System Of Personal Pronouns Research Articles

ВАРЬИРОВАНИЕ ГЛАСНЫХ В ПАДЕЖНЫХ СУФФИКСАХ ЛИЧНЫХ МЕСТОИМЕНИЙ УДМУРТСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

The article discusses phonetic variants of the accusative, ablative, dative, instrumental personal pronouns’ case suffixes in dialects of the Udmurt language, which have different vocal vocalization (-e- ~ -y- / -i-). Variable suffixes in the ablative allow all personal pronouns, in the instrumental – 1pl and 2pl and 3ps, in the accusative and dative – 1pl and 2pl. Allomorphs can be used both in different dialects and within the dialect of the same village. The dative suffixes of 1 and 2 persons -y- ~ -e- are used only in the system of pronominal declension and historically go back to the final vowel of the pronominal basis of the singular number. The remaining case markers are present in the system of substantive and pronominative declension. Morphemes with -i-vocalization are secondary and are formed from -y-morphemes. However, it is not possible to explain the transition by positional changes. The roots of morphological transformations probably go back to the Proto-Permian and Proto-Udmurt periods. Morphemes on -e- are reflexes of the broad final vowel of the basis of personal pronouns 1sg, 2sg, subsequently -e-suffixes participated in the formation of personal pronouns 1pl, 2pl. The case indicators for -y- have a clear similarity to the suffixes of the substantive declension. The borrowing of this variant of morphemes into the system of personal pronouns was due to the pronominal semantics, which is close to the meaning of integral belonging. The material for the study was word forms selected from published dialect texts, articles, monographs, unpublished PhD dissertations, which are devoted to the description of various Udmurt dialects.

L’acquisition des pronoms personnels par des apprenants de FLE hispanophones

"The acquisition of personal pronouns in French as a foreign language (FFL) is one of the key points in the learning of French grammar. In order to study this aspect, we have compiled the written production of Spanish-speaking speakers of FFL. The results show that these speakers acquire the personal pronoun system at different at different stages in the learning process in the following order: firstly, they acquire the subject pronouns, secondly the tonic pronouns, then the atonic pronouns, and lastly the pronouns en/y, these results are in line with the studies carried out on the acquisition of personal pronouns in FLE. In this order of acquisition, linguistic competence is also significant."

An Analysis of the Interpersonal Function of Joe Biden’s Inaugural Speech

Interpersonal function of language was first put forward by Halliday and it has been added by some scholars, which is one of the three meta-functions of language. It helps us establish and maintain social relationships. This paper analyzes the inaugural speech of Joe Biden based on interpersonal function and conducts both a quantitative approach and a qualitative approach. This research has found: In personal pronoun system, Biden used the first person pronoun most frequently in his inaugural speech. In modality system, medium-value modal verbs were used most, followed by low-value modal verbs and high-value modal verbs. In mood system, declarative sentences were used most often, which made his speech more objective and reasonable. In tense system, present tense appears most often in the speech, followed by future tense and past tense. In evaluation system, different resources have helped to achieve the interpersonal function.

Honorific personal pronouns in the Tangut language

There is an integral system of personal pronouns in the Tangut language. It is already known that there are pairs of general and honorific pronouns in the first- and second-person singular. Besides narrating the meaning of the honorifics in detail, it is pointed out in the present paper that a parallel distinction exists in the first-person plural as well, and if more than two pronouns of the same person appear successively in one phrase, only the preceding one may be expressed by an honorific form. There is no honorific form for the pronoun of the second-person plural.

What “you” and “we” say about me: How small shifts in language reveal and empower fundamental shifts in perspective

AbstractOne of the most fundamental, yet often overlooked, components of language is the personal pronoun system. Pronouns reveal and empower different perspectives, providing insight into and even altering how a person is conceptualizing the self. Here, we illustrate how the pronouns “I,” “you,” and “we” can enable shifts in perspective that bring a person further from, or closer to, others. We additionally highlight the implications of these pronoun shifts on the addressee(s). We review a growing body of research that focuses on how these words can function as both windows—providing insight into the thoughts and emotions of a speaker, and levers—that can subtly alter the speaker's and addressee(s)’ thoughts, emotions, and even behaviors, across a range of domains. We conclude by discussing possibilities for future research.

MORPHOLOGY OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE LOWER CHEPTSA DIALECT OF THE UDMURT LANGUAGE

The article is devoted to the description of the peculiarities of the pronominal deixis in the Lower Cheptsa dialect which is a part of the Northern Udmurt dialect. The relevance of the study is due to the need for a comprehensive research of system of pronouns in the context of territorial varieties of Udmurt language. The Lower Cheptsa dialect developed isolatedly from the basic area of distribution of the Udmurt dialects, as a result of which a number of features were formed in its language system. The paper considers the morphological structure and usage of personal pronouns. The author focuses on specific characteristics distinguishing the studied dialect from other Northern Udmurt subdialects. The study demonstrates that in the Lower Cheptsa dialect the nominative forms of personal pronouns largely coincide with the corresponding such pronouns of other Udmurt dialects. The researcher also highlights characteristic phenomena in the inflectional system of personal pronouns, reveals some features in the number of cases, analyzes the functioning of a series of secondary spatial cases with marker -n′- , and focuses on specific phenomena in the form of some cases. In particular, distinctive features of a morphonological nature are observed in the design of accusative forms of the 1 and 2 person plural pronouns, in special ways of forming instrumental forms of the 1 and 2 person pronouns in the singular and plural. Linguistic data are analyzed and interpreted in the context of the Udmurt language dialectic landscape. The data presented show that according to the main features of inflection of personal pronouns the Lower Cheptsa dialect bears closest similarities to the Middle Cheptsa subdialects of the Northern Udmurt dialect. The research is based on the materials collected by the author during several expeditions to the Lower Cheptsa Udmurts from 2014 to 2017.

Dynamic norm and variability of personal pronouns in the works of Geoffrey Chaucer

The subject of this research is the dynamic variability in the sphere of personal of the Middle English Period. The object of this research is the personal pronouns of the Middle English (in form of the nominative case) used in the “Canterbury Tales” by Geoffrey Chaucer. Insufficient study of this layer of lexicon necessitates detailed examination of the rich tapestry of variability of pronouns for determination of the area of Medieval language norm that influenced the establishment of modern literary English language, which defines the relevance of this research. The goal consists in description of the dynamic norm of the Middle English. Research methodology consists in systematization, description and classification of language material, extracted through the method of continuous sampling from the first part of the “Knight’s Tale” of the “Canterbury Tales” of Geoffrey Chaucer, and setting quantitative parameters that reveal and confirm linguistic patterns that regularly manifest within the system of personal pronouns of the Middle English. The scientific novelty lies in comprehensive research of variability of personal pronouns and establishment of the dynamic norm and “quasi-norm” of the national literary standard of English language formed in the XIV century. The main conclusion consists in substantiation of the leading role of central dialects in comprising dynamic norm of the Middle English (namely with regards to pronouns), while the forms developed in the north and south should be attributed to quasi-norm.

The The Syntax of Personal Pronouns in the Bima Language

This article aims at describing the syntactic properties and distributions of Personal Pronouns in the Bima Language, a language spoken by approximately 9000 people who inhabit the eastern part of Sumbawa Island. This number of speakers does not include those who live in Reo Pota Manggarai, East Nusa Tenggara. The Bima Language is grouped into Sumba-Bima Subgroup of Central Malayo-Polynesian (CMP) branch of Austronesian Language. Data in this study are the linguistic units from morphems level to clausal level. The data were taken from conversations and monologues recorded in the real situations in which the Bima Language is used. The focus of this paper is to describe the personal pronoun system of the Bima Language, describing types of personal pronouns and their syntactic properties and distributions. Based on the analysis, the Bima Language has a set of morphologically independent personal pronouns (full pronouns) and a set of clitics. Both sets of personal pronouns show the same syntactic properties and distributions. These two sets of personal pronouns are able to occur as independent clausal arguments of both intransitive and transitive constructions. In addition to their distributions, these two sets of personal pronouns can occur with numerals, relatives, and NPs. However, only full personal pronouns can combine with demonstratives.

THE SYNTACTIC PROPERTIES AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS INSAMBORI LANGUAGE

This article aim s at describing the syntactic properties and distributions of Personal Pronouns in Sambori Language, a language spoken by the people who occup y Sambori Village and other s nearby villages in Lambitu, a montainous district of Bima Regency. Sambori Language is claimed to be a different language from Bima Language due to its characteristic of which sounds are different from th ose of Bima Language. This fact is used by the pe o ple of Sambori to legimate their existence by reffiring the language they speak as Inge Ndai. However, no research documentations have proved that Sambori Language belongs to a single language which is classified into a particular group or s ub group under the Austronesian Language group. This study deals with the documentation of the syntactic properties and distributions of Sambori Language which focuses on describ ing the personal pronoun system of the language , describ ing types of personal pronouns and their syntactic properties and distributions. The data of this study were taken from elicitation, interview, and decumentation. The result of the study shows that Sambori L anguage has a set of morphologically independent personal pronouns (full pronouns) and a set of clitic s . These two sets of personal pronouns show a different syntactic properties and distributions. Only full pronouns which can occur as independent clausal arguments of both intransitive and transitive constructions. In addtion to their distributions, clitic pronouns cannot occur with numerals, relatives, demonstarives, and NPs as the full pronouns can. This sytactical evidences show that Sambori language is different from Bima Language. Keywords: personal pronoun, clitics, synactic distribution, Sambori Language

Old Chinese as an Inflectional Language: With Evidence from the Personal Pronoun System

<p>This paper reviews the nature of Old Chinese (OC) by exploring the morpho-syntactic feature of the personal pronoun system. It carried out a statistic analysis of the frequency of 吾, 我，予，余，朕，印，台; 爾，汝；彼, 其, 之 being used as person pronouns. The findings reveal that 吾 never appears in an accusative position; 予 never appears in a genitive position; An order of preference as regards case function of 我 runs from nominaitve, to accusative, genitive, down to dative. 其 conveys an accusative or a genitive, but never denotes a nominative. 之 denotes a generic third person or non-person and often marries up with 吾. This might suffice to draw the conclusion that OC was probably an inflectional language in the pre-Qin period.</p>

Morfología del pronombre personal en el Rromané de Chile

The present paper describes, within the framework of tagmemics, the internal structure and declension paradigms of personal pronouns in the Romani language as spoken in Chile. The speaker sample, speaker characteristics and procedures used in analyzing the data are detailed in the corresponding section. The analysis includes an example of each pronoun form in each grammatical case, a proposal for the morphemic segmentation, and a mapping of morphs to morphemes. The paper concludes with information on the tagmemic method, which is used to describe the personal pronoun system of Chilean Romani; a discussion about the issue of basic forms; and a discussion of whether it is appropriate to apply the Garvinian concept of residue to the second person allomorphs and instrumental case, chu- and -char, respectively.

A three-person perspective on transference.

Different approaches to psychoanalysis may be classed according to the number of persons that they assume to be necessary in order to adequately describe mental life. One-person approaches assume the basic autonomy of the individual to act as a subject in her world, while 2-person approaches assume the irreducibility of object and subject, their essential complementarity and their mutual affirmation as subjects. Three-person approaches, on which the present article focuses, argue that the subject can fully develop only by creating enough space for herself among other persons who compete for subject positions. Such space is created in relation to (at least) 2 other subjects, hence the system of 3 persons. In the 3-person perspective, the position of the subject is defined as First, and the Second is defined by the one with whom the subject identifies and in whom she mirrors herself through cycles of projection and introjection. The position of the Third involves the personification of the cultural matrix and, especially, the way language informs our ability to relate to each other. This is best represented in the universal system of personal pronouns: the subject takes the position of the 1st person (1), the Second takes the position of the 2nd person (You), and the Third is posited as the 3rd person (she or he and it). In psychoanalytic therapy, the patient takes the position of the Subject, the First. Transference is construed as the superposition of both the 2nd and the 3rd persons upon the figure of the analyst, a mental process that (re)creates the necessary conditions for the development of subjecthood. As a result, in the discourse of transference, the position of the analyst keeps fluctuating between the 2nd and 3rd positions: When one takes place on the actual level, the other acts in the background, and vice versa. The therapeutic consequences of this view are discussed; for example, transference love is construed as a process in which the 2nd person struggles to dominate the positioning of the analyst. Other transferential configurations are also discussed.

Pronoun acquisition in a Mandarin— English bilingual child

Studies on bilingual first language acquisition mainly concern the formal aspects of bilingual children’s language development. In-depth studies on the development of the personal pronoun system have so far received little attention in the literature. The longitudinal study is a first attempt to trace the developmental route of personal pronouns in an unbalanced 2L1 Chinese Mandarin—English child. Pragmatic and semantic issues relating to pronoun usage are addressed in order to examine order of emergence and production patterns of personal pronouns in Mandarin and English. The results are discussed in relation to the theoretical hypotheses and are compared to monolingual data. Findings seem to support speech role hypothesis. In other words, the bilingual child has no problem with the speech role function of pronouns. Further, this study provides some exploration into the role of the weaker language in bilingual language development as well as the nature and extent of the early separation and interaction of two linguistic systems in a language environment which is fundamentally unlike the one-parent-one-language setting. The results suggest that the bilingual child has a differentiated development in his two languages: that the two languages are not developed at the same rate, nor by the same route or the same strategy. The weaker language develops smoothly and in the same pattern as L1. In addition, this bilingual child adopts complementary strategies to reach two target usages of personal pronouns despite the apparent unbalanced input and output of his two languages. The data set of the current study consists of over 65 tape-recorded sessions of naturalistic speech collected over 30 months in context-based language use either Mandarin or English, where Mandarin is the home (and ethnic community) language spoken by both parents and other family members while English is the (dominant) language of all other environments.

Dialogue-based CALL: a case study on teaching pronouns

We describe a computer assisted language learning (CALL) system that uses human–machine dialogue as its medium of interaction. The system was developed to help students learn the basics of the Māori language and was designed to accompany the introductory course in Māori running at the University of Otago. The student engages in a task-based conversation with the CALL system, which is designed to provide practice in specific language constructions as well as to provide opportunities to negotiate meaning within the constraints of the target language constructions. The focus of the paper is on evaluating the CALL system with students. We began with a series of observations of a small number of students using an early version of the system. These real-use observations informed the development of the system which was used in a quanititative study with a different student cohort later in the year. Learning outcomes were assessed through written tests on the Māori system of personal pronouns. Our results show that students who attended the CALL tutorials scored at least as well as students who attended regular tutorials on immediate post-tests. The CALL tutorial groups scored less well on delayed post-tests and some possible reasons for this are discussed. Some caveats for the study are also discussed along with suggestions for further research.

Drift and the Grammaticalization Divide between Northern and Southern Wakashan

The considerable divergence in inflectional complexity between the northern and the southern branches of the Wakashan family calls out for an explanation. Both branches are equally rich with regard to derivational potential, but only in the northern branch have fine‐grained inflectional systems of clitics evolved for demarcating clausal constituents and expressing grammatical relations between them. These are built upon deictic/demonstrative elements common to both branches and reconstructible for the proto‐language, as is the system of personal pronouns. It is by no means clear a priori whether the northern branch has innovated here or the southern branch has lost material that was once a common inheritance. This paper is concerned with why and how this diverging situation may have come about, and draws upon considerations of grammaticalization pathways, internal “drift,” and likely areal influences to suggest that the southern branch—despite the relative paucity and fluidity of its inflectional distinct...

Self-referring terms, event transitivity and development of self

We explored 2-year-olds’ developing self-conceptions by examining uses of terms for the self ( I, me, own name) to mark contexts of self-action that varied in transitivity. Children differed in their preferred terms for self-reference ( I versus proper name/ me). “I-users” produced relatively more verbs for highly transitive events that encode subjective experiences of intention and agency and “Name-users” produced relatively more verbs for intransitive events that encode objective experiences of self in motion, even though verb and self-reference vocabularies were similar for the two groups. Results are discussed in terms of children's creative use of language to construct different developmental paths toward self-conceptions and acquisition of the personal pronoun system.

Inwiefern kann eine Sprache einfach sein?

Languages can be simple in at least three respects. One natural language can be simpler than another one in terms of its structural properties given a certain domain or function as, for instance, the system of personal pronouns or the paradigms of nominal case inflection. In this sense, the Chinese system of temporal reference is simpler than that of German and all other Indo-European languages. Second, a given subject-matter can be described by more or less simple, i.e. understandable linguistic means. Finally, there are simple codes, simplified varieties within a given natural language as, for instance, the telegram style, foreigner talk, and the language of the weather forecast. In simple codes-communication, the balance between the information that is verbally coded and the information that the interlocutor can retrieve from contextual knowledge is significantly shifted towards the latter. Elementary learner languages, the language acquired by people under conditions of everyday communication within the target society, constitute a typical class of simple codes. Detailed analyses of learner languages »at work« prove that even elementary learner varieties are regularly structured and show how they make use of the possibility of shifting the balance between the information sources.

Insights into person deixis

Widely accepted analyses of personal pronouns in sign languages present systems that differ in a crucial way from pronominal systems in oral languages and violate linguistic universals proposed by Benveniste, Bühler, Lyons, and others. These analyses argue that the two necessary conversational roles — sender and recipient — are not grammaticized in first and second person pronouns, respectively. This paper presents findings of a detailed analysis of pronominal reference in video-recorded, naturally occurring Brazilian Sign Language conversations which show consistent pairings of form and meaning. On this basis, I argue that the LSB personal pronoun system encodes the two necessary conversational roles. A re-examination of several ASL examples provides additional evidence. I conclude that, in LSB and ASL personal pronouns, space is only epiphenomenal, an idea first articulated by Padden (1990:118).

Public and private self as two aspects of the speaker: A contrastive study of Japanese and English

The speaker has two different aspects which can be called ‘public and private self’. The public self is the speaker as the subject of communicating (i.e. the speaker who faces an addressee or has one in mind), while the private self is the speaker as the subject of thinking (i.e. the speaker who has no addressee in mind). This paper proposes the following hypothesis about the public and private self in Japanese and English. Japanese has a special word for private self, zibun ‘self’, but not any special word for public self, so that in Japanese, various words are used to represent the public self, depending on who is talking to whom. By contrast, English has a special word for public self, I, but not any special word for private self, so that in English, personal pronouns are diverted to represent the private self, depending on the grammatical person associated with the private self in question. It is argued that this hypothesis captures such a fundamental difference between Japanese and English that it enables us to answer in a principled way a number of significant questions about marked differences between the two languages, such as why Japanese does not have a system of personal pronouns corresponding directly to that of English, why there is concord of person and tense in English indirect speech, but not in its Japanese counterpart, and so on.

The role of deictic particles in the IE personal pronoun system

AbstractIt is well known that deictic particles were affixed to personal pronouns in Indo-European. Three possible functions of these deictics are explored, and the most reasonable explanation is identified on the basis of comparative and typological evidence. In short, it is argued that these deictics served to derive emphatic pronominal forms.