Personality Dimensions Extraversion Research Articles

Relationships Between Five-Factor Personality Theory and Values on Adolescents

Values are a set of principles that guide human life. Their importance can vary from person to person. Schwartz's concept of value is defined as guiding principles in the lives of people or other social formations. These include freedom, equality, and environmental protection. Schwartz created 10 basic value groups that are thought to have universal characteristics. The aforementioned values are divided into the following groups: self-direction, universality, benevolence, stimulation, hedonism, achievement, power, security, conformity, and tradition. According to Schwartz, spiritual values in individuals are associated with the dimensions of universality, benevolence, self-direction, and self-transcendence. At the same time, it seems that spirituality overlaps with the values of tradition and conformity, which are closely related to religiosity. In contrast, personality refers to a set of unique, consistent, and enduring characteristics in individuals, encompassing their emotions, thoughts, and behaviours. McCrae and Costa posit that personality traits are grouped under five dimensions: extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Some personality theories posit that spirituality is a part of personality. In this respect, personality and spirituality are closely related. The principal objective of this research is to ascertain whether the personality dimensions of extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness to experience are predictive of values pertaining to security, power, benevolence, stimulation, traditionalism, hedonism, universalism, self-direction, achievement, and conformity. To this end, a multiple regression model incorporating these variables was constructed and subjected to testing in the study. The study group consisted of 308 high school students studying in Niğde in the 2021-2022 academic year. The study group comprised 173 women (56.2%) and 135 men (43.8%). The ages of the study group ranged between 14 and 18 years (mean age = 16.39; standard deviation = 0.87). The results of the regression analysis indicated that personality dimensions predicted the values. It was found that different personality dimensions predicted different values in a positive or negative manner.

Towards a More Individualised Practice of Motor Imagery: The Additional Value of the Personality Dimension Extraversion

Motor imagery (MI) training is used to improve motor performance in both patients and athletes. The putative link between personality and MI remains however largely underexplored. In this pilot study, 72 sports students performed MI and physical execution of a finger pointing task. MI ability was assessed through the mental chronometry paradigm that captured the temporal components of imagery, as well as self-report measures of imagery vividness and imagery ease. Personality dimensions were assessed with the five-factor model. Extraversion was found to be significantly correlated with MI ability as measured with mental chronometry ( r = .37, p = .001) but not with imagery vividness ( r = −.08, p = .481) or imagery ease ( r = −.04, p = .741). The other personality dimensions were unrelated to MI ability (all p > .05). Based on these findings, we postulate that extravert individuals may have an advantage in controlling and maintaining the temporal aspect of mental movements. This may help extraverts to better benefit from imagery training.

Adolescent personality development as a longitudinal marker for burnout and happiness in emerging adulthood

This study examined whether individual differences in personality (development) from adolescence to emerging adulthood were associated with burnout and happiness in emerging adulthood. At Time 1 (2009; Mage = 15.7 years), Time 2 (2012), and Time 3 (2015), Belgian participants (N = 329; 43.1% boys) reported on the personality dimensions of extraversion, agreeableness/benevolence, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness/imagination. Burnout (exhaustion, disengagement) and happiness (life satisfaction, overall affect) were measured through self-reports at Time 4 (2018). For each personality dimension, except benevolence, higher levels were associated with fewer burnout symptoms. Initial levels of all personality dimensions were related to more happiness. Shallower decreases in extraversion, emotional stability, and stronger increases in imagination were related to fewer burnout symptoms and more happiness. Results indicate the importance of studying personality development as a determinant of later well-being, above and beyond effects of initial levels. Findings offer new insights into the field of personality, occupational, and positive psychology.

Influence of Aspects of Extraversion on Information Sharing Within Budget Negotiation

Managers in decentralized firms often face a fundamental information asymmetry condition which allows for budget gaming by unit managers. Unit managers (agents) often possess private information important to broader firm planning and budgeting; however, these same managers benefit through easier performance targets by keeping the information private. Firm-level managers involve lower-level managers in the budgeting process to induce the sharing of this information. The extent to which such control structures are successful may depend on the personality of the individual manager. The authors predict and find the personality aspect enthusiasm, part of the broader personality dimension extraversion, correlates with a significantly lower likelihood to share information in budget negotiation.

Audio-visual interactions enhance soundscape perception in China’s protected areas

Coordination of sound and view management is essential to construct tranquility and enhance the visitor experience in protected areas. However, research on audio-visual interactions has historically primarily focused on urban environments, revealing a significant gap in protected areas. In China, soundscape research is urgently needed in protected areas to preserve the long tradition of soundscape appreciation and the high social and ecological values of soundscapes under overwhelming tourism pressure. Using the Wulingyuan World Heritage Site as the case study and through the lens of ten semantic differentials (SDs), this article employed a lab experiment to explore the influence of audio-visual interactions on soundscape assessment to inform the management of protected areas. Our results show that, regardless of the soundscape composition (i.e., primarily natural vs. mixed vs. anthropogenic), the two types of visual stimuli tested, which either matches or mismatches the sound sampling sites, generally led to higher soundscape assessment than when no visual stimuli were present. This positive effect of audio-visual interaction on soundscape assessment, however, would potentially be offset by the adverse visual impacts of overly artificial non-matching scenes. The nature of the sound, characteristics of the visual stimuli, and the personality dimension of extraversion were significantly associated with soundscape assessment. Different SDs exhibited varied influences from visual vs. audio stimuli. In particular, irritating/happy and ugly/beautiful showed the highest sensitivity to visual stimuli, whereas artificial/natural was mainly determined by the sound characteristics.These results call for multi-scale landscape interventions to address the increasingly prevalent low audio-visual congruence in China’s protected areas. Identifying critical mismatches between the visual and audio environment and developing coordinated management strategies will be essential to preserving the tranquility of protected areas and improving public perception.

Using a Thin Slice Coding Approach to Assess Preschool Personality Dimensions

A large literature assessing personality across the lifespan has used the Big Five as an organizing framework, with evidence that variation along different dimensions predicts aspects of psychopathology. Parent reports indicate that these dimensions emerge as early as preschool, but there is a need for objective, observational measures of personality in young children, as parent report can be confounded by the parents’ own personality and psychopathology. The current study observationally coded personality dimensions in a clinically enriched sample of preschoolers. A heterogeneous group of preschoolers oversampled for depression (N = 299) completed 1–8 structured observational tasks with an experimenter. Big Five personality dimensions of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience were coded using a “thin slice” technique with 7,820 unique ratings available for analysis. Thin slice ratings of personality dimensions were reliably observed in preschoolers ages 3–6 years. Within and across-task, consistency was also evident, with consistency estimates higher than found in adult samples. Divergent validity was limited, with coders distinguishing between three (extraversion/openness; agreeableness/conscientiousness; and neuroticism) rather than five dimensions. Personality dimensions can be observationally identified in preschool-age children and offer reliable estimates that stand across different observational tasks. Study findings highlight the importance of observational approaches to assessing early personality dimensions, as well as the utility of the thin slice approach for meaningful secondary data analysis.

Observed Personality in Preschool: Associations with Current and Longitudinal Symptoms.

Personality is consistently associated with psychopathology across the lifespan. However, little is known of how observed personality dimensions in preschoolers are associated with concurrent or longitudinal symptoms across development. Spectrum, vulnerability, and pathopolasty models theorize how child personality and psychopathology are related across development. The current study tests these three models using observationally coded personality dimensions in a longitudinal sample of preschoolers. A validated 'thin slice' technique was used to code observed Five Factor Model (FFM) personality dimensions of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience in a clinically enriched preschool sample oversampled for depression (N = 299). Children were followed longitudinally for 9years while assessing dimensional psychological symptoms and global functioning. Longitudinal multilevel models testing the spectrum, or shared underlying factor model, indicated depressive symptoms in adolescence were predicted by higher preschool extraversion and lower agreeableness and conscientiousness, externalizing symptoms were predicted by lower agreeableness and higher neuroticism, and worse global functioning was predicted by higher extraversion and neuroticism, and lower agreeableness and conscientiousness. Some associations held after accounting for the influence of baseline psychological symptoms, indicating support for a vulnerability relationship between personality and later psychopathology. No support was demonstrated for pathoplasty models such that personality did not influence the developmental course or change of psychopathology over time. Findings indicate personality dimensions measured as early as the preschool period prospectively impact psychopathology and functioning across child development, demonstrating support for both a spectrum and vulnerability relationship between youth personality and psychopathology.

Personality and Postpartum Sexual Functioning in Israeli Women: The Mediating Role of Body Image.

In this study, we aimed to measure the association between the postpartum personality and sexual functioning. This association was examined in light of the possible mediation effect of body image measures, that is, body satisfaction and body exposure during sexual activity. This cross-sectional study employed a web-based questionnaire for women who had given birth in the previous year ( N = 382). Key outcome measures included sexual functioning after birth, body image satisfaction, neuroticism, and extraversion personality dimensions. Among the key findings, increased anxiety regarding body exposure during sexual activity and lower body satisfaction were associated with lower postpartum sexual functioning. Higher neuroticism, but not extraversion, was associated with lower postpartum sexual functioning; however, this association was mediated by the body image measures. Given this mediation by body image variables, it may be beneficial to address body image issues when treating women with postpartum sexual difficulties.

Естетически предпочитания при лица с екстравертна и интровертна насоченост

Настоящата статия е част от мащабно проучване проведено в периода юни 2016 - април 2018 година, което разглежда спецификата на естетическите предпочитания на личността в контекста на различни личностни и индивидуални особености. Конкретно тук се представя индивидуалното разнообразие в естетическата оценка спрямо личностната дименсия екстраверсия - интроверсия. Чрез статистическата процедура конджойнт анализ се установяват множество значими различия в оценката им на различни цветове, геометрични форми и симетрия.

Glutamate Concentration in the Superior Temporal Sulcus Relates to Neuroticism in Schizophrenia.

Clinical studies suggest aberrant neurotransmitter concentrations in the brains of patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). Numerous studies have indicated deviant glutamate concentrations in SCZ, although the findings are inconsistent. Moreover, alterations in glutamate concentrations could be linked to personality traits in SCZ. Here, we examined the relationships between personality dimensions and glutamate concentrations in a voxel encompassing the occipital cortex (OCC) and another voxel encompassing the left superior temporal sulcus (STS). We used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to examine glutamate concentrations in the OCC and the STS in 19 SCZ and 21 non-psychiatric healthy control (HC) participants. Personality dimensions neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness were assessed using the NEO-FFI questionnaire. SCZ compared to HC showed higher glutamate concentrations in the STS, reduced extraversion scores, and enhanced neuroticism scores. No group differences were observed for the other personality traits and for glutamate concentrations in the OCC. For the SCZ group, glutamate concentrations in STS were negatively correlated with the neuroticism scores [r = -0.537, p = 0.018] but this was not found in HC [r(19) = 0.011, p = 0.962]. No other significant correlations were found. Our study showed an inverse relationship between glutamate concentrations in the STS and neuroticism scores in SCZ. Elevated glutamate in the STS might serve as a compensatory mechanism that enables patients with enhanced concentrations to control and prevent the expression of neuroticism.

The Relationship Among Resilience, Personality, Anxiety and Fitness in Recruit Firefighters

Resilience (R), the ability to adapt to and rebound from adversity, has been linked to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) susceptibility and to buffer against stressful events. Fitness has also been related to psychological health, thus it is of interest to examine whether R is related to personality and anxiety, as well as indices of fitness in firefighters (FFs), a group exposed to various stressors. PURPOSE: Examine R, personality, anxiety and fitness among recruit FFs. METHODS: Recruit FFs (N=145 males, 26.4±4.0 yrs, BMI=27.1±4.5) entering a 6-week FF training academy completed individual difference measures [e.g., Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS-15), Trait Anxiety Inventory (TAI; 32.3±8.0), International Personality Item Pool 50 (IPIP-50)]. The DRS-15 provided a Total score (49.5±4.8) and subscores for Challenge (Ch: 13.9±2.4), Commitment (Cm: 17.6±2.1), and Control (Cl: 18.0±2.0). The 5 personality dimensions of Extraversion (E: 33.9±7.0), Emotional Stability (ES: 39.3±6.6), Conscientiousness (C: 38.8±4.7), Openness (O: 36.1±5.4), and Agreeableness (A: 40.0±5.2) were derived from the IPIP-50. RESULTS: Only C was associated with aerobic capacity (r= 0.20); no other fitness relationships were found. Significant (P<0.005) relationships were found between total R and TAI (r= -0.57) along with the personality dimensions of ES (r= 0.46), A (r= 0.38), O (r= 0.35), C (r= 0.35), and E (r= 0.24). Of the R subscales, Cm had the most consistent and strongest relationships with personality (rs= 0.30 - 0.57). CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the relationship between R (especially sense of Commitment) and personality, but not fitness, in these FFs. Including the relationship between anxiety and personality, levels of resilience may influence susceptibility to PTSD (i.e., interpretation of stressful events), symptom severity of PTSD, and recovery from PTSD. With respect to traumatic experiences encountered during firefighting, these relationships may aid in understanding how FFs handle stress.

The Correlation Between Personality Dimensions and Young People's Choice of a Medical Career

Abstract Objective: The research assumes that there is a correlation between personality dimensions Extraversion and Conscientiousness which mean autonomy, ambition and consistency of purpose, self-efficacy and determination for young people who want to aspire to a medical career. Methods: In this study’s target group were included 130 students aspiring to a medical career, that participated in the summer school organized by UMF Tirgu-Mures in 2016, of which 25 (19%) male and 106 (81%) female, average overall age group being 17.23. Results: Within the female group, the Pearson cross-correlation coefficient of Openness and Conscientiousness is r. Pearson (105) = − .20, p &lt;0.05. The Pearson coefficient of cross-correlation between Extraversion and Conscientiousness is = − .20, p &lt;0.05. The Pearson coefficient of cross-correlation between emotional stability and conscientiousness is r. Pearson (105) = .36, p &lt;.001. In the male group, the Pearson cross-correlation coefficient between the Extraversion and Conscientiousness personality dimensions is r. Pearson (N = 25) = −.39 where p &lt;0.05. Conclusions: The Extraversion dimension of personality is a dynamic factor and motivator only when it is correlated with the Conscientiousness personality dimension. This indicates dynamism and autonomy, persistence in achieving goals, ambition, high motivation, interpersonal social intelligence and emotional stability, resulting a personality profile that matches one of the aspirants to a medical career.

Personality as Predictor of Religious Commitment and Spiritual Beliefs: Comparing Catholic Deacons and Men in Formation

ABSTRACTRoman Catholic deacons (n = 1,349) and deacon candidates (n = 202), completed online measures of personality dimensions (i.e., HEXACO-60), religious commitment, spiritual transcendence beliefs, social desirability, and demographic variables. Social desirability tendencies did not impact responding for deacons or candidates. For candidates and deacons, honesty–humility and extraversion personality dimensions were significant predictors of religious commitment, and extraversion and openness to experience were significant predictors of spiritual beliefs of connectedness to others. Moreover, for deacons but not candidates, all personality dimensions significantly predicted at least one religiosity or spiritual belief. Implications for Catholic deacons and candidates for ordination are discussed.

Emotional exhaustion and work attitudes: Moderating effect of personality among frontline hospitality employees

ABSTRACTThe construct of emotional exhaustion has been widely investigated in service organizations, particularly in the hospitality industry. Individual differences in experiencing emotional exhaustion, however, have attracted less research attention. The present study explores the moderating effect of personality dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism on the relationship of emotional exhaustion with job satisfaction and organizational commitment among hospitality employees. Data for this study were collected from 250 frontline employees (waiters and waitresses) working in various hotels and restaurants in India. The results of the study indicate that emotional exhaustion is negatively associated with job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The Extraversion dimension of personality was observed to have a significant interaction effect on the relationship of emotional exhaustion with job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Moreover, neuroticism was observed to have a significant interaction effect on the association between emotional exhaustion and organizational commitment. The implications of these findings are mentioned.

The Validation of a Spanish Version of the Multidimensional Inventory of Religious/Spiritual Well-Being in Mexican College Students.

After the Multidimensional Inventory for Religious/Spiritual Well-Being (MI-RSWB) was validated as a reliable instrument for the Western European context it is primarily intended in this study to translate the measure into Spanish and adapt it for the Mexican culture. Furthermore we investigate whether spirituality/religiosity has a similar impact on indicators of personality and subjective well-being in Mexico as it does in samples drawn from Western European cultures. 190 students (99 females) from public and private universities in Guadalajara, all Mexican citizens, were involved in this study. We found strong evidential support for the six factor solution of the Original MI-RSWB in this Mexican population. By mirroring previous research the measure showed a highly satisfying internal consistency (α = .91 for the total score and .75 or higher for all six sub dimensions). Furthermore the total RSWB score was observed to be related with Eysenck's personality dimensions Extraversion (r = .24, p < .01), and Psychoticism (r = -.28, p < .001), although not with Neuroticism. There was also a positive correlation with Sense of Coherence (r = .31, p < .001). In conclusion, the dimensionality of RSWB and its associations with personality and subjective well-being was well supported in this first application within a Mexican cultural context.

A study of the effect of the genes of inflammatory proteins on basic personality dimensions

The present research examines the association between two basic dimensions of personality and genes of inflammatory cytokines and mediators reported to be elevated in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Genes of interleukin-1B (IL-1B), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP) and alpha 1-antitrypsin (A1AT) were studied. A total of 639 healthy subjects, aged from 17 to 69 years, participated in the study. The following polymorphisms were genotyped: IL-1B С-511Т (rs16944) and С3954Т (rs1143634), IL-6 G-174C (rs1800795), TNF-α G-308A (rs1800629), CRP (rs279452), A1AT 374G/A (rs709932). Basic personality dimensions Extraversion and Neuroticism were assessed using the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The levels of Extraversion and Neuroticism were not associated with IL-1B, IL-6, TNF-α G and CRP polymorphisms. The association between the A1AT 374G/A polymorphism and Extraversion (р=0.036) was shown. There was a trend towards the association between the A1AT 374G/A polymorphism and Neuroticism (p=0,05) in women. Because this is the first study of the effect of IL-1B, IL-6, TNF-α and A1AT on personality dimensions, the results should be considered as preliminary and need to be replicated.

The Relationship Between Personality Traits, Flow-Experience, and Different Aspects of Practice Behavior of Amateur Vocal Students

Most of the existing studies on musical practice are concerned with instrumentalists only. Since singers are seldom considered in research, the present study is based on an online-sample of amateur vocal students (N = 120; 92 female, 28 male). The study investigated the correlations between personality traits, flow-experience and several aspects of practice characteristics. Personality was represented by the three personality dimensions extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism, assessed by Eysenck’s Personality Profiler as well as the trait form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. ‘Flow-experience,’ ‘self-congruence’ and ‘fear of losing control over concentration,’ assessed by the Practice Flow Inventory, served as variables for flow-experience. The practice motivation was measured by the Practice Motivation Questionnaire in four categories (‘self,’ ‘group,’ ‘audience,’ ‘teacher’). In addition, the Practice Behavior Questionnaire was used to provide an insight into the practice situation and behavior of singing students. The results show significant correlations: participants with high extraversion-scores experience significantly more flow than less extraverted persons, whereas lesser flow-experience seems to be related to high neuroticism-scores. Nevertheless, there is no influence in flow-experience concerning singing style (‘classical’ or ‘popular’). The longer the practicing time, the more likely students are to achieve flow-experience. However, older singers tend to have less flow-experience. Consequently, singers seem to differ in their personality and practice behavior compared to other musicians. Most of the findings show that having control over one’s instrument is decisive for achieving a performance of high quality, especially for singers. On the other hand, certainty in handling an instrument is essential to arouse a flow-feeling. However, flow-experience seems to be common mainly with amateur singers. In conclusion, this offers a starting point for new research on the psychology of vocalists in greater depth.

Extraversion modulates functional connectivity hubs of resting-state brain networks.

Personality dimension extraversion describes individual differences in social behaviour and socio-emotional functioning. The intrinsic functional connectivity patterns of the brain are reportedly associated with extraversion. However, whether or not extraversion is associated with functional hubs warrants clarification. Functional hubs are involved in the rapid integration of neural processing, and their dysfunction contributes to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study, we employed the functional connectivity density (FCD) method for the first time to distinguish the energy-efficient hubs associated with extraversion. The resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 71 healthy subjects were used in the analysis. Short-range FCD was positively correlated with extraversion in the left cuneus, revealing a link between the local functional activity of this region and extraversion in risk-taking. Long-range FCD was negatively correlated with extraversion in the right superior frontal gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus. Seed-based resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analyses revealed that a decreased long-range FCD in individuals with high extraversion scores showed a low long-range functional connectivity pattern between the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, middle temporal gyrus, and anterior cingulate cortex. This result suggests that decreased RSFC patterns are responsible for self-esteem, self-evaluation, and inhibitory behaviour system that account for the modulation and shaping of extraversion. Overall, our results emphasize specific brain hubs, and reveal long-range functional connections in relation to extraversion, thereby providing a neurobiological basis of extraversion.

Neuroticism and extraversion as mediators between positive/negative life events and resilience

Positive and negative life events have been demonstrated to play an important role regarding the development of resilience. However, it is less clear how life events interact with personality factors in forming individual resilience. Thus, the present study investigates the mediating effects of the two main complementary personality dimensions extraversion and neuroticism on the relationship between life events and resilience in adulthood. Traumatic Antecedent Questionnaire (TAQ), NEO-Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were administered to 201 healthy subjects. Results from path analyses (AMOS) revealed that the personality factors neuroticism and extraversion (measured by NEO-FFI) fully mediated the association between positive life events and resilience. This is the first study to date using psychometric assessment to explore the possible pathways from positive/negative life experiences to resilience.

Patterns of Family Identifications in Adolescents from Different Backgrounds

This exploratory study aims to examine the family identification patterns obtained with the Family Identification Test (FIT) in 1082 adolescents, by subgroups from different backgrounds including subgroup of outpatient treatment for mental disorders (clinical group, CG), and subgroups of students from regions with low and high human development index: public school group (PG), and private school group (PrG), in order to explore discriminant properties of the instrument and its utility to monitor mental health outcomes in adolescents. The FIT allows one to describe different self-concepts (self-congruence, actual and ideal self-image), and the perception of others (father’s image, mother’s image, etc.) by using twelve attributes related to three common personality dimensions (extraversion, neuroticism and agreeableness). The correlation between those concepts indicates the patterns of identification. Statistical analyzes were performed to test the hypothesis that there would be one or more differences of means between the groups and the results of the FIT. A statistically significant effect was obtained with MANOVA followed by a series of ANOVAs that indicated differences in family identification patterns. The adolescents from PrG showed higher means than adolescents from PG in auto-congruence, actual and ideal identification with the father and ideal identification with grandparent variables; and also showed differences with the CG in actual and ideal identification with the father. The results differentiated adolescents from different backgrounds. Adolescents from clinical and public schools groups reported a smaller desire to look like their fathers, which might have some clinical significance like lower cohesion or family attachment or more pronounced feelings of rejection with father figure. Future studies are needed to analyze these findings over time and in representative population samples.