are first integrated, then standardized, and finally used to realize general-purpose DTs of patients backed by PKGs and accessible through dedicated APIs. These DTs will be the foundation on which smart applications can be built.

Implications of a local flora survey for pre‐human grass flora in north‐western Madagascar

Societal Impact StatementMadagascar's children are taught that their ancestors destroyed the vast ancient forest, giving rise to modern grasslands, a misleading myth that continues to undermine people's relationship with nature. Replacing this myth with a more nuanced and accurate narrative around grassy ecosystems is fundamental to building a more positive relationship between Madagascar's people and ecosystems, a process that is necessary to build modern conservation practice and environmental governance. The data we present are consistent with a pre‐human grass flora in the region, suggesting the local grassy ecosystems should not be written off as fully anthropogenic and undesirable but are instead in need of recognition and further research attention.Summary Grassy ecosystems cover over a quarter of dry land, with mosaics of old‐growth and recently formed anthropogenic systems appearing superficially similar to an uninformed observer. Grasses are part of a deep web of historic relationships between grassy ecosystems and local people. We collect and compile the first list of grass species (Poaceae) in north‐west Madagascar in order to make an initial evidence assessment for a pre‐human grass flora. Field surveys and voucher specimen collections were carried out. Specimen identification was performed using morphological character comparison with reference specimens, literature and personal knowledge of grasses from other parts of Madagascar. Seventy species are recorded and assigned to 44 genera. The species list is compared with regional grass checklists from central and south‐central Madagascar. Thirty‐five grasses are unique to Mahajanga, comprising 19% of the multi‐region species pool analysed; the regional species richness is comparable to that of the highlands. The main subfamilies represented are the Panicoideae (64%) and Chloridoideae (29%). Seven species are endemic to Madagascar, reflecting their evolutionary origins on the island. Many of the species are found in multiple types of habitat and substrate, while others are restricted to limited areas and habitats, and local species richness varies significantly with habitat and soil. The main disturbance regimes driving species occurrence include fire and grazing, possibly partly reflecting similar disturbances prior to human arrival. The patterns observed in the grass flora of north‐western Madagascar are overall congruent with a pre‐human grass flora.

METHODOLOGY OF ORGANIZATION OF PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF TEACHERS TO IMPROVE THE SKILLS OF FORMATION OF FUNCTIONAL LITERACY OF STUDENTS

The scientifi c and theoretical article deals with the currently relevant problem of the methodology of organizing the professional activities of teachers to improve the skills of forming functional literacy of students. The formation of functional literacy of students remains a priority in the work of teachers. It is suggested that ensuring the improvement of the teacher’s competencies in the fi eld of the formation of functional literacy of students is due to changes in legislative documents in the fi eld of education of the Russian Federation, namely, in strengthening and specifying the achievement of educational results of students in terms of the formation of meta-subject competencies in the development of the basic educational program. The achievement of the demanded results of the educational process correlates with the level of professional skill of the teacher. The purpose of the article is to identify a certain set of components of the methodological system that allow improving the professional competencies of teachers. The presented methodological system includes a number of components, such as valuemotivational, ideological, cognitive and behavioral. Each component of the system carries certain functions and resources. The content analysis of the literature proves the relevance of the discussed research problem. The scientifi c novelty of the article lies in the presented methodological system of the organization of professional activity of teachers, the specifi cation of each component of the methodological system focused on the integration of professional and personal knowledge of teachers in the context of the formation of functional literacy of students. The theoretical signifi cance of the article lies in the fact that new prospects for the organization of methodological improvement of teaching staff are opening up. The practical signifi cance lies in the possibility of implementing a methodological system for organizing the professional activities of teachers within the framework of the system of professional development of teaching staff. The obtained theoretical results of the study may be in demand when developing additional professional training programs for teaching staff.

Özel Gereksinimli Çocukların Kaynaştırılması: Okul Öncesi Öğretmenlerinin Disleksi Bilgisi ve Yeterlilik Faktörleri

Introduction: The study was conducted to examine the factors that affect the competencies of preschool teachers towards inclusion of children with special needs and their level of dyslexia knowledge. Method: The study was designed in descriptive and relational survey model. The study group consisted of 350 preschool teachers. “Personal Information Form, Knowledge and Belief Scale about Dyslexia and Teacher Competency Scale for Inclusion of Children with Special Needs” were used to collect the data. In the analyses, frequencies and percentages of personal information were given, descriptive analyses were conducted on the scale scores, and Spearman Brown correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the two scale scores. CHAID analysis, which is one of the classification analyses, was used to determine the factors affecting the scores of teachers’ teacher competency scale for inclusion of children with special needs and dyslexia knowledge and belief scale scores. Findings: As a result of the study, it was observed that as preschool teachers’ dyslexia knowledge, diagnosis, treatment and general knowledge levels increased, their level of law, knowledge, perception and general competence for inclusion of children with special needs also increased. The most important factors affecting the competencies of preschool teachers towards the inclusion of children with special needs were found to be the status of having a special education certificate, the status of receiving training on learning disabilities, the type of institution and gender. It was found that preschool teachers who received training on learning disabilities and had a special education certificate had higher competency towards inclusion of children with special needs. Discussion: While there is a lack of specific studies exploring the competencies of preschool teachers for the inclusion of children with special needs and their dyslexia knowledge levels, there are studies showing the importance of inclusive education.

Diversity of authors in the British Journal of Orthodontics and Journal of Orthodontics over the last 50 years.

To explore any changes in the perceived gender and affiliation of first authors of papers published in the British Journal of Orthodontics (BJO) and Journal of Orthodontics (JO), over the last 50 years. Electronic hand searches of the BJO and JO from 1973 to 2021, were undertaken to identify research and clinical papers published the first volume of the BJO (1973-74) and then the first two volumes of each subsequent decade i.e. 1980-81; 1990-91 to 2020-21. Articles such as Editorials, Product Updates and Abstract summaries, were excluded.The perceived gender of the first author was identified from their forename, internet sources and/or personal knowledge, where possible. The country of the first author's affiliation was identified from the author details stated in the papers. The countries were then grouped into geographical areas. A total of 385 papers were identified with a steady increase from 1973 to 2021. There was a statistically significant increase in papers published by authors who were perceived to be female (odds ratio 8.33; 95% CI 4.75, 14.64). The increase in papers published by non-UK affiliated first authors was significant (odds ratio 5.01; 95% CI 2.78, 9.02). The Journal has seen a significant change, over the last 50 years, in its authorship profile from nearly exclusively male, UK based authors to more than 60% of published papers having a first author who was perceived as being female and 37% originating from outside the UK.

Know when a school official's personal observations are considered education records

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act generally prohibits a college or university from disclosing personally identifiable information in a student's education record to a third party without consent. However, in an April 2023 guidance document, the Student Privacy Policy Office explained that “information that a school official obtains through personal knowledge or observation … is generally not protected by FERPA's limitations on the disclosure of education records, even if that information is also contained in an education record” (Student Privacy Policy Office, Guidance for School Officials on Student Health Records, April 12, 2023, bit.ly/3Nu74UK).

ODLUČIVANJE U JAVNOJ UPRAVI / DECISION-MAKING IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

In the paper, the authors are considering a broader framework of the decision-making in Public Administration, examining decision-making process, i.e. the process of making decisions in the administrative procedure. Generally, decision-making is the process and act of choice between several possible alternatives in certain situation. It is of particular importance in the administrative procedure, considering that the public and also legal interests of citizens are simultaneously protected in this procedure. Administrative bodies decide on the rights, obligations and legal interests of natural and legal persons in the administrative procedure. When making a decision in an administrative procedure, the administrative authority determines, within its jurisdiction, whether the interests of the parties are in accordance with the regulations, that is, the public interest, and thus resolves a certain administrative matter. The decision-making process in the administrative procedure is legally standardized and as such implies the application of the rules of formal logic. The legal syllogism represents a model of the decision-making process, but its use does not necessarily mean that the result of the conclusions of different individuals, which also depends on personal characteristics, knowledge and experiences, will be the same, and that the same conclusions will be reached. Particular actions in the administrative procedure are performed and decisions are made by authorized officials, either as individuals (the head of the administrative body or an authorized official in the administrative body) or as collegial bodies. However, as specific decisions in the administrative procedure are made by individual persons, there is a possibility of different understanding and connection of legal norms or their application to a specific factual situation.