Self-perceptions Of Personality Research Articles

Зеркала памяти: Людмила Шестакова и Михаил Глинка. Статья вторая

The article continues its examination of one of the memorial articles by Liudmila Shestakova (1816–1906). The analysis of the correlation of her memoirs of her brother with his own personal self-perception, his compositional and public activities prove the following: Shestakova was very subjective in her description of the last years of the life of a person who was close to her. At the center of our attention is Shestakova’s assertion of the “fading” of Glinka’s musical talent, his limited creative activities and the wish to withdraw from music entirely, which manifested itself in him from time to time. The sources for such a perspective are analyzed. Parallels are traced with the attitude of society towards the late stage of Alexander Pushkin’s evolution as a poet and artist. Shestakova’s perspective of Glinka’s milieu is examined. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the document sent to Shestakova by Siegfried Wilhelm Dehn. Proof is provided that Shestakova’s memoirs presented in the article had been conducive in no small degree to the formation of the myth of the barrenness of the last stage of Glinka’s music, which has survived to a considerable degree up to our days. The attempt of reconstruction of Glinka’s activities after a decade and a half after his demise was the result of the subjective view of Glinka’s sister on the composer’s legacy during the final years of his life, which created an impact on Glinka studies in Russia during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Impact of the implementation of a standardised interdisciplinary information transfer method in the delivery room and intermediate obstetric care unit

AimThis study aims to describe the implementation of the standard methodology for information transfer in the labour ward and Intermediate Obstetric Care Unit and to identify the impact of this implementation on the factors that act as facilitators and barriers in the procedure. MethodQuasi-experimental pretest-posttest study without a control group in an Intermediate Obstetric Care Unit and delivery room of the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Service of a tertiary hospital in Barcelona. Healthcare staff self-completed an ad hoc questionnaire before and after implementing the standardised IDEAS methodology in the service during 2019 and 2020. Personal self-perception in the information transfer procedure was assessed. The Wilcoxon pairwise test was used for comparison before and after. ResultsThe use of a standardised methodology has shown an impact on improving the transmission of information. Significant differences were detected before and after the intervention in the following dimensions: location, people involved, time period of the procedure, structured, orderly and clear, and sufficient time for questions (p < 0.001); while no differences were observed in: transmission to the referring professional, well-defined actions, and completion of a summary. ConclusionsThere are factors such as structural and organisational aspects and lack of time that hinder effective communication and therefore act as barriers to the transfer of information. The implementation of a methodology with the health professionals involved, the time and the appropriate space allows for the improvement of communication aspects in the multiprofessional team and, therefore, patient safety.

Crew Interaction in Extended Space Missions

Detection of the extent of common values in a cohesive space crew has become an important trend in modern space psychology. It is known from the works of Ch. Osgood that the semantic differential scale is a reliable way to obtain objective information on the emotional attitudes towards a topic of interest. Within the frame of the Russian space experiment “Interactions” on the International Space Station (ISS), a computerized survey, the Personal Self-Perception and Attitudes (PSPA), was developed for analyzing the subjects’ emotional attitudes toward their social environment. In the course of the PSPA procedure, the crewmembers rate each other and themselves (in the past, present, and future) using the criteria previously personally chosen. These criteria should be regarded as their personal values. A total of 30 subjects have already completed the study on board the ISS. The main tasks of the study are: (1) to define individual and group values and the extent of group identification reflected in sharing these values; (2) to determine the impact of cross-cultural factors on mutual perceptions and self-perceptions in space crews and with the Mission Control Center (MCC); (3) to study changes in the space crews’ group cohesiveness and structure as they are exposed to the stress of the extended space mission environment. The data obtained indicate an increase in a “psychological distance” between the crew and the MCC personnel versus increased crew cohesion. The results gained made it possible to identify the most significant categories of values common to the subjects from the professional cosmonaut group. The priority of these shared values for each subject is an important condition for the formation of a cohesive crew.

Impacto de la implementación de un método de traspaso de información estandarizada interdisciplinar en sala de partos y unidad de cuidados obstétricos intermedios

AimThis study aims to describe the implementation of the standard methodology for information transfer in the labour ward and Intermediate Obstetric Care Unit and to identify the impact of this implementation on the factors that act as facilitators and barriers in the procedure. MethodQuasi-experimental pretest-posttest study without a control group in an Intermediate Obstetric Care Unit and delivery room of the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Service of a tertiary hospital in Barcelona. Healthcare staff self-completed an ad hoc questionnaire before and after implementing the standardised IDEAS methodology in the service during 2019 and 2020. Personal self-perception in the information transfer procedure was assessed. The Wilcoxon pairwise test was used for comparison before and after. ResultsThe use of a standardised methodology has shown an impact on improving the transmission of information. Significant differences were detected before and after the intervention in the following dimensions: location, people involved, time period of the procedure, structured, orderly and clear, and sufficient time for questions (p<0.001); while no differences were observed in: transmission to the referring professional, well-defined actions, and completion of a summary. ConclusionsThere are factors such as structural and organisational aspects and lack of time that hinder effective communication and therefore act as barriers to the transfer of information. The implementation of a methodology with the health professionals involved, the time and the appropriate space allows for the improvement of communication aspects in the multiprofessional team and, therefore, patient safety.

Propiedades psicométricas e invarianza del Cuestionario Habilidades Comunicativas (HABICOM) en universitarios peruanos

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties and gender invariance of the Communication Skills Questionnaire (HABICOM). The sample consisted of 774 students from a state university in Arequipa. The factors were analyzed and confirmed as in the original study, obtaining satisfactory fit indices in its two subscales Personal Self-perception (c2 = 1977.683, gl = 499, p &lt; .001; CFI = .945; TLI: .939; RMSEA = .061; SRMR = .042) and Professional Importance (c2 = 2534. 513, gl = 517, p &lt; .001; CFI = .926; TLI = .919; RMSEA = .070; SRMR = .049) with adequate reliability indices on both subscales, for Personal Self-Perception (α = .63 and α = .85) and Professional Importance (α = .91 and α = .77) respectively. Gender invariance was adequate for the Personal Self-perception subscale; however, this did not occur for the Professional Importance subscale. The HABICOM questionnaire in general is adequate to measure communication skills in Peruvian university students. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties and gender invariance of the Communication Skills Questionnaire (HABICOM). The sample consisted of 774 students from a state university in Arequipa. The factors were analyzed and confirmed as in the original study, obtaining satisfactory fit indices in its two subscales Personal Self-perception (c2 = 1977.683, gl = 499, p &lt; .001; CFI = .945; TLI: .939; RMSEA = .061; SRMR = .042) and Professional Importance (c2 = 2534. 513, gl = 517, p &lt; .001; CFI = .926; TLI = .919; RMSEA = .070; SRMR = .049) with adequate reliability indices on both subscales, for Personal Self-Perception (α = .63 and α = .85) and Professional Importance (α = .91 and α = .77) respectively. Gender invariance was adequate for the Personal Self-perception subscale; however, this did not occur for the Professional Importance subscale. The HABICOM questionnaire in general is adequate to measure communication skills in Peruvian university students.

A New Perspective on “Drinking” Self: A Network Approach to Characterizing Drinking-Related Changes in Personality

Background Previous research suggests that self-knowledge, particularly perceptions of oneself as a “drinker,” may influence the development and progression of alcohol use and related problems, such as binge drinking. While existing studies have provided empirical evidence for the importance of assessing drinking self-perception within the five-factor model of personality framework, further examination with novel analytic methods, such as network analyses, could improve understanding of the drinker self-concept. Methods: Five factor traits of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and emotional stability were assessed among a large sample of young adults (n = 423) across “general” and “drinking” contexts. Features of the personality networks were investigated, including topology, network centrality, stability of the network across “general” and “drinking” assessments, as well as differences in the network across the two assessments. Results: Individual personality items were more related to other items within the same trait than to other traits. There was no most central item in the networks, but item strength was uncorrelated to mean-level of the item. The network structure was stable across both assessments, although the overall strength of item relationships significantly increased in the drinking personality network. Conclusions: Examining drinking personality using a network analytic framework provided novel insights into drinker self-concept and the role drinking contexts might play in self-perception of personality in those contexts. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2022.2034874 .

Structuring cooperative learning methods in Ancient Greek classrooms

AbstractConsidering the concept of critical teaching, teachers should seek to ensure the active participation of students, emphasisng the adoption of student-centred and group-centred teaching methods, which will provide students with relevant motivation for learning. From this perspective the current article focuses on a teaching proposal for the course of Ancient Greek Language in Greece and Cyprus, presenting the method of jigsaw-based cooperative learning as a teaching practice which promotes both active student participation and group cooperation. According to this teaching practice, the teacher actively involves the students in the learning process, promoting higher-level cognitive, metacognitive and emotional functions. Not only is this method compatible with the broader contemporary pedagogical and didactic principles, which aim to provoke students' interest, cultivate their social skills and relationships, develop their personal self-perception, and create autonomous and fulfilled personalities, but also it is harmonised with the main aims of the Ancient Greek Language Curriculum in these countries, which are fully aligned with both their education policy and their societal needs.

Risk factors for future falls among community-dwelling older adults without a fall in the previous year: A prospective one-year longitudinal study

IntroductionOne of the main risk factor for falls is a history of falls itself. Henceforth, preventing a fall is an important strategy for the prevention of new ones. The objective of the present study was to determine whether personal self-perception questions and functional tests might represent risk factors for a fall during the year following a year without any falls among independent community-dwelling older adults, considering a period of 12 prospective months. MethodsA total of 101 community-dwelling older adults without a fall in the previous year underwent an initial evaluation (sample characterization, self-perception questionnaire and functional tests) and monthly monitoring of prospective fall episodes by telephone contact. We determined the association between the occurrence of prospective falls (dependent variable) and personal questions and functional tests (independent variables) with multiple binary logistic regression adjusted for confounding variables. ResultsOnly age (p = 0.005) and self-perception of general health (p = 0.019) showed association with the occurrence of prospective falls. ConclusionOur results showed that the only factors bearing an association with the occurrence of prospective falls were age and general health self-perception, which demonstrates the importance of administrating self-perception measures in clinical practice or in epidemiological studies for the prevention of a fall during the year following a year without any falls in older adults.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ САМООТНОШЕНИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ СЛУЖАЩИХ

The paper presents the results and the analysis of the experimental study aimed at the identifying of the influence of personal self-perception on the professionally significant features of an individual for the representatives of the state service authorities. The study identified that the expressiveness level of certain self-perception modalities is closely interrelated with the significance for an individual of a certain sphere of life and his or her commitment to the certain terminal values. The detailed analysis of the studies of self-perception showed that self-perception as a motivational-conceptual formation determines the area of “significant” in self-sphere. Self-consciousness determines the direction bonded with the self-actualization formation. It is determined that, in general, the participants of the study are concerned with their self, love for yourself, feel the value of own personality and the virtual value of own personality for other people. At the same time, they percept themselves as fully independent, forceful, active and reliable people, which have the reasons to respect themselves and for which it is typical to have a higher self-esteem, confidence, and the lack of internal tension. However, more than the third part of the sample does not have the sufficient level of self-reflectiveness that proves the inability to estimate oneself critically, to realize one’s actual pros and cons. A considerable number of participants is ready to put the blame for their failures on other people. In general, it is possible to speak about the fact that the most part of the research participants is capable of deep self-insight, the formation of adequate self-image, the consciousness of one’s difficulties, and thus of self-development.

IN SEARCH OF SELF-IDENTITY: JEWS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RUSSIAN CULTURE

The article focuses on the formation of cultural and social self-identification of an ethnic minority within a multicultural society as well as on the establishment and functioning of a state as a conglomerate of various ethnic constituents. Nowadays this subject is vital, as many European countries have found themselves in a situation under which they have to host numerous migrants and assimilate them. It should be emphasized that minorities, their way of life, language they speak and education their children get always reflect general trends existing in the society as well as the official policy towards minorities, prejudices or lack of prejudices in the society. In this study, the authors investigate the possibility of integration and assimilation as well as the historical and social conditions necessary for assimilation in a society and for understanding its importance within a community. Integration means acceptance of a new culture, language and traditions, better understanding of a new religion and ethnic characteristics in order to be a part of a hosting society. It is the history of the Jewish community in Russia, which is analyzed in the article. Since the aim of the present study is the understanding of self-identification, i.e. personal self-perception of an individual in the society, of great value are the memoirs as sources of information and their textual analysis. The objectives of the research are to study the main aspects of social life: religion, education, language. Based on the exact results, the conclusion may be regarded as universal and generally applicable when forming ways of integration of minorities into a single public space.

THE RESEARCH COMPETENCE OF PRACTICAL PHYSICIAN AS A FACTOR OF IMPROVEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL SELF-REALIZATION

The article presents the analysis of impact of research competence on the process of professional self-realization of practical physicians. The personal self-perception of physician from positioning of oneself as active subject of cognition, opened to new experience and ready for getting out of available scope of knowledge is considered as an indicator of availability and developness of research competence at the stage of post-graduate stage of profession genesis. The article presents a complex of qualities of subject needed to successful self-realization in profession in conditions of modern medicine. The questionnaire survey was applied to assess through physicians the process of receiving and application of experience of research activities in university and also of the course of professional self-realization. The questionnaire emphasized such research skills as scientific informational, methodological, theoretical, empirical, written speech and communicative speech ones. The testing was applied to compare self-rating of physicians in the area of research skills and real research knowledge and skills. The results testify an inadequate attention to development of research competence at pre- and post-graduation work stages of professional genesis. The cohort of young specialists is considered as a most perspective one for working in this direction in state structures.

Knowing More Than We Can Tell: People Are Aware of Their Biased Self-Perceptions.

There is no question that biases exist in self-perceptions of personality. To what extent do people have insight into their positive and negative self-biases? In two samples (total N = 130), people with positive biases (i.e., self-perceptions that are more positive than a reputation-based criterion measure) accurately described themselves as positively biased, and people with negative biases accurately described themselves as negatively biased. Furthermore, people were able to distinguish which traits they were more or less biased about. These findings suggest that people may know more about themselves than they initially admit. Implications for the use of self-reports and the study of self-knowledge are discussed.

Correlation of etho-social and psycho-social data from “Mars-500” interplanetary simulation

Studies of social groups under isolation and confinement for the needs of space psychology were mostly limited by questionnaires completed with batteries of subjective tests, and they needed to be correlated with video recordings for objective analyses in space ethology. The aim of the present study is to identify crewmembers׳ behavioral profiles for better understanding group dynamics during a 520-day isolation and confinement of the international crew (n=6) participating to the “Mars-500” interplanetary simulation. We propose to correlate data from PSPA (Personal Self-Perception and Attitudes) computerized test, sociometric questionnaires and color choices test (Luscher test) used to measure anxiety levels, with data of video analysis during group discussion (GD) and breakfast time (BT). All the procedures were implemented monthly – GD, or twice a month – BT. Firstly, we used descriptive statistics for displaying quantitative subjects׳ behavioral profiles, supplied with a software based-solution: the Observer XT®. Secondly, we used Spearmen׳s nonparametric correlation analysis. The results show that for each subject, the level of non-verbal behavior (“visual interactions”, “object interactions”, “body interaction”, “personal actions”, “facial expressions”, and “collateral acts”) is higher than the level of verbal behavior (“interpersonal communication in Russian”, and “interpersonal communication in English”). From the video analyses, dynamics profiles over months are different between the crewmembers. From the correlative analyses, we found highly negative correlations between anxiety and interpersonal communications; and between the sociometric parameter “popularity in leisure environment” and anxiety level. We also found highly significant positive correlations between the sociometric parameter “popularity in working environment” and interpersonal communications, and facial expressions; and between the sociometric parameter “popularity in leisure environment “ and interpersonal communications, and facial expressions. As a whole, the findings show high importance of ethological investigations with video monitoring for assessment of group behavior in extreme environment. At the same time, correct interpretation of the video recording results requires their comparison with the results of classical socio-psychological methods. We discuss about the different approaches: objective vs. subjective; active vs. discursive; exhaustive vs. restrictive; descriptive vs. introspective.

Oxytocin and enhancement of the positive valence of social affiliation memories: An autobiographical memory study

Intranasal oxytocin has been shown to alter self-perceptions of personality (e.g., more trusting, increased extraversion). To follow up these findings, we examined the acute effects of two doses of intranasal oxytocin (24 IU and 48 IU) on another form of self-referential cognition: autobiographical memory. Changes in autobiographical memory (personal memories for the past) could conceivably effect change in self-perception and consequently alter social behaviors. We predicted that oxytocin would increase the number of specific personal memories recalled, and promote the recall of positive social affiliation memories. Seventeen male participants self-administered a placebo or oxytocin (24 IU, 48 IU) using a nasal spray on three separate occasions in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, and within-subject experiment. Participants completed the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) 110 minutes later. Analyses revealed a quadratic dose–response curve for the effects of intranasal oxytocin on autobiographical memory recall. The 24 IU dose, relative to the 48 IU dose and placebo, increased the number of specific personal memories recalled and promoted the recall of social affiliation memories that were rated more positively. The lack of effect with the 48 IU dose could be due to saturation of the oxytocin receptors at higher doses. Changes in autobiographical memory may be one mechanism by which oxytocin alters prosocial worldviews.

Study of values and interpersonal perception in cosmonauts on board of international space station

The increased heterogeneity of International Space Station (ISS) crews′ composition (in terms of nationality, profession and gender) together with stressful situations, due to space flight, can have a significant impact on group interaction and cohesion, as well as on communications with Mission Control Center (MCC) and the success of the mission as a whole. Culturally related differences in values, goals, and behavioral norms could influence mutual perception and, thus, cohesive group formation. The purpose of onboard “Interaction-Attitudes” experiment is to study the patterns of small group (space crew) behavior in extended space flight. Onboard studies were performed in the course of ISS Missions 19–30 with participation of twelve Russian crewmembers. Experimental schedule included 3 phases: preflight training and Baseline Data Collection; inflight activities once in two weeks; post-flight measurement. We used Personal Self-Perception and Attitudes (PSPA) software for analyzing subjects′ attitudes toward social environment (crewmembers and MCC). It is based on the semantic differential and the repertory grid technique. To study the content of interpersonal perception we used content-analysis with participation of the experts, independently attributing each construct to the 17 semantic categories, which were described in our previous study. The data obtained demonstrated that the system of values and personal attitudes in the majority of participated cosmonauts remained mostly stable under stress-factors of extended space flight. Content-analysis of the important criteria elaborated by the subjects for evaluation of their social environment, showed that the most valuable personal traits for cosmonauts were those that provided the successful fulfillment of professional activity (motivation, intellectual level, knowledge, and self-discipline) and good social relationships (sociability, friendship, and tolerance), as well. Post-flight study of changes in perceptions, related to Real Self-image, did not reveal significant differences between the images of Russian crew-members and representatives from foreign space agencies. A certain difference in perceptions was found in cosmonauts with more integrated system of evaluations: after space flight they perceived foreign participants as “closer” to their Ideal, while Russian crew-members were perceived mostly as “distant” from Ideal Self of these subjects. Perceptions of people from Earth were also more critical. These differences are likely to be manifestations of interpersonal perception stereotypes. Described patterns of changes in perceptions of cosmonauts, who have performed space flight as a part of ISS multinational crew, allow us to suggest the recommendations for development of ISS crew training, in particular, it seems useful to increase the time of joint training for deepening of intercultural interaction.

Acute intranasal oxytocin improves positive self-perceptions of personality

Research suggests the experimental manipulation of oxytocin facilitates positive interactions, cooperation, and trust. The mechanism by which oxytocin influences social behavior is not well understood. We explored the hypothesis that oxytocin alters how people perceive themselves, which could be one mechanism by which oxytocin promotes prosocial behavior. In a between-subject, randomized, and double-blind experiment, 100 university students received a 24 I.U. dose of intranasal oxytocin or placebo, and then completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and other self-report measures 90 min later. Intranasal oxytocin increased ratings of NEO-PI-R extraversion and openness to experiences [F(1,98) = 4.910, p = .025, partial η (2) = .05; F(1,98) = 6.021, p = .016, partial η (2) = .06], particularly for the following facets: positive emotions (d = 0.48, p < .05), warmth (d = 0.47, p < .05), openness to values (d = 0.45, p < .05) and ideas (d = 0.40, p < .05), trust (d = 0.44, p < .05), and altruism (d = 0.40, p < .05). Oxytocin had no influence on ratings of negative emotionality, conscientiousness, rejection sensitivity, depression, worry, self-esteem, and perceived social support. The administration of oxytocin improved participants' self-perceptions of their personality, at least for certain traits important for social affiliation. Increased positive self-referential processing may be one mechanism by which oxytocin promotes positive social behaviors.

Personality self-perceptions of Turkish music pre-service teachers in relation to departmental satisfaction

The purpose of this study was to examine individual differences in the field of music education. The ‘Big Five’ model of personality served as the framework to help meet the purpose. Using a sample of 83 music pre-service teachers enrolled in a department of music education, we found that music pre-service teachers scored high in the Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion and Agreeableness dimensions but low in the Neuroticism dimension of personality. This finding suggests that the music pre-service teachers possess the personality type that the scientists suggest is ideal for teachers. Two dimensions of personality (Openness and Extroversion) were positively correlated with the music pre-service teachers’ satisfaction in studying in the department of music education.

Self-Knowledge of Personality: Do People Know Themselves?

The intuition that we have privileged and unrestricted access to ourselves – that we inevitably know who we are, how we feel, what we do, and what we think – is very compelling. Here, we review three types of evidence about the accuracy of self-perceptions of personality and conclude that the glass is neither full nor empty. First, studies comparing self-perceptions of personality to objective criteria suggest that self-perceptions are at least tethered to reality – people are not completely clueless about how they behave, but they are also far from perfect. Second, studies examining how well people’s self-perceptions agree with others’ perceptions of them suggest that people’s self-views are not completely out of synch with how they are seen by those who know them best, but they are also far from identical. Third, studies examining whether people know the impressions they make on others suggest that people do have some glimmer of insight into the fact that others see them differently than they see themselves but there is still a great deal people do not know about how others see them. The findings from all three approaches point to the conclusion that self-knowledge exists but leaves something to be desired. The status of people’s self-knowledge about their own personality has vast implications both for our conception of ourselves as rational agents and for the methods of psychological inquiry.

Correlation of Self-Perception and Image of Christ Using the Five-Factor Model of Personality

In this study, the relationship between one’s self-perception of personality and his or her image of Jesus Christ was studied within a sample of 153 undergraduate students, of whom 130 were Christian and 23 were non-Christian; 23 Protestant pastors; and 55 Protestant laypersons. Using two forms of the NEO Personality Inventory (Self and Observer), ratings of the Big Five personality factors were obtained for both self and Jesus Christ. Results indicated significant positive correlations between ratings of self and Christ in each of the subgroups of Christian individuals. No correlations were found between ratings of self and Christ for the non-Christians. A repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant differing correlations between groups. Christian persons may project perceptions onto Christ or attempt to mold themselves in a way more consistent with their own images of Christ. Further implications of the results as well as direction of the relationship between self-perception and image of Christ are discussed.

Psychological variables associated with adolescents' identification with significant groups.

This research describes associations of identification of 300 adolescents with significant group concepts and variables correlated with their development such as self-esteem, cognitive moral reasoning, and self-perceptions of personality.