Personal Violence Research Articles

Affect, Repetition, and Eroticized State Violence in El Salvador's Prisons

This article examines images taken inside El Salvador’s prisons and released in April 2020, just as the then-new president, Nayib Bukele, was making drastic changes to Salvadoran social policy and further concentrating power in the presidency and military. It investigates the social qualities of these staged images, of nude prisoners forced into large blocks, and what affective resonances the Bukele administration is exploiting and producing through them. The author argues that these images focalize the trauma and anxiety of years of dispersed violence in El Salvador and grant their audiences conditional access to the death making they perform while also threatening them with inclusion. The article proposes that attendant affective responses and media circulation constitute a form of infrastructure essential to rationalizing the expanding carceral project in El Salvador, which has seen its prison population more than double, and to the eroticization of that project’s structural and personal violence, of which these images are an extreme and informative example. It proposes these images are in dialogue with other archives of sexualized carceral violence and a history of the representation of El Salvador through death, while also indicative of new techniques of image production and circulation in settings of confinement in the twenty-first century. Using theories of hierarchies of the flesh and being from Black studies, as well as the critical geography work of Ruth Wilson Gilmore, the author argues that, within the space of the images, disease, chaos, and criminalized land and body converge.

Challenges and support needs among persons with a migration background who use drugs in four European metropolitan cities

BackgroundPersons who migrate for economic reasons, along with asylum seekers and refugees, face multiple personal experiences and societal inequalities that increase the risk of mental health problems and substance dependency, compounded by intersectional social and economic vulnerabilities. The precarious situation and limited access to care of persons with a migration background who use drugs (PMWUD) in Europe raises concern. Therefore, this qualitative study explores the challenges and support needs of a sample of PMWUD in vulnerable situations living in Amsterdam, Athens, Berlin and Paris.MethodsThis study employed a community-based participatory approach. Through semi-structured interviews with PMWUD (n = 99), we identified (service) needs of a diversity of PMWUD in Europe. Participants were recruited through a combination of community gatekeepers, venue-based sampling, and snowball sampling. Trained community researchers conducted the interviews, which focused on participants’ living situation, substance use, physical and mental health, and employment opportunities.ResultsDespite substantial heterogeneity among the PMWUD, several common themes emerged across all groups. Participants frequently mentioned early childhood adversity, limited social networks leading to loneliness, medical, psychological, and substance use issues, histories of personal violence or poverty, homelessness, lack of necessary documents for health care, social security, and employment, and encounters with the criminal justice system. These intertwined and mutually reinforcing factors simultaneously functioned as barriers to care and support, alongside other barriers such as linguistic and cultural differences, and stigma and discrimination. Due to social exclusion, migration, and substance dependence, participants had limited reliable social networks. Therefore, they often had to rely on accessible and low-threshold services. Harm reduction services played a significant role in providing support to PMWUD. Most PMWUD indicated that basic needs for hygiene and food were met thanks to local organizations. Differences in housing opportunities and access to harm reduction services were identified in each city.ConclusionStructural barriers toward treatment and care, often related to administrative requirements, stand in the way of appropriate care for PMWUD. Linguistically and culturally sensitive outreach activities with limited practical requirements could break down social and treatment barriers.

A Sociological Review of Gender-based Violence across the Globe

Gender-based violence is considered as a pervasive and widespread phenomenon which transcends into geographical, cultural and socio-economic boundaries and it affects individuals and communities worldwide. This paper tries to explores the intricate and multi-faceted nature of gender-based violence by delving into its prevalence, underlying causes and its wide-ranging consequences across the globe. At the outset, it is crucial to acknowledge that gender-based violence is not limited to any specific region or demography. The global scope and magnitude of this issue are staggering with millions of women experiencing violence or living with its consequences. Intimate partner violence, sexual abuse by non-intimate partners, trafficking, forced prostitution and exploitation of labor are some of the most common and severe forms of violence against women that are prevalent worldwide. Moreover, gender-based violence is not only found in the workplace since personal violence is deeply rooted in the very structure and power dimensions of the global economy. Underlying the pervasiveness of gender-based violence is the persistent gender inequality and power imbalances that exist within societies.

Intimate Partner Violence Among Three Key Populations at Risk of HIV in Panama

This study aims to estimate the prevalence of interpersonal personal violence (IPV) among three key populations at an increased risk of HIV in Panama (namely, transgender women, sex workers, and men who have sex with men [MSM]) and to estimate the positivity rate of four sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV. Participants from the 2018 PEMAR study with a stable primary partner completed a 31-item survey with demographic data, the Spanish version of the four-item HITS questionnaire (being physically Hurt, Insulted, Threatened, or Screamed at; Cronbach’s α = .816), and an optional blood draw for STI testing. Prevalence rates of IPV were estimated with their respective 95% CIs after imputing 3.93% of missing values. The analytic sample (N= 356) included 76.0% MSM, 15.5% sex workers, and 9.3% transgender women, most of whom were in their 30s, married, and Latinx; completed some college; and worked full time. The most frequent forms of IPV were screams and insults. The IPV prevalence rates were estimated for transgender women (19.05%), sex workers (10.53%), and MSM (2.36%). Among participants who consented to blood samples (n= 291), transgender women who experienced IPV had a significantly (P= .03) higher syphilis positivity rate and MSM who did not experience IPV had a significantly (P< .001) higher HIV positivity rate. Among key populations, transgender women experienced the highest rate of IPV and significantly higher syphilis rates. Paradoxically, HIV rates were higher among MSM who do not experience IPV. While societal roles and other contextual factors play a partial role in these syndemic findings, more studies are warranted.

Narratives and common traits of peace education and the ‘Teaching Students to be peacemakers’ programme: rethinking the role of cooperative learning in peace education

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to analyse the ‘Teaching Students to be Peacemakers’ programme, which is frequently cited in the Peace Education discourse, within the context of Peace Education. Based on a systematic literature review conducted using the PRISMA method, the study focuses on this programme that emerged as significant from the review results. It first examines how the programme reflects the fundamental concepts and peace approaches of the Peace Education discourse. The subsequent section compares the programme with various types of Peace Education and the broader discourse of cooperative learning. It investigates whether the shift in Peace Education literature towards postmodern, poststructuralist, and Critical Peace Education approaches can rely on the cooperative learning paradigm. Additionally, the study highlights how a simplistic methodological interpretation of cooperative learning may hinder its use in supporting these increasingly emphasised approaches and explores how a broader understanding of the cooperative learning discourse can aid in dismantling personal, cultural, and social violence structures, as well as in supporting positive peacebuilding processes.

Keeping Score

Sexual assault victims often experience various degrees of re-victimization if they go through the process of reporting or seeking support for the crime. This autoethnographic essay explores, from the perspective of a gender scholar and gender rights activist, how the power of socialization impacted her rape-reporting process, despite having worked in and researched power-based personal violence her entire career. Drawing from scholarly studies of gender norms, politeness, emotion work, and rape support, this piece unpacks the twenty-four hours following a sexual assault to highlight the gendered perspective that caused one victim to let her rapist walk free. Looking at the power of socialization, readers are shown how, despite the education and experience of the victim and her support network, she also struggled to navigate the barriers that prevent all victims from feeling safe and heard.

Causal Factors Contributing to Youth Cyberbullying in the Deep South of Thailand.

Violence against each other via social media has increased and caused cyberbullying that can happen anytime through electronic communication tools that everyone can access easily. Cyberbullying is sending, posting, and sharing negative, harmful, and false information about another, causing embarrassment online on social media. This study aims to investigate causal factors contributing to youth cyberbullying in Thailand's deep south. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 340 youths in Thailand's deep south, consisting of 220 males and 120 females. The subjects were divided by age range: 22-23 years old (40.6%), 24-25 years old (26.8%), 18-19 years old (17.1%), and 18-19 years old (15.5%). The data were analyzed with structural equation modeling (SEM). The results were that the model of the causal factors resulting in youth cyberbullying in the deep south of Thailand was consistent with the empirical data (the relative chi-square (χ2/df) was 1.77). The goodness-of-fit index (GFI) was 0.95. The root-mean-square error of approximate (RMSEA) was 0.049). Cyberbullying was positively influenced directly and indirectly by negative upbringing, the influence of personal violence, and the influence of media violence at a statistically significant level of 0.001, with total effect sizes of 1.13, 0.74, and 0.64, respectively. Additionally, cyberbullying was positively influenced directly by negative mental traits with a statistically significant level of 0.05 and a total effect size of 0.17. This study suggests that the results could be beneficial in concretely forming policies and strategies to prevent and mitigate the problem of youth cyberbullying.

The effect of solution-focused approach on attitudes to violence against women in high school students

PurposeThis study was conducted to examine the Effect of Solution-Oriented Approach on Attitudes of Violence Against Women in High School Students. Materials and methodsThe research was designed as a pretest-posttest and repeated-measurement randomized controlled experimental study. The population of the research consisted of 1473 students studying at 5 high schools randomly selected from a city center. Out of these students, 166 students who did not accept the study or did not meet the research criteria were excluded, and the school numbers of the remaining 1307 students were numbered separately for girls and boys, and 90 (45 girls and 45 boys) students were included in the study by simple randomization method. Personal Information Form and Violence Against Women Attitude Scale (İSKEBE) were used to collect data. ResultsBefore the program, the personal characteristics of the control and experimental group students were similar in terms of İSKEBE and subscale scores. Significant differences were found between the groups in the Attitude Toward Identity, Attitude Toward Body sub-dimensions, and the total scores of İSKEBE of the scale used to collect data in the post-program and follow-up test (p < 0.05). ConclusionIt was seen that the solution-oriented approach applied to high school students had positive effects on the students' attitudes toward violence against women. In this context, it is thought that this study will develop a new perspective in breaking the cycle of violence against women.

Prevalence and Correlates of Health Risk Behaviors among University Students from a State in the Southern Region of Brazil.

Surveys conducted in different regions of the world show that the prevalence rates of health risk behaviors (HRBs) in university students are sometimes higher than those found in non-university populations. This study aims to identify the prevalence rates and demographic and academic environment correlates associated with HRBs among Brazilian university students. In a cross-sectional epidemiological study, a random sample of 5310 university students answered an online questionnaire, with demographic (sex, age, skin color, marital status, and paid work) and academic setting information (housing type, size of campus, year, and shift of study), as well as items clustered in four HRB domains: personal safety and violence, sexual behavior and contraception, addictive substance use, eating habits, physical activity, and sleep. The data were analyzed statistically using bivariate analysis and hierarchical multiple regression. The highest prevalence rates occurred in HRBs clustered in the domain of eating habits, physical activity, and sleep (>60%), while HRBs for personal security and violence were less prevalent (<15%). From 15% to 35% of university students assumed HRBs regarding addictive substance use, and approximately 50% reported risky sexual behavior. The university students most susceptible to HRBs were men, aged ≥ 22 years, living far from their family, studying on larger campuses, attending night classes, and with two or more years of study at the university. The findings suggest that policies and interventions in the university context aimed at students' readiness to engage in a healthy lifestyle should target specific correlates associated with HRBs.

Gender-Based Violence in Eco-Martyr Assassinations: A Qualitative Study With Descriptive Statistics

Climate change has resulted in a variety of worldwide humanitarian crises, but little attention has been given to the assassinations of environmental defenders. Eco-martyrs are people who have been murdered specifically due to their environmental conservation efforts. This study explores the different levels of gender-based violence used in the assassinations of eco-martyrs. A qualitative approach was used to analyze publicly reported narratives of these assassinations. The project was sparked by anecdotal observations by researchers who noticed that female leaders appeared to have more gruesome deaths than their male counterparts. This study attempted to verify those observations by determining if there was any scientific evidence to support that observation. Two categories of violence emerged from the analysis: impersonal and personal violence. Impersonal violence included largely professional-style handgun “hits” with quick departures by the killers from the scene. Personal violence encompassed any tactic in which the killer made physical contact with the victim’s body. Men and women did experience different forms of personal violence. Men were more likely to be beaten to death while women were more likely to be dismembered and mutilated. Sexual violence was a tactic exclusively used on women in this sample. Women were also threatened with violence, prior to their assassination, more often than male eco-martyrs. Gratuitous violence was defined as violence intended specifically to cause pain prior to death or to be so gruesome as to intimidate others. This type of violence occurred equally in both genders—approximately in a quarter of the cases.

Thelma &amp; Louise: Rape culture, mudflaps and vaginal horizons

This video essay isolates the rage of the protagonists of Ridley Scott’s 1991 film Thelma and Louise, against personal and systemic patriarchal violence. Using animation, multiscreen, and supercut editing, this video essay supposes what happens when supporting male characters are removed, erased, or diminished to focus our attention on Thelma and Louise’s response(s) to their violent acts. It also imagines mudflap girls –now women– talking and fighting back against their oppressor. Finally, this video essay transforms Thelma and Louise’s suicidal leap into a deep dive of the vagina, often essentialized, in heteropatriarchal discourses, as synonymous with the female body.

Pemberatan Pidana Terhadap Kasus Marital Rape Ditinjau dari Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia

AbstractThe marital rape case is the one sexual violence case based on unequal relations between husband dan wife. In Indonesia, positive law doesn’t differentiate imprisonment or fines between sexual violence perpetrated by another person and sexual violence perpetrated by a partner in marriage. This article was written using feminist legal theory and human rights which describes the position of women in the eyes of the law and the fulfillment of the rights of wives as victims of marital rape. This study uses a juridical-normative method which aims to explain the criminal burden of rape cases based on a human rights perspective. Conclusion in this study is that cases of marital rape that occurred against wives are a form of violation of human rights in which criminal sanctions are needed to distinguish cases of sexual violence committed by other people from cases of sexual violence committed by partners in marriage.Keywords: Criminal Prosecution, Human Rights, Marital Rape.

Shared perceived causes of suicide among young men and violence against young women offer potential for co-designed solutions: intervention soft-modelling with fuzzy cognitive mapping

ABSTRACT Violence against young women (VAW) and suicide among young men are serious concerns in Botswana and elsewhere. We examined the overlap in locally perceived causes of these two forms of violence in Botswana using the results from separate studies that used fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) to explore perceived causes of the two outcomes. FCM depicts perceived causes of an outcome and their links to the outcome and each other, with weights denoting the perceived strength of each link. The two studies engaged groups of young women, young men, older women, and older men in rural communities. We grouped related concepts into broader categories, then combined category maps for each outcome into a single map including both forms of violence. Based on social network analysis, we calculated the out-degree centrality of each category indicating its influence within the network. Intervention soft-modelling explored the effects of removing individual categories on suicide and VAW. Of 24 causal categories in the combined map, six were shared between both outcomes, 10 were for suicide only, and seven were for VAW only. The six shared categories accounted for 60% of cumulative influence of all categories in the combined map. The three most influential shared categories were financial difficulties, conflict in relationships, and parenting and family issues. Based on local perceptions, avoiding conflict in relationships could reduce suicide by 4.8% and VAW by 18.5%. Eliminating parenting and family issues could reduce suicide by 3% and VAW by 5.4%. Preventing financial difficulties could reduce suicide by 9.3% and VAW by 2.9%. The findings support the idea that some interventions might reduce both personal and interpersonal violence among youth. Analysis of stakeholder perceived causes and soft-modelling of potential interventions could inform community-led co-design of strategies to reduce youth suicide and violence against young women in Botswana.

Structural Racism Within Reason

Abstract In this discussion, I engage the politics of intention to explore how structural racism structures the production of meaning and the practice of reason. Building on María Lugones's analysis of intention formation as a form of practical reasoning, I explore the reasoning at work during the 2011 Stand Your Ground (SYG) hearing of black survivor of domestic violence, Marissa Alexander, to contend that structural racism—in this case, both intimate personal violence and intimate state violence against black women—enacts race/gender domination through projecting constructed intentions onto black women as a strategy to rationalize punishing black women. I also discuss two key black feminist critiques of reason—Patricia Hill Collins’ discussion of “controlling images” (2000) and Michelle Cliff's concept of the “mythic mind” (1982)—to propose controlling intentions as a framework to theorize how structural racism produces fictive intentions used to rationalize the criminal punishment of survival and justify that outcome as common sense.

Cripping the Archive: Analyzing Archival Disorder in the Yamashita Family Archives and Karen Tei Yamashita’s Letters to Memory

This article outlines a crip archival analysis of Karen Tei Yamashita’s creative family memoir Letters to Memory (2017) and the separate Yamashita Family Archives; the analysis revolves around the concept of disorder. The book and digital archives move the daily lived experience of incarceration out of chronological order, encouraging new connections across a massive collection of materials: letters, photographs, federal surveillance documents, paintings, sermons, and other ephemera surrounding World War II Japanese American incarceration. Their respective acts of assembling and retelling destabilize the dominant narrative of a resolved family or national trauma to reflect divergent embodied experiences of distress and disability effected by racial debilitation. Offering concentric analysis of textual and archival reordering via Asian American studies, disability studies, and digital humanities, this article adds alternative dimensions to the ongoing legacy of incarceration by inviting readers to create new constellations of meaning through examining temporal and embodied disorder. Reading the physical book and digital archives together also acts as a model for how literary studies scholars might complicate our attention to embodiment beyond narrative analysis, by thinking about disability and madness in the design and structure of texts and digital media. Through cripping the archive, the author calls for a reconceptualization of mad and disabled bodyminds as not only content to be examined, but also users and creators whose disorder animates alternative ways of knowing personal and state violence.

Examining Traumatic Experiences: Violence, Loss, Isolation, Cultural Struggle, and Their Influence on the Mental Health of Unaccompanied Rohingya Youth Resettled in the U.S.

The Rohingya, a stateless Muslim minority from Myanmar, are a relatively small, yet extremely vulnerable group of refugees in the United States. Most research on Rohingya focuses on trauma in Myanmar rather than adjustment to the U.S., and almost none looks specifically at adolescents. Therefore, in this paper the data are from qualitative focus groups (n = 10) with 23 service providers to help answer the research question: In what ways did service providers discuss the trauma histories and mental health adjustment of Rohingya unaccompanied refugee minors? Results indicate that both pre-migration trauma and aspects of adjustment post-arrival are factors influencing the rocky start to life in U.S. communities. Specifically, a history of normalized violence was noted to lead to acting out behaviors and seeking of harm; and their vast experiences of loss (family, friends, and culture) were discussed in terms of survivors’ guilt and prolonged mental health challenges. Themes in terms of post migration isolation in a new environment, and cultural struggles in understanding U.S. culture and the norms of foster care were also discussed. Implications include the need to destigmatize mental health services and seek alternatives, help youth overcome the survivor’s guilt, and ensure both foster parents and case management staff have adequate training and tools to work with youth who have experienced extreme institutional discrimination, personal violence, and ethnic cleansing.

Trauma-Informed Psychosocial Screening and Care Planning: A Patient-Centered Improvement Project in a Midwife Clinic.

Traumatic stress is associated with increases in preterm birth, low birth weight, and other perinatal complications. Yet the identification of patients with traumatic stress and intervention for traumatic stress prevention or treatment remain low. Locally in this university hospital-based midwife clinic, a health records review found that trauma exposure was documented in 5% of patient records, and no records had a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This is lower than research-based population estimates of 25% to 50% for trauma exposure and 8% for PTSD during pregnancy. The clinic staff did not screen for posttraumatic stress, and exposure screening was limited to intimate personal violence. Staff had not been trained in trauma-informed care (TIC) as defined by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. The aim for this improvement project was to provide trauma screening and trauma-related care planning, collectively referred to as trauma-informed psychosocial care, to midwifery patients 85% of the time. Interventions were implemented over 4 plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycles. These included staff training in TIC; written screening at the new prenatal, third trimester, and postpartum visits; verbal broad inquiry at every visit; and bidirectional trauma-specific care planning emphasizing patient and provider input into treatment choice. The clinic flow was changed to create privacy for patient-staff interaction at every visit. Field notes and data were analyzed every 2 weeks and iterative changes applied. Trauma disclosure increased from 5% to 30% and identification of PTSD from 0% to 7%. Bidirectional care plan documentation increased from 8% to 67%. Staff rated the workload as reasonable. Redesigning psychosocial screening to align with TIC principles increased the discovery of trauma to levels consistent with research-based population estimates. Gains were made in bidirectional care planning. This project illustrates practical methods of implementing TIC principles.

Violence, Its Roots, and How to Stop It

The Essay opens with the claim that personal Aggression, Violence and Hostility became permanent visitors in our place. This sad situation was the main reason for writing this paper. Along a short historical review, the Author explains the difference between the former well-organized 20th Century and the current Chaotic world perception of the 21st Century. The Author further reminds that the 20th Century contained two World Wars, that killed tens million people and the Cold War, that had divided the world into two large blocs. Further, the essay explains that in this regard the current century is different. No-more big world-wide armed conflicts, but many end-less small disturbing disorders, violent and terror cases. The difference referred also to the personal prominence of the leaders of the wars. The eminence Winston Churchill—the great outstanding leader of the West, Joseph Stalin—the sadist Communist Dictator who killed tenths millions, and Adolf Hitler—the mentally-ill Tyrant of the Nazi regime who was a horrendous, barbaric and murderer of millions. Comparing to these leaders the nowadays villains and terrorists are sick, confused and weak persons who seek recognition. Abstract cut. The Author assumes that criminal Violence and Terror expand at present as result of three reasons: (1) The termination of political debates due to the political parties’ deterioration, (2) A wrong understanding of today’s developments, and (3) an erroneous feeling, about equality that causes much frustrations and lead to wrong expectations. The Author supports countries’ current initiative for fighting against present terrorists by establishing special Polce and Military units, which know the job, professionally and effectively. However, for (a cut) improving the treatment of this sick phenomenon at the future, the Author emphasizes the need to collect reliable information about the relevant population and its personal weaknesses. At the end a six steps therapeutic program is proposed: (a cut), 1) Revealing and Building the Individual’s Inner-self, 2) Pursuing the “Meaning for life” as Life’s Goal, 3) Endorsing Collaboration and Togetherness, 4) Developing and Empowering the Self-esteem, 5) Recognizing and Accepting Social Heterogeneity, and 6) Sharing actively Social Rights and Commitments. Violence and Terrorism are like Malaria mosquitos, small, unseen but very dangerous. Decisiveness, Consistency and Determination are required for successfully eradicate them.

Locating Violence in Kusum Kumar’s Suno Shefali (Listen Shefali)

India has a long tradition of social dramas that dates back to the 19th century. Such plays have been instrumental in raising social and political awareness among the masses. Located within this strong tradition of ‘socials’, is Kusum Kumar’s hard-hitting play Suno Shefali (Listen Shefali). Originally written in Hindi in 1975 and published in 1978, the play is significant for it engages with violence and oppression at the intersection of caste, class and gender at a time when feminist scholars had not theorized intersectionality as an important analytical tool of analysis. The play also predates several important Indian plays, especially by the male playwright, that deal with the problems of caste system in India. In this essay, I will attempt to study various forms of violence committed on a Dalit woman at the intersection of gender, caste and class in Kumar’s Listen Shefali using theoretical concepts like Kimberle Crenshaw’s ‘intersectionality’, Johan Galtung’s ‘structural violence’, M. Weigert’s ‘personal violence’, Pierre Bourdieu’s ‘symbolic violence’ and Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak’s ‘epistemic violence’.

(Un)Broken: Lateral violence among hospital nurses, user violence, burnout, and general health: A structural equation modeling analysis.

Workplace violence is a social problem yet to be solved. Although it is present in virtually all work environments, its prevalence in healthcare settings stands out, being perceived as something inherent to the job. Most studies in this context have focused on user violence against professionals. However, it has been observed that violence among colleagues in these types of jobs is a risk factor for the health of workers and has rarely been studied as a whole. Among the main consequences of exposure to violence reported in the literature, burnout syndrome, depression, anxiety, or somatic problems have been among the most studied. On the one hand, some authors claim that being exposed to workplace violence can increase the associated physical and psychological pathology and lead to a picture congruent with burnout. On the other hand, it has been hypothesized that violence is associated with burnout, which can trigger physical and psychological symptoms. Taking into account this background, the aim of this study is to explore workplace violence in health personnel, symptomatology, and burnout syndrome through mediation models that allow us to know the interrelationships between the variables. A cross-sectional design with a double descriptive-associative strategy was used. The sample was composed of 950 nursing professionals from public hospitals. The scales of physical and non-physical violence from users to professionals HABS-U, personal, social, and occupational violence among co-workers using the Health Aggressive Behavior Scale - Co-workers and Superiors (HABS-CS) scale, the burnout scale Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey (MBI-GS) which evaluates professional exhaustion, efficacy and cynicism, and the factors referring to depression, anxiety, somatization, and dysfunction of the GHQ-28 scale were applied. In order to calculate the models, workplace violence was used as a predictor of symptomatology, using the burnout variables as mediators. Regression coefficients with and without mediation model, direct and standardized estimates were obtained. For statistical power, Bootstrap analysis was used to calculate direct mediation effects. After controlling the mediation effects of burnout and cynicism, physical and non-physical user violence toward healthcare personnel were significant predictors of the GHQ-28 scores. These same results were obtained when assessing the relationship between social, occupational, and personal violence among co-workers and GHQ-28 scores. Our results contribute to increase the evidence about the effects of violence on the health of professionals and to advance in the characterization of the possible consequent psychological damage. Regardless of the type of violence experienced, exposure to violence can lead to anxious, depressive or somatization symptoms, among others. Violence is also a predictor of burnout syndrome, which in turn accentuates the rest of the consequences studied. Despite the limitations of the proposed model, these results serve to highlight the complexity of the situation experienced by healthcare professionals. Moreover, it serves as a basis for proposing intervention/prevention programs to raise awareness and protect professionals from these risks. To this end, self-care tools should be proposed with which professionals take care of their own health through the management of violent situations and/or the improvement of occupational health.