Personalized Nutrition Intervention Research Articles

The Role of Gut Microbiota in Food Digestion and Its Implications for Human Health

Purpose: The general aim of this study was to examine the role of gut microbiota in food digestion and its implications for human health. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the role of gut microbiota in food digestion. Preliminary empirical review revealed that gut microbial communities play a dynamic role in modulating nutrient metabolism, immune function, and overall digestive wellness. Through diverse empirical investigations, it was revealed that gut microbiota composition is influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics, with dysbiosis linked to immune-mediated gastrointestinal disorders. Moreover, dietary interventions and lifestyle modifications were identified as effective strategies for modulating gut microbiota composition and function, offering promising avenues for promoting digestive health. Overall, this research provided valuable insights into the complex interactions between gut microbiota and host physiology, paving the way for personalized therapeutic interventions to optimize digestive function and mitigate gastrointestinal disorders. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Ecological theory of Gut Microbiota, Metabolic theory of Gut Microbiota and Immunological theory of Gut Microbiota may be used to anchor future studies on the role of gut microbiota in digestion and its impacts on human health. The study provided recommendations that contributed to theory, practice, and policy in microbiome research and public health. It suggested further exploration of ecological theory to understand the dynamic interactions between gut microbiota and food digestion, leading to advancements in theoretical frameworks. Practically, the study emphasized personalized nutrition interventions based on gut microbiota composition to optimize digestive health, while policy recommendations included integrating microbial research into public health initiatives and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration. These recommendations aimed to translate microbiome science into actionable strategies for improving digestive health outcomes and enhancing overall well-being.

Assessing the impact of a personalised application-based nutrition intervention on carbohydrate intake in rural Benin

BackgroundThis study aims to assess the effect of a personalised nutrition intervention on nutrient intake in rural Benin as a tool to tackle the double burden of malnutrition. The personalised recommender system uses information from the eating behaviour of all household members combined to provide tailored advice on adjusting the consumption of up to three food items to tackle malnutrition and obesity in the household. Many developing countries nowadays experience the double burden of malnutrition, the coexistence of undernutrition alongside overweight and obesity, as well as other related non-communicable diseases. Personalised nutrition was very effective in European studies in improving nutrition and tackling obesity, which is why this study aims to translate personalised nutrition to a developing country context.ResultsA study was conducted in rural areas of Benin where 720 households were randomly selected. Due to high attrition, we used propensity score matching and looked into average treatment effects. We found that the recommendation to eat less carbohydrates resulted in a reduction in carbohydrate consumption with a significant effect for both the average treatment effect (ATE) of the whole population as well as the average treatment effect of the treated (ATET). We found that households that received the treatment to consume less food items with a high carbohydrate intake have followed this advice and have consumed on average lower levels of carbohydrates than their control counterparts.ConclusionsRising obesity is a worldwide problem that poses a severe challenge for policymakers. Especially in developing countries the change from too little, to too much is seamless. For the increasing obese population, the recommender system could be a useful tool. The idea of personalised nutrition has the potential to be one of the necessary steps in the ongoing battle against obesity and unhealthy diets. The personalised application-based recommender system used in this study has the ability to be a strong and effective tool for policymakers in the ongoing battle of food security vs. obesity in Benin and other countries. We propose that future research focuses more on personalised nutrition in the context of a developing country.

Assessment of the impact of a personalised nutrition intervention in impaired glucose regulation over 26 weeks: a randomised controlled trial

Dietary interventions can reduce progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in people with non-diabetic hyperglycaemia. In this study we aimed to determine the impact of a DNA-personalised nutrition intervention in people with non-diabetic hyperglycaemia over 26 weeks. ASPIRE-DNA was a pilot study. Participants were randomised into three arms to receive either (i) Control arm: standard care (NICE guidelines) (n = 51), (ii) Intervention arm: DNA-personalised dietary advice (n = 50), or (iii) Exploratory arm: DNA-personalised dietary advice via a self-guided app and wearable device (n = 46). The primary outcome was the difference in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) between the Control and Intervention arms after 6 weeks. 180 people were recruited, of whom 148 people were randomised, mean age of 59 years (SD = 11), 69% of whom were female. There was no significant difference in the FPG change between the Control and Intervention arms at 6 weeks (− 0.13 mmol/L (95% CI [− 0.37, 0.11]), p = 0.29), however, we found that a DNA-personalised dietary intervention led to a significant reduction of FPG at 26 weeks in the Intervention arm when compared to standard care (− 0.019 (SD = 0.008), p = 0.01), as did the Exploratory arm (− 0.021 (SD = 0.008), p = 0.006). HbA1c at 26 weeks was significantly reduced in the Intervention arm when compared to standard care (− 0.038 (SD = 0.018), p = 0.04). There was some evidence suggesting prevention of progression to T2DM across the groups that received a DNA-based intervention (p = 0.06). Personalisation of dietary advice based on DNA did not result in glucose changes within the first 6 weeks but was associated with significant reduction of FPG and HbA1c at 26 weeks when compared to standard care. The DNA-based diet was effective regardless of intervention type, though results should be interpreted with caution due to the low sample size. These findings suggest that DNA-based dietary guidance is an effective intervention compared to standard care, but there is still a minimum timeframe of adherence to the intervention before changes in clinical outcomes become apparent.Trial Registration:www.clinicaltrials.gov.uk Ref: NCT03702465.

A health technology assessment of personalized nutrition interventions using the EUnetHTA HTA Core Model.

Poor nutrition links to chronic diseases, emphasizing the need for optimized diets. The EU-funded project PREVENTOMICS, introduced personalized nutrition to address this. This study aims to perform a health technology assessment (HTA) comparing personalized nutrition interventions developed through this project, with non-personalized nutrition interventions (control) for people with normal weight, overweight, or obesity. The goal is to support decisions about further development and implementation of personalized nutrition. The PREVENTOMICS interventions were evaluated using the European Network for HTA Core Model, which includes a methodological framework that encompasses different domains for value assessment. Information was gathered via [1] different statistical analyses and modeling studies, [2] questions asked of project partners and, [3] other (un)published materials. Clinical trials of PREVENTOMICS interventions demonstrated different body mass index changes compared to control; differences ranged from -0.80 to 0.20 kg/m2. Long-term outcome predictions showed generally improved health outcomes for the interventions; some appeared cost-effective (e.g., interventions in UK). Ethical concerns around health inequality and the lack of specific legal regulations for personalized nutrition interventions were identified. Choice modeling studies indicated openness to personalized nutrition interventions; decisions were primarily affected by intervention's price. PREVENTOMICS clinical trials have shown promising effectiveness with no major safety concerns, although uncertainties about effectiveness exist due to small samples (n=60-264) and short follow-ups (10-16 weeks). Larger, longer trials are needed for robust evidence before implementation could be considered. Among other considerations, developers should explore financing options and collaborate with policymakers to prevent exclusion of specific groups due to information shortages.

Decentralized ORP Measurements for Gut Redox Status Monitoring: Toward Personalized Gut Microbiota Balance.

Gut microbiome targeting has emerged as a new generation of personalized medicine and a potential wellness and disease driver. Specifically, the gut redox balance plays a key role in shaping the gut microbiota and its link with the host, immune system, and disease evolution. In this sense, precise and personalized nutrition has proven synergy and capability to modulate the gut microbiome environment through the formulation of dietary interventions, such as vitamin support. Accordingly, there are urgent demands for simple and effective analytical platforms for understanding the relationship between the tailored vitamin administration and the gut microbiota balance by rapid noninvasive on-the-spot oxidation/reduction potential monitoring for frequent and close surveillance of the gut redox status and targeting by personalized nutrition interventions. Herein, we present a disposable potentiometric sensor chip and a homemade multiwell potentiometric array to address the interplay of vitamin levels with the oxidation/reduction potential in human feces and saliva. The potentiometric ORP sensing platforms have been successfully validated and scaled up for the setup of a multiapplication prototype for cross-talk-free simple screening of many specimens. The interpersonal variability of the gut microbiota environment illustrates the potential of feces and saliva samples for noninvasive, frequent, and decentralized monitoring of the gut redox status to support timely human microbiota surveillance and guide precise dietary intervention toward restoring and promoting personalized gut redox balance.

Preferences and willingness to pay for personalized nutrition interventions: Discrete choice experiments in Europe and the United States

This study gives insight into what intervention-related factors are crucial for using personalized nutrition (PN) interventions, as well as what the general population is willing to pay for PN. This was done by focusing on two different types of PN (i.e., PN advice and personalized meals) in two discrete choice experiments (DCEs). The DCEs were conducted in four European countries and the United States, including at least 500 respondents per country aged 18–65 years. Panel mixed multinomial logit models were used to evaluate the preferences. Results show that for both types of PN in all countries, the total expenditure on nutrition was the most crucial factor when choosing a PN intervention. The participation rate for specific hypothetical scenario’s varied but was considered high overall (maximum 81 % for ‘PN advice’ and 87 % for ‘personalized meals’ in Spain). Moreover, highest willingness to pay estimates were found for six kilograms of weight loss. For example, Polish respondents were willing to spend an extra 25.78 euros per week for ‘personalized meals’ for a 4-month period to lose six kilograms. Our models showed preference heterogeneity between, but also within, the different countries. In conclusion, this study showed that people seem willing to pay for and participate in PN interventions. Since PN interventions may improve health outcomes, policymakers should consider subsidizing some of the costs, financially incentivizing PN interventions or introducing commitment lotteries to encourage uptake. More research is needed to study heterogeneity in preferences.

Hierarchical Personalized Nutrition and Exercise Interventions Based on the ADOPT Model Effectively Improve the Health of Patients with Colorectal Cancer

This study aimed to assess the efficacy of hierarchical personalized nutrition and exercise interventions based on the Attitude-Definition-Open-mindedness-Plan-Trial model in improving gastrointestinal function, nutritional status, muscle function, and quality of life in patients with colorectal cancer. A retrospective analysis compared the outcomes of patients with rectal cancer receiving standard interventions (control group) and those receiving hierarchical personalized nutrition and exercise interventions based on the Attitude-Definition-Open-mindedness-Plan-Trial model (treatment group). The findings indicate that before the interventions, the two groups observed no statistically significant differences between the serum concentrations of nutritional markers (hemoglobin, transferrin, albumin, and prealbumin). However, these markers exhibited significantly higher levels in the treatment group than in the control group. Furthermore, the treatment group had higher SF-36 scores, shorter recovery times for gastrointestinal function, shorter hospital stays, and lower rates of complications. There were no significant differences in muscle co-contraction rates and mass between the two groups before the intervention. The treatment group had lower co-contraction rates and higher muscle mass post-intervention than the control group. In conclusion, hierarchical personalized nutrition and exercise interventions based on the Attitude-Definition-Open-mindedness-Plan-Trial model effectively improve gastrointestinal function, nutritional status, muscle function, and quality of life in colorectal cancer patients.

The Effects of Personalized Nutrition Intervention In Breast Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review

Breast cancer is a common cancer in women worldwide. Personalized nutrition interventions have gained attention as a promising approach in the treatment of breast cancer. This systematic review aimed to evaluate their effectiveness. A comprehensive search of ScienceDirect and PubMed databases was conducted from 2018 to 2023 using the keyword "Personalized nutrition interventions for breast cancer." Six studies met the inclusion criteria. Results showed that dietary interventions led to improvements in body weight, metabolic parameters, and quality of life in breast cancer patients. The Mediterranean diet was associated with significant improvements in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, glycemia, and triglyceride levels, as well as a greater reduction in metabolic syndrome markers. The ketogenic diet resulted in significant weight loss due to fat mass reduction, while personalized and balanced diet interventions reduced the frequency of leukopenia and abdominal pain. A triple intervention program involving nutrition, exercise, and mindfulness positively impacted the quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Individualized diet therapy based on nutritional needs also significantly reduced barriers and improved nutritional status and quality of life in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. This review employed a systematic approach, including a comprehensive literature search, clear inclusion criteria, and thorough study quality assessment. In conclusion, personalized nutrition interventions can be effective for improving outcomes in breast cancer patients.

Early enteral nutrition is associated with improved outcomes in critically ill mechanically ventilated medical and surgical patients

Data suggest that guidelines for enteral nutrition (EN) initiation are not closely followed in clinical practice. In addition, critically ill mechanically ventilated (MV) patients have varying metabolic needs, which often increase and persist over time, requiring personalized nutrition intervention. While both over- and under-nutrition can impact patient outcomes, recent data suggest that targeted early EN delivery may reduce mortality and improve clinical outcomes. This study examined if early EN improves clinical outcomes and decreases costs in critically ill patients on MV. Data from a nationwide administrative-financial database between 2018 and 2020 was utilized to identify eligible adult critical care patients. Patients who received EN within 3 days after intubation (early EN) were compared to patients who started EN after 3 days of intubation (late EN). Outcomes of interest included hospital mortality, discharge disposition, hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), MV days, and total cost. After inverse-probability-of-treatment weighting, outcomes were modeled using a nominal logistic regression model for hospital mortality and discharge disposition, a linear regression model for cost, and Cox proportional-hazards model for MV days, hospital and ICU LOS. A total of 27,887 adult patients with early MV were identified, of which 16,772 (60.1%) received early EN. Regression analyses showed that the early EN group had lower hospital mortality (OR=0.88, 95% CI, 0.82 to 0.94), were more likely to be discharged home (OR=1.47, 95% CI 1.38 to 1.56), had fewer MV days (HR=1.23, 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.37), shorter hospital LOS (HR=1.43, 95% CI, 1.33 to 1.54) and ICU LOS (HR=1.36, 95% CI, 1.27 to 1.46), and lower cost (-$21,226; 95% CI, -$23,605 to -$18,848) compared to the late EN group. Early EN within 3 days of MV initiation in real-world practice demonstrated improved clinical and economic outcomes. These data suggest that early EN is associated with decreased hospital mortality, increased discharge to home, and decreased hospital and ICU LOS, time on MV, and cost compared to delayed initiation of EN; highlighting the importance of early EN to optimize utcomes ando support the recovery of critically ill patients on MV.

Nutrition Considerations in Patients with Functional Diarrhea.

Functional diarrhea (FD) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder that affects a great percentage of the population and has damaging nutritional and psychological effects. In this review, evidence has been assessed and analyzed to provide nutrition considerations and recommendations for patients with functional diarrhea. The traditional irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) diet, the low FODMAP diet, and general recommendations for diarrhea have been established as interventions for FD. Additionally, nutrition outcomes such as vitamin and mineral deficiencies, hydration levels, and mental health status should be at the forefront of assessment. The importance of medical management of FD and IBS-D is established, with many existing evidence-based recommendations and approved medications available. Nutrition management of FD from a registered dietitian/dietitian nutritionist, from symptom control to dietary advice, is imperative. There are no "one-size-fits-all" approaches to nutrition management of FD, but there is promising literature that can shape personalized nutrition interventions from a registered dietitian.

A culturally tailored personaliseD nutrition intErvention in South ASIan women at risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (DESI-GDM): a randomised controlled trial protocol

IntroductionSouth Asians are more likely to develop gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) than white Europeans. Diet and lifestyle modifications may prevent GDM and reduce undesirable outcomes in both the mother and...

Using nutrigenomics to guide personalized nutrition supplementation for bolstering immune system.

Immunity refers to the ability of the human immune system to resist pathogen infection. Immune system has the basic functions of immune defense, immune self stabilization and immune surveillance. Balanced nutrition is the cornerstone of the immune system to play its immune function, and nutritional intervention is also an important means to maintain and improve immunity. Previous studies have confirmed that T cells have individual differences in recognizing viral antigens of virus infected cells, and the body's response to antigens is controlled by a variety of genetic genes, such as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, immune response (Ir) genes, etc. In this paper, through immunity genetic testing, we screen out genetically susceptible people with low immunity and people with the risk of nutrient metabolism disorders; through using lifestyle questionnaire and physical examination results, we analyze people's physical condition, dietary habits, and exercise habits to evaluate people's nutrient deficiency degree. Then, combining multi-dimensional health data, we evaluate users' immune status and nutritional deficiency risk comprehensively, further, we implemented personalized nutrition intervention on the types and doses of nutritional supplements to improve immunity. We also validated the effectiveness of our personalized nutrition solution through a population-based cohort study.

HTA273 A Health Technology Assessment of Three Personalized Nutrition Interventions Using the Eunethta HTA Core Model

HTA273 A Health Technology Assessment of Three Personalized Nutrition Interventions Using the Eunethta HTA Core Model

Gut microbiota modulates differential lipid metabolism outcomes associated with FTO gene polymorphisms in response to personalized nutrition intervention.

BackgroundInterindividual differences in response to personalized nutrition (PN) intervention were affected by multiple factors, including genetic backgrounds and gut microbiota. The fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene is an important factor related to hyperlipidemia and occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. However, few studies have explored the differences in response to intervention among subjects with different genotypes of FTO, and the associations between gut microbiota and individual responses.ObjectiveTo explore the differential lipid metabolism outcomes associated with FTO gene polymorphisms in response to PN intervention, the altered taxonomic features of gut microbiota caused by the intervention, and the associations between gut microbiota and lipid metabolism outcomes.MethodsA total of 400 overweight or obese adults were recruited in the study and randomly divided into the PN group and control group, of whom 318 completed the 12-week intervention. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of rs1121980 in FTO was genotyped. Gut microbiota and blood lipids were determined at baseline and week 12. Functional property of microbiota was predicted using Tax4Fun functional prediction analysis.ResultsSubjects with the risk genotype of FTO had significantly higher weight and waist circumference (WC) at baseline. Generalized linear regression models showed that the reduction in weight, body mass index (BMI), WC, body fat percentage, total cholesterol (TCHO), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was greater in subjects with the risk genotype of FTO and in the PN group. Significant interaction effects between genotype and intervention on weight, BMI, WC, TCHO, and LDL were found after stratifying for specific genotype of FTO. All subjects showed significant increasement in α diversity of gut microbiota after intervention except for those with the non-risk genotype in the control group. Gut microbiota, including Blautia and Firmicutes, might be involved in lipid metabolism in response to interventions. The predicted functions of the microbiota in subjects with different genotypes were related to lipid metabolism-related pathways, including fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation.ConclusionSubjects with the risk genotype of FTO had better response to nutrition intervention, and PN intervention showed better amelioration in anthropometric parameters and blood lipids than the control. Gut microbiota might be involved in modulating differential lipid metabolism responses to intervention in subjects with different genotypes.Trial registration[Chictr.org.cn], identifier [ChiCTR1900026226].

Personalized nutrition intervention improves nutritional status and quality of life of colorectal cancer survivors in the community: A randomized controlled trial

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of personalized nutrition intervention combined with telephone-based education on the nutritional status of colorectal cancer survivors and their quality of life. MethodsIn this randomized, parallel-controlled trial, 60 colorectal cancer survivors who met the eligibility criteria were recruited from a community in Shanghai and randomly assigned 1:1 into nutrition intervention and routine care groups. The routine care group received a follow up by telephoneafter 6 months. The nutrition intervention group received personalized nutritional interventions and telephone-based education through the WeChat app for 6 mo. Nutrition status, dietary intake, and quality of life were measured and compared between the groups. ResultsOf the enrolled participants, 56 participants were included in the modified intent-to-treat analysis for comparison. After the 6-mo intervention, the nutrition group had a statistically lower patient-generated subjective global assessment score and higher energy and protein intake compared with the routine care group. Moreover, the nutrition intervention group gained more weight (2.00 kg; 95% confidence interval, 0.25–3.00) than the routine care group (0.00 kg; 95% confidence interval, –1.75 to 0.00). Meanwhile, compared with the routine care group, the nutrition intervention group had significantly higher global health status, as well as physical, role, emotional, cognitive, and social functioning (P < 0.05). ConclusionsPersonalized nutrition interventions, combined with telephone-based education, provided by community health service centers can improve colorectal cancer survivors' nutritional status and quality of life. Personalized nutrition intervention for cancer survivors warrants further investigation in confirmatory studies.

The relevance of urolithins-based metabotyping for assessing the effects of a polyphenol-rich dietary intervention on intestinal permeability: A post-hoc analysis of the MaPLE trial

A polyphenol-rich diet reduced intestinal permeability (IP) in older adults. Our aim was to evaluate if participants categorized according to urolithin metabotypes (UMs) exhibited different responses in the MaPLE trial. Fifty-one older adults (mean age: 78 years) completed an 8-week randomized-controlled-crossover trial comparing the effects of a polyphenol-rich vs. a control diet on IP, assessed through zonulin levels. Plasma and urinary metabolomics were evaluated with a semi-targeted UHPLC-MS/MS method. Gut microbiota was characterized by 16S rRNA gene profiling. UMs were determined according to urolithin excretion in 24 h urine samples. Multivariate statistics were used to characterize the differences in metabolomic and metataxonomic responses across UMs. Thirty-three participants were classified as urolithin metabotype A (UMA), 13 as urolithin metabotype B (UMB), and 5 as urolithin metabotype 0 (UM0) according to their urinary excretion of urolithins. Clinical, dietary, and biochemical characteristics at baseline were similar between UMs (all p > 0.05). After the polyphenol-rich diet, UMB vs. UMA participants showed a 2-fold higher improvement of zonulin levels (p for interaction = 0.033). Moreover, UMB vs. UMA participants were characterized for alterations in fatty acid metabolism, kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism, and microbial metabolization of phenolic acids. These changes were correlated with the reduction of zonulin levels and modifications of gut microbes (increased Clostridiales, including, R. lactaris, and G. formicilis). In conclusion, urolithin-based metabotyping identified older adults with a higher improvement of IP after a polyphenol-rich diet. Our results reinforce the concept that UMs may contribute to tailor personalized nutrition interventions.

Personalized Nutrition Intervention Improves Health Status in Overweight/Obese Chinese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundOverweight and obesity increase the risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Personalized nutrition (PN) approaches may provide tailored nutritional advice/service by focusing on individual's unique characteristics to prevent against NCDs.ObjectiveWe aimed to compare the effect of PN intervention with the traditional “one size fits all” intervention on health status in overweight/obese Chinese adults.MethodsIn this 12-week randomized controlled trial, 400 adults with BMI ≥24 kg/m2 were randomized to control group (CG, n = 200) and PN group (PNG, n = 200). The CG received conventional health guidance according to the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents and Chinese DRIs Handbook, whereas the PNG experienced PN intervention that was developed by using decision trees based on the subjects' anthropometric measurements, blood samples (phenotype), buccal cells (genotype), and dietary and physical activity (PA) assessments (baseline and updated).ResultsCompared with the conventional intervention, PN intervention significantly improved clinical outcomes of anthropometric (e.g., body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, waist circumference) and blood biomarkers (e.g., blood lipids, uric acid, homocysteine). The improvement in clinical outcomes was achieved through behavior change in diet and PA. The subjects in the PNG had higher China dietary guidelines index values and PA levels. Personalized recommendations of “lose weight,” “increase fiber” and “take multivitamin/mineral supplements” were the major contributors to the decrease of BMI and improvement of lipid profile.ConclusionWe provided the first evidence that PN intervention was more beneficial than conventional nutrition intervention to improve health status in overweight/obese Chinese adults. This study provides a model of framework for developing personalized advice in Chinese population.Chictr.org.cn (ChiCTR1900026226).

Cancer, Phase Angle and Sarcopenia: The Role of Diet in Connection with Lung Cancer Prognosis.

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death and is associated with malnutrition and sarcopenia. The detection of sarcopenia and conduction of simple body composition measurements, such as the phase angle (PhA) deriving from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), can help to early identify, monitor, prevent and treat malnutrition. The present review aims to clarify the relationship between PhA and sarcopenia with the pathophysiology, clinical outcomes, and therapeutic aspects of lung cancer. PhA and sarcopenia are connected to lung cancer prognosis through various mechanisms including inflammation and oxidative stress, although more research is needed to identify the critical thresholds for increased mortality risk. Moreover, emphasis is given on the role of dietary interventions (oral nutritional supplementation, and dietary counseling) to manage sarcopenia and related variables in patients with lung cancer. Oral nutritional supplements and/or those containing n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may have a positive effect on physical strength measures and muscle mass if administered at the beginning of chemotherapy. Data on sole dietary counseling or multimodal interventions are less promising so far. In the future, sophisticated body composition phenotypes deriving from the described methods along with artificial intelligence techniques could be used to design personalized nutrition interventions and timely treat these patients.

Development of an Unified Food Composition Database for the European Project "Stance4Health".

The European Commission funded project Stance4Health (S4H) aims to develop a complete personalised nutrition service. In order to succeed, sources of information on nutritional composition and other characteristics of foods need to be as comprehensive as possible. Food composition tables or databases (FCT/FCDB) are the most commonly used tools for this purpose. The aim of this study is to describe the harmonisation efforts carried out to obtain the Stance4Health FCDB. A total of 10 FCT/FCDB were selected from different countries and organizations. Data were classified using FoodEx2 and INFOODS tagnames to harmonise the information. Hazard analysis and critical control points analysis was applied as the quality control method. Data were processed by spreadsheets and MySQL. S4H’s FCDB is composed of 880 elements, including nutrients and bioactive compounds. A total of 2648 unified foods were used to complete the missing values of the national FCDB used. Recipes and dishes were estimated following EuroFIR standards via linked tables. S4H’s FCDB will be part of the smartphone app developed in the framework of the Stance4Health European project, which will be used in different personalized nutrition intervention studies. S4H FCDB has great perspectives, being one of the most complete in terms of number of harmonized foods, nutrients and bioactive compounds included.

Does personalised nutrition advice based on apolipoprotein E and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype affect dietary behaviour?

Background: Dietary intake is linked to numerous modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Current dietary recommendations in the UK to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease are not being met. A genotype-based personalised approach to dietary recommendations may motivate individuals to make positive changes in their dietary behaviour. Aim: To determine the effect of a personalised nutrition intervention, based on apolipoprotein E (ApoE, rs7412; rs429358) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR, rs1801133) genotype, on reported dietary intake of saturated fat and folate in participants informed of a risk genotype compared to those informed of non-risk genotype. Methods: Baseline data (n = 99) were collected to determine genotype (non-risk vs risk), dietary intake and cardiovascular risk (Q-Risk®2 cardiovascular risk calculator). Participants were provided with personalised nutrition advice via email based on their ApoE and MTHFR genotype and reported intake of folate and saturated fat. After 10 days, dietary intake data were reported for a second time. Results: Personalised nutrition advice led to favourable dietary changes, irrespective of genotype, in participants who were not meeting dietary recommendations at baseline for saturated fat (p < 0.001) and folate (p = 0.002). Only participants who were informed of a risk ApoE genotype met saturated fat recommendations following personalised nutrition advice. Conclusion: Incorporation of genotype-based personalised nutrition advice in a diet behaviour intervention may elicit favourable changes in dietary behaviour in participants informed of a risk genotype. Participants informed of a non-risk genotype also respond to personalised nutrition advice favourably but to a lesser extent.