Personal Non-property Rights Research Articles

К вопросу о совершенствовании административной ответственности за нарушение прав в сфере интеллектуальной собственности

The article analyzes the institute of administrative responsibility for violations of copyright and related rights. Special attention is paid to the problem of administrative and legal protection of personal non-property rights of the author. The author offers legal and technical solutions to improve the designs of the existing structures of administrative offenses infringing on copyright and related rights, including the allocation and specification of admi-nistrative responsibility for violation of personal non-property rights of the author

Право на необходимую оборону при защите имущественных и личных неимущественных прав: иллюзорное или реальное

Introduction. By virtue of the provisions of Article 45 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, everyone is guaranteed the right to defend personal rights and freedoms in all ways not prohibited by law. This fundamental constitutional principle is reflected in Article 37 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), which enshrines the right of any person to the necessary defence, that is, to harm (up to deprivation of life) an encroaching person while suppressing socially dangerous encroachments protecting oneself or other persons, the legally protected interests of society or the state. For a long time, the issue of the possibility of protecting property rights, including housing, within the framework of necessary defense remained debatable. Finally, in May 2022, amendments were made to the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 09/27/2012 Nº 19, enshrining the right for necessary defense in the event of expected changes that will empower citizens to serve as a basis for their revision. In this regard, it should be recognised as relevant to consider the issue of determining the limits of lawful infliction of harm in the suppression of encroachments related to illegal penetration of housing. Within the framework of this work, the authors also consider the issue of determining the limits of lawful infliction of harm in defence against encroachments on personal non-property rights, both associated and not associated with the use or threat of use of violence dangerous to the life of the defender. Research methods: theoretical, comparativelegal, method of formal logics, method of interpretation of legal norms. Due to the results of the research, the authors give a list of situations which were not taken into account by the judicial community including the right to defend the house, which should serve as a basis for legal review of the case. In addition, the authors point to the need to optimize Article 37 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the provisions of the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated September 27, 2012 No. 19 in terms of expanding the right for necessary defense due to the possibility of suppressing administrative offenses within its framework and bringing it into line with Article 37 of the Criminal Code, as well as other circumstances excluding criminality acts, «special legislation» defining the procedure and grounds for the use of force and weapons by law enforcement officers.

Prospects for the Legal Regulation of Property Relations Between Spouses when Concluding a Marriage Contract Using Digital Technologies

Introduction: the paper deals with the study of the content of the conditions for concluding a marriage contract as an effective tool for resolving property disputes in the family. The possibility of concluding a marriage contract in electronic form is analyzed. The debatable issue of regulating the personal non-property rights of spouses under a marriage contract is also investigated. The purpose of the study is to identify the main directions for the development of the institution of a marriage contract using digital technologies and to determine their impact on the stability of the economy and civil circulation. Methods: the research is based on specific scientific legal techniques – dogmatic, legal-technical, method of interpretation of law, state-legal modeling, comparative law method – that allow for the formation of a scientifically based structure for the legal development of digital technologies in regulating the institution of a marriage contract in the context of international integration. Results: it is proved that 1) the digitalization of the economy affects the regulation of marital and family relations; 2) the marriage contract has a contradictory nature: on the one hand, it helps to strengthen the family; on the other hand, it can also be a factor destabilizing civil circulation. Conclusions: the current family legislation does not contain any direct prohibition on the use of electronic means when concluding family law contracts; therefore, the confirmation of the conditions when signing a marriage contract in electronic form is not only possible but will also speed up and simplify the process of concluding it for spouses (future spouses). If any economic or technological innovations can potentially contribute to strengthening rights and freedoms in the family, as well as strengthening their protection, then it is necessary to consolidate such means of protection at the legislative level, in particular, to allow the possibility of concluding a marriage contract in electronic form.

Civil Regulation of Genomic Data Sharing

The legal regulation of relations concerning genomic information has undergone several transformations over recent years in the Russian Federation. Not only is a universal approach towards the regulation of such relations in civil law, including regarding the possibility of sharing such information, currently lacking, the concept of genomic information remains poorly defined as an object of civil rights. A special legal regime for big genomic data capable of processing with the help of artificial intelligence technologies is also lacking in the current legislation of the Russian Federation. Considering the great potential value of genomic data for all of humanity, and the need for the sharing of such data, a proposed balanced approach will ensure the sharing of genomic data with proper protection of personal non-propertyand other rights. Thus, the present work sets out to identify the specific features of genomic data sharing. When determining the civil legal regime for genomic information and genomic data, a balance between public and private interests can be ensured by maintaining personal non-property rights, ensuring the confidentiality of personal data, and obtaining consent for the dissemination of information in accordance with the law. However, in order to do this, it is necessary to distinguish conceptually between genomic information about a particular person and the genomic data on the basis of which such genomic information is obtained. The civil legal status of human biological material should be determined along with regulations for its processing to obtain genomic information at the same time as defining the legal regime for regulating biobanks in which such human biological material can be stored.

Intangible benefits as objects of civil law protection

Relevance. The article analyzes legislative provisions and views of Russian scientists on the issues of protection of intangible benefits, definition of their signs, classification criteria, strengthening of protection, establishment of correlation between intangible benefits and personal non-property rights. The peculiarities of protection of intangible benefits in those areas in which such protection is most in demand at present, including the protection of honor, dignity and business reputation of citizens, their images, consumer rights, compensation for moral harm associated with encroachments on life and health, and in other cases are considered.The conclusions are made about the need for further development of the system of civil legal protection of intangible benefits, which is currently in the stage of formation, based on the generalization and systematization of existing approaches, as well as the development of the definition of the concept of intangible benefits, their scientifically justified classification, division by types, including taking into account the features of their protection.The purpose of the study is to develop theoretical provisions aimed at improving the civil legal protection of intangible benefits.Objectives: to analyze the peculiarities of legal relations arising in connection with violations of intangible benefits and encroachments on such intangible benefits; to identify problems arising in the protection of intangible benefits by civil law means; to propose solutions that ensure the elimination of gaps and contradictions in the legislation related to the protection of intangible benefits.Methodology. In the research we used general scientific methods, including dialectical-materialistic method, methods of analysis and synthesis, etc., as well as systematic and formal-legal methods.The results of the research have a theoretical and applied nature and are aimed at improving the legal regulation of relations related to the protection of intangible benefits.Conclusions. For further development of the legislation and judicial practice it is required to develop a scientifically grounded classification of intangible benefits, based on the identification of their signs and features, as well as to determine the features of protection methods applicable to encroachments on intangible benefits, which will allow to extend such protection to all cases of violations and encroachments on intangible benefits.

Before the formation of Article 18.2 of the Civil Code of Georgia in its current form, some aspects of the development of legislation on the protection of personal non-property rights

Before the formation of Article 18.2 of the Civil Code of Georgia in its current form, some aspects of the development of legislation on the protection of personal non-property rights

Exclusion of the Debtor’s Property from the Bankruptcy Estate as a Guarantee of Protection of Debtor’s Property and Personal Non-Property Rights

Exclusion of the Debtor’s Property from the Bankruptcy Estate as a Guarantee of Protection of Debtor’s Property and Personal Non-Property Rights

PROBLEMS OF EXECUTION OF THE LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN ON PERSONAL DATA: RISKS FOR THE EMPLOYER

The article demonstrates the analysis conducted on the subject of generic problems occurring during the application process of the legislative norms of employee`s personal data by employers. It is of paramount importance to understand correctly the authentic definition of the term “personal data” in order to secure the compliance of the regulatory norms and legal enforcement. This allows avoiding situations where personal data can be subjected to illegal processing, since the consequences of such cases are the bringing an employer to legal responsibility. The legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan does not stipulate the exact checklist of personal data constituents, and this exacerbates the application of the norms in practice. Hence, there is ambiguity related to lucid understanding of what particular information can be attributed to personal data. A common approach leads to the statement that any information related to a particular individual and the information allowing to provide a person`s identification constitutes the personal data. The aim of the study is to determine within which framework the employer should process the employee's personal data in order to prevent its disclosure, taking into account the provisions of the legislation on access to information. The authors of the article reveal the answer to the question of what should be attributed to the employee's personal data, and how the access to restricted personal data must be performed by the employer. As part of the study, the analysis of Kazakh judicial practice regarding the personal data has been conducted by the authors; the risks of an employer in case of violation of personal non-property rights of employees were specified. In addition, the analysis of cases of providing personal data in the framework of lawyer requests was undertaken. A proper comprehension of operating with personal data of employees will enable employers to avoid violations of personal non-property rights of personnel, especially since the practice of bringing employers to administrative and civil liability has been widespread.

Protection of Personal Non-Property Rights of Spouses in the Practice of The European Court of Human Rights: A Crucial Investigation

Objective: This study investigates the peculiarities of spouses' non-property rights in the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) case law, aiming to understand how these rights are protected and restored in different legal contexts. Theoretical Framework: The study is based on principles of international human rights and family law, focusing on the right to parenthood, personal development of spouses, non-discrimination, and respect for honor and dignity. The ECHR's framework for protecting these rights provides a solid basis. Method: The research employs a qualitative analysis of ECHR case law, examining relevant legal documents, court decisions, and literature on non-property rights. Data collection involved analyzing ECHR rulings and Ukrainian family law. Results and Discussion: The results show that protecting spouses' non-property rights is crucial for citizens' security and stability. The study highlights how states manage these rights and the ECHR's role in restoring them. The discussion emphasizes national and international law implications, noting discrepancies in current protections. Research Implications: This research not only provides insights into legal mechanisms for protecting spouses' non-property rights but also underscores the practical implications of a robust legal framework and the role of the ECHR in safeguarding these rights, potentially influencing policy and legal practice. Originality/Value: The study contributes to the literature by analyzing the protection and restoration of spouses' non-property rights in ECHR case law. Its originality lies in focusing on the intersection of family law and human rights, highlighting the value of international legal standards in enhancing national protections. This research informs policy and legal practice in family law and human rights.

The Right to Health as a Personal Non-property Right in Relation to Work

The article is devoted to the problem of personal intangible labor rights, which is little studied in the science of labor law, as the most important part of the content of the labor relationship, which has become relevant during the transition of society to the information state. The right to health is one of the most important personal intangible right of an employee. Due to its binding nature, it can be carried out only in an employment relationship, therefore it is necessary to legalize it as one of the main subjective rights of an employee in the Labor Code. The current Labor Code does not contain the concept of personal non-property rights and does not include the basic rights of an employee as such. Even though the fact that personal character as a sign of an employment relationship has always existed throughout the history of labor law (both legally and in doctrine). In the science of labor law, the question of the need for in-depth research of the non-property part of the labor relationship has historically remained relevant, although ambiguously understood. Our science has accepted deeply researched civil law categories of personal non-property rights and intangible benefits, but it seems that not all of them are relevant for personal non-property labor rights. The article attempts to critically analyze the opinions expressed in science and offer their views on this controversial issue.

Features of copyright inheritance

The article examines the provisions of the current legislation of Ukraine concerning the inheritance of copyright, and considers specific property copyrights as an object of inheritance. The content and essence of personal non-property and property copyrights under current Ukrainian legislation are clarified. It is stated that intellectual property rights may be transferred from one person to another, and therefore they may be the subject of inheritance relations. The author emphasises that transfer of such rights by inheritance is one of the non-contractual ways of disposing of intellectual property rights. Based on the study conducted, the author finds out that, as a general rule, only proprietary copyrights are transferred to heirs by inheritance. Thus, the author has found out that the heirs may inherit the right to use a work, the exclusive right to allow or prohibit the use of a work, and the right to prevent unlawful use of a work. At the same time, it is proved that some non-property copyrights in a truncated form may also be inherited, but their scope and nature remain controversial in science. It is determined that the author’s heirs have the right to protect the author’s personal non-property rights, in particular, to counteract the distortion, misrepresentation or other alteration of the work, as well as any other encroachment on the work which may harm the author’s honour and reputation. It is also determined that in the event of the author’s death, the author’s heirs, interested parties, or a person authorised by the author may protect the inviolability of the work. In addition, the author analyses a number of specific copyrights which do not have provisions on inheritance in the legislation, and based on the opinions of scholars, draws conclusions about the possibility of their transfer by way of inheritance. Thus, the author identifies the problematic issues regarding the possibility of transferring the right to participate in the implementation of projects of works of architecture, urban planning, and landscape gardening by way of inheritance. The author also finds out that the right of access to a work of fine art, although it has a property content, cannot be inherited due to the close connection with the personality of the creator-author. The author proves that the right of imitation is inherited and is valid for the same term as property copyrights, but it cannot be alienated to other persons, either by the author or his/her heirs.

The concept and legal nature of personal non-property rights of the wife in the doctrine of family law

In the scientific article, the author conducted a scientific study of the concept and legal nature of personal non-property rights of spouses. On the basis of the conducted research, the author came to the conclusion that the personal non-property rights of spouses in the family law doctrine are considered as: subjective family rights, as those opportunities, those powers that are defined by family legislation or other sources of family law, arise in connection with state registration of marriage and can be exercised by the spouses or one of them as the bearer of these rights; how relations regarding personal non- property goods and interests of married persons are regulated by the norms of family law; complex – as subjective family rights and as legal relations that arise in connection with the realization of these rights; in the civil legal context, as a manifestation of personal non-property rights of spouses. The article also concluded that the characteristics of personal non-property rights of spouses as family rights are that they arise from the fact of involvement in family relations, as well as determination by family law or other sources of family law. Special features of personal non-property rights precisely as the rights of spouses are their intangible, long-term nature, their existence as long as a woman or a man has the legal status of a spouse, that is, during the existence of a marriage; inalienability; the basis for their occurrence is the state registration of marriage, termination - its termination; the fact of joint or separate residence, as well as the fact that the spouses establish a regime of separate residence of the spouses, do not cause a change or termination of the specified rights, but may lead to changes in the procedure for exercising these rights by one of the spouses; their carriers are only spouses; the exercise of these rights is possible subject to agreement with the other spouse and taking into account the interests of the family as a whole; connection with customs, traditions, moral norms; their inexhaustibility by those rights defined in family legislation; the rights of one spouse correspond to the obligation of the other to refrain from violating them (they are relative in nature).

The Image and Appearance of a Citizen as Objects of Civil Rights: The Relationship of Concepts

Introduction: the scientific paper solves the problem of the correlation of categories of appearance and image of a citizen as objects of civil rights. The author has established the interrelation and interdependence of the appearance and image of a citizen, as well as the identity and features of these intangible benefits, which are objects of relevant personal non-property rights, allowing solving the problem of establishing the legal regime of these objects. The analysis of the positions of representatives of the scientific community on the assessment of the independent legal nature of the image of a citizen in the context of its relationship with the appearance is carried out. It is stated that there is no unified approach to assessing the relationship between the right to image and the right to appearance; there is no unified approach to determining the object mediating these personal non-property rights. The purpose of the work is to solve the problem of the correlation of the legal categories of appearance and image as objects of civil rights by identifying the criteria for their differentiation, substantiating their independent nature based on the established features. Methods: the purpose of the study has determined the use of the dialectical method of scientific cognition in the analysis of the problem of interest, in its entirety using the methods of analysis and synthesis. Results: based on the studied scientific positions, as well as the provisions of the legislation, the different legal nature of the categories of appearance and image as objects of civil rights is established. The criteria allowing distinguishing the specified objects are revealed. The results of the study will serve as a basis for further doctrinal research of these related phenomena of private law science. Conclusions: based on the revealed differences, it is justified that appearance and image are different objects of civil rights. The citizen’s right to the inviolability of the image and the right to appearance are not in a relationship of subordination, and one right does not condition the other, and these rights have an independent legal nature from each other, which is expressed in the special objects of legal protection, the specifics of the focus of protection of these rights and various legal regimes for the protection of these rights. The concept of the image of a citizen as an object of civil rights is formulated.

Law enforcement function of the state in the field of intellectual property protection

In the conditions of innovative development of economic relations, the role of the law enforcement function of the state is increasing, which requires its authorised bodies and officials to ensure the guaranteed rights of citizens to protect their property and personal non-property rights in the field of intellectual property according to the Constitution and laws of Ukraine. This problematic issue remains relevant for the majority of intellectual property rights holders. The purpose of the study is to reveal the peculiarities of the law enforcement function of the state in ensuring the protection of certain objects of intellectual property. The methodological basis of the research consists of a set of general scientific and special methods and techniques of scientific cognition, including philosophical, metaphysical, deductive and inductive methods, methods of abstraction, modelling, and forecasting, which in combination helped to achieve the set goal. Based on the analysis of a significant number of regulatory legal acts and scientific opinions, research on the law enforcement function of the state in the field of intellectual property, which covers a wide range of private and public interests, has been conducted. The implementation of these constitutional provisions lies in creating proper and effective economic conditions for attracting investments in innovative product creation, and in case of their violation, the state, through its authorised bodies, is obliged to ensure the protection of violated rights. Attention is drawn to the specifics of the main law enforcement functions of the state, which provide for the creation of necessary conditions and stimulation of authors (creators) to obtain the result of creative activity, promote the free use (circulation) of the results of intellectual activity, protection of violated or contested intellectual property rights. It is emphasised that national legislation contains a list of actions that constitute a violation of intellectual property rights, which provide grounds for administrative or judicial protection. Existing gaps in legal protection of intellectual property are analysed. Attention is paid to the state of legislative reflection of the interests of participants in relations in the field of artificial intelligence, determination of the grounds and consequences of legal regulation in the European Union and Ukraine. The results of the work can be used by lawyers as well as by officials of state bodies ensuring the law enforcement function of the state in the researched sphere of relations

Aggressive parenting: social, medical and legal aspects.

Aim: To examine the impacts of aggressive parenting on physical, mental and emotional development; outcomes for society; possible ways of prevention of children' rights or health violation and responsibility of parents to optimize well-being of children. Materials and Methods: The analysis of scientific data has been conducted on the basis of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases in order to collect the existed results of researches about social and medical aspects of impact of aggressive parenting. The formal-legal method was used to interpret the provisions of legislation regarding the protection of personal non-property rights and responsibilities of parents and children. Conclusions: Aggressive parenting affects children of all ages and is associated with chronic stress and long-term negative impacts on physical development, cognitive and behavioral dysfunction, socioemotional difficulties, social and psychological dysfunction in adulthood. Aggressive parenting triggers a child' aggressive behavior which is considered as a predictor of adult's criminality. From a legal standpoint, aggressive parenting is a form of violation of the responsibility of parents to educate a child, which is an element of family legal relations regulated by the norms of the family law institution known as ≪Personal non-property rights and responsibilities of parents and children". The definition of aggressive parenting has been defined with its legal features and characteristics. Effective prevention methods should be directed to predict possible further parental violence, intervention programs to reduce outcomes of aggressive parenting and to improve the ways of responsibility in procedural and material aspects of law.

Judicial protection of personal non-property rights of military chaplains in Ukraine

Judicial protection of personal non-property rights of military chaplains in Ukraine

COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE REGULATION OF FAMILY AGREEMENTS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

The property and personal non-property rights and obligations of spouses occupy an important place in the legislation of all countries of the world, since the institution of family and marriage is an integral part of civil society and the basis of family legislation. At the same time, in the Russian Federation, within the framework of the contractual regime of spouses, there is a differentiation of property and personal non-property relations between spouses, whereas in a number of foreign legal systems, in particular in the Republic of Belarus, it is possible to mix these legal relations within the framework of one contract. In this article, the author will consider the specifics of the regulation of a marriage contract, an agreement on the division of marital property, an agreement on the payment of alimony and an agreement on children (an agreement on the procedure for exercising parental rights by a parent living separately from a child) under the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus.

КОМПЕНСАЦИЯ МОРАЛЬНОГО ВРЕДА КАК СПОСОБ ЗАЩИТЫ НАРУШЕННЫХ ЛИЧНЫХ НЕИМУЩЕСТВЕННЫХ ПРАВ И НЕМАТЕРИАЛЬНЫХ БЛАГ В ИНТЕРНЕТ-СРЕДЕ

The purpose of this article is to study the theoretical and legal aspects of compensation for moral damage as a mechanism for the prevention of offenses in the Internet environment. To achieve this goal, tasks such as the analysis of the content of the concept of «moral harm», the study of criteria for the systematization of personal non-property rights are set. The article uses modern methods of scientific cognition such as general scientific and private scientific research methods, which together made it possible to characterize compensation for moral damage as a mechanism for preventing offenses in the Internet environment.The results of the study include the formulation of scientific and practical proposals to improve the legal regulation of compensation for moral damage in the Internet environment in Russia, taking into account the established legal practice in foreign countries. The legal essence of moral damage as an evaluative concept and legal category is revealed in the fact that when determining the amount of the latter, judicial discretion is taken into account to the extent that it is allowed by Russian law, the model of civil procedure, the existing judicial system and established practice in courts. The article also touches upon the theoretical dilemma regarding the identification of a person in the digital space through the coverage of issues of the correctness of the use of personal data in the Internet environment. As a result, it is proposed to legislatively define the concept of «personal data» as «any information related to an identified individual or an individual who can be identified.» The analysis of the problem of tracking and recording the facts of offenses in the Internet environment, the problem of determining the amount and payment of compensation for moral damage caused in the Internet space is consistently given.The study is accompanied by conclusions arising from the analysis of the legislative regulation of compensation for moral damage caused on the Internet. As a result, the authors come to the conclusion that compensation for moral damage has certain features of manifestation on the Internet. Cases in this category have certain difficulties (the uncertainty of the defendant, the large volume of the information dissemination site, the defendant's ability to delete information, high costs for ensuring pre-trial fixation of evidence), which contributes to an increase in the marginal environment of the Internet environment. A proposal has been formulated on the need to catalog the amounts for causing moral suffering and provide the perpetrator with a wide margin of discretion, taking into account new approaches to determining the amount of compensation for moral harm on the Internet.

Digital image (digital copy of a person) in the system of objects of civil laws: experience of model legislation

The article analyses the provisions of the Model Law for the CIS member states «On Digital Rights» relating to the digital image (digital copy of a person), the rights to which are considered as personal non-property rights. In order to clarify the place of the digital image in the system of personal non-property rights, its distinctive features are characterized in comparison with the citizen’s right to an image. The content of the subjective right to a digital image is characterized. The normative basis of the study was formed by the model legislation for the CIS member states and the national legislation of the member states (in particular, the law of Belarus and Russia). Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the right to a digital image (digital copy of a person) can be considered as one of the manifestations of the citizen’s right to an image. The model law «On Digital Rights» allows to highlight the features that distinguish a digital image (digital copy of a person) from other forms of protected images (for example, works of fine art, photo and video recordings, etc.), but does not give grounds to consider it outside the existing mechanisms for ensuring the citizen’s right to an image. The author of the article concludes that the content of the right to a digital image (digital copy of a person) does not have any serious differences from the content of the citizen’s right to an image. This is manifested in the similarity in the subject composition, the order of use of the digital image and the image of a citizen, both during his life and after his death, the regulation of the emergence of these objects, the establishment of restrictions on the right of a citizen to a digital image and his own image, as well as the consequences of violation of these rights.

PROTECTION OF CHILDREN’S RIGHTS DURING IMPLEMENTATION OF GUARANTEES IN EXECUTIVE PROCEEDINGS: THEORETICAL AND LEGAL STUDY

The article delves into the theoretical and legal dimensions of safeguarding children’s rights within the framework of enforcement proceedings guarantees. It presents the guarantee system as comprising various elements, such as procedural oversight, appeals mechanisms against executor actions, measures for holding violators accountable, involvement of relevant professionals, and the normative regulation of rights and obligations for all participants. Through legislative analysis and practical examination, the article asserts that safeguarding children’s rights in enforcement proceedings unfolds in two primary facets: protection of property rights and protection of personal non-property rights. In the realm of property rights, emphasis is placed on securing child support payments from debtor parents to foster the child’s well-rounded development. Additionally, it addresses preventing the eviction of a minor from mortgaged housing in cases involving parents-mortgagors. For the protection of non-property rights, measures include child removal, establishment of visitation rights, and removal of obstacles to visitation. The article underscores the importance of sound reasoning and evidence when considering temporary child placement and ensures debtors receive copies of enforcement proceedings decisions during searches. It advocates for petitioning the court to amend or clarify visitation-related decisions. Special attention is given to the involvement of professionals such as doctors, teachers, and psychologists in enforcement proceedings to safeguard minors’ rights, ensuring their mental and physical well-being and preventing potential abuse by involved parties