Personal Income Research Articles

Taxpayer response to greater progressivity: evidence from personal income tax reform in Uganda

Taxpayer response to greater progressivity: evidence from personal income tax reform in Uganda

Directions for the development of socially oriented taxation of income of Russians

Personal income tax (hereinafter referred to as PIT), in interaction with other instruments, can have a significant impact on the implementation of social goals aimed at improving the quality of life of Russians, reducing poverty, overcoming monetary inequality, and supporting low-income citizens, including families with children. The article is aimed at studying the theoretical and practical aspects of taxation of personal income regulated by Chapter 23 of the Russian Tax Code. It reveals the significant role of the PIT due to its revenue potential for the budget system of the Russian Federation and its regulatory impact on socio-economic processes in conditions of geopolitical tension, describes the current system of tax deductions, the need and directions for its improvement. The methodological basis of the study is founded on the analysis of scientific publications and open data of public authorities posted on their official websites. The analysis has been conducted using comparison methods, systemic logical and semantic analysis, synthesis of theoretical and practical material. The purpose of the study is to propose a gradual improvement of the mechanisms for providing standard and social tax deductions by increasing their sizes, introducing a subsistence minimum as a non-taxable income for all categories of payers, expanding the scope of application with consideration to the results of the ongoing socio-economic policy. The conclusions and generalisations of the study can be used when legislative and executive authorities and the scientific community develop proposals for improving the provisions of Chapter 23 of the Russian Tax Code, which will create a socially oriented domestic tax system.

Personal income in New Zealand at the current stage of economic development

Any socio-economic processes occurring in the country and world have an impact on the standard of living of the population. There are many indicators that determine the standard of living of citizens, among which we can highlight the income of people as the main component of their financial well-being. In a period of global political and economic upheavals, the relevance of the topic of human quality of life is beyond doubt. During the economic war organised by the West against Russia, the countries participating in this war are of interest. These include New Zealand, although it is clear that due to the distance from Russia and weak economic ties between the countries, there will be no significant mutual influence of the sanctions restrictions. The study has analysed the income of the population of New Zealand over the past 10 to 15 years, considering differentiation by various categories, such as geographical location, qualification, and source of income. The analysis has showed a certain increase in the income and, accordingly, in the standard of living of the country’s population in the period under review. An insignificant impact on this indicator of restrictive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic is revealed, however, with the certain social policy of the state, fluctuations in the income of citizens during this period were hardly noticeable. Their assessment by sources has reflected the significant share of small businesses in the country’s economy, which shows a high degree of liberalisation of the national economy of the state. The analysis of the citizens’ incomes by geographic regions has revealed a significant impact of urbanisation on the standard of living of the New Zealand’s population, which is a global trend.

Multiple Personal Income Taxes and Financial Well-Being of Employees in Tertiary Institutions

This study aimed to interrogate the relationship between multiple personal income taxes and public workers’ financial wellbeing. The paper therefore examined the relationships between pay as you earn, Bayelsa Health Insurance Scheme, Education Trust Funds and worker’s disposable income as proxies for objective financial wellbeing in (the public) tertiary institutions of Bayelsa State. The study adopted a quantitative design, and data were collected through the Salary Structure of teaching and non-teaching staff from Bayelsa State owned University of Africa and Niger Delta University in Nigeria. The data were analyzed by applying simple regression and correlation analysis. The findings revealed that there was a positive significant relationship between multiple personal income taxes and workers’ financial wellbeing in Bayelsa State tertiary institutions. However, at the entity level, the Bayelsa Health Insurance Scheme (BHIS) variable had a positive substantial impact on workers’ financial wellbeing; whilst, Pay as You Earn (PAYE) has a negative significant effect on workers’ financial wellbeing. Whereas Education Trust Funds (EDTF) variable had an inverse non-significant association with workers’ financial wellbeing in Bayelsa State. Therefore, we recommend a fair and equitable tax policy framework to sustain adequate pay for public servants and reduce employees’ turnover in the state.

Improving the budgetary policy of municipalities

The subject of the study is financial relations of municipalities in terms of income generation. The purpose of the article is to disclose and justify measures to increase fairness of the distribution of personal income tax by fixing the share of such a tax for the municipality in which the citizen lives but does not work. The research methods are general scientific (analysis, synthesis, deduction, classification, work with sources) and empirical ones (horizontal analysis). The article considers the problem of imbalance of local budgets caused by pendulum migration and, consequently, by outflow of income from municipalities. An information and software solution has been proposed to ensure the fair distribution of part of the personal income tax between municipalities by the place of residence and work of taxpayers. The logical model of the proposed solution and necessary changes in legislation for its implementation are described. The scope of application is the budget system of the Russian Federation, namely the spheres of municipal finance. Further research should be aimed at identifying additional reserves for strengthening the financial autonomy of municipalities. The expected results of the work include improving the financial situation of the population, optimising the budget system and leveling the level of development of municipalities. The importance of the proposed solution for balanced regional development and improving the quality of life of citizens is emphasised.

The impact of internet medical service on rural gender inequality in health opportunity: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe increasing popularity of Internet medical service may have alleviated the gender inequality in health opportunity faced by rural women. However, research to ascertain the association between Internet medical service and gender inequality in health opportunity is scarce. This study explored the impact of Internet medical service on gender inequality in health opportunity among rural women and the underlying mechanisms involved.MethodsA multistage stratified cross-sectional survey was conducted across six counties in three provinces in China, yielding 3,108 responses for a 97.13% response rate. The questionnaire was used to collect information on Internet healthcare use, health status, health behaviors, social activities and personal exercise, chronic disease status, and demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the participants. Based on Roemer's theory of equality of opportunity (EOP), we established a decomposition strategy for the fairness gap between genders, which we used for the measurement of the gender inequality in health opportunity Fixed effects models, propensity score matching (PSM), and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression were utilized to explore the impact of Internet medical service on rural gender inequality in health opportunity.ResultsOn average, rural women experienced a gender health fairness gap of 1.63. Internet medical service significantly mitigated this inequality (β = -0.0602, P = 0.0002), and this finding remained significant across propensity score matching (PSM) and LASSO regression analyses. Mechanistic analysis revealed that human capital positively moderates this effect (β = -0.0510, P < 0.01), while income (β = 0.0370, P < 0.001) and marital status (β = 0.2039, P < 0.001) have negative moderating effects.ConclusionsBy focusing on gender inequality in the digital era, this study highlights the mitigating role of Internet medical service on gender inequality in health opportunity in rural areas. This study proposes and validates the mechanisms through which Internet medical service alleviates gender inequality in health opportunity, suggesting that human capital amplifies this effect, while high personal income and marital status attenuate this effect. These findings contribute to understanding how the digital age can narrow gender health opportunity equality, providing support for future interventions aimed at promoting health equity and gender equality.

Information frictions and learning dynamics: evidence from tax bunching in Ecuador

AbstractWe examine how taxpayers learn to minimize personal income tax payments in the context of a rapidly formalizing economy with an expanding tax base. Initially, take‐up of possible generous tax deductions is low among taxpayers in Ecuador who start working in the formal sector. With increasing duration of employment, however, taxpayers become more likely to bunch at the tax exemption threshold using deductions. We exploit rich administrative data on the universe of taxpayers in Ecuador and an event study design to provide causal evidence on the learning mechanisms. We find that the spread of information is driven by the mobility of workers and tax preparers across firms.

Investing: The Concept and Classification of Schemes with Legal Significance

Introduction: the theme of investment and investing invisibly but tangibly accompanies a person in modern life. The desire to increase their funds is becoming an urgent need of the population. It is carried out through doing business as well as increasing the personal income of citizens. Investment opportunities in the economy as a whole, in relevant markets, and in people’s behavior are expanding. There is an interest in training in this field, and in this regard, the importance of knowledge of the theoretical foundations of investment activity at the level of the main groups of investors and the mechanism of investment in various forms of its implementation increases. The purpose of the paper is to study issues related to the concept of “investment,” the relationship between the concepts of “investment” and “investing,” the legal structures of investment, features of legal forms of investment and their differences from other similar forms of capital investment, investment as a transaction and a type of entrepreneurship, as well as investment schemes and their classification. Methods: the paper uses both the general scientific and specific scientific methods of scientific cognition, among which there are: systematic, dialectical, structural and functional, etc. The methods of formal legal, comparative law and legal forecasting allow taking into account the specifics of the legal nature of the concepts under study, comparing homogeneous legal phenomena, and identifying prospects for the development of legal relations in dynamics. Results: the author considers the main economic and legislative concepts related to investment and investment activity. The features of investing in various market assets are identified and analyzed. The approaches to the analysis and management of the investment portfolio of stocks and bonds are being investigated. Two legal forms of investment have been studied: contractual investment and corporate investment. The author explores new and alternative forms of investment, the main economic and financial categories, factors determining the investment climate, ways to form a portfolio of stocks, bonds, and their management, derivative financial instruments, and explores classifications and investment schemes. Conclusions: it is concluded that an investment represents a certain amount of capital, and the process of their implementation is defined as investment activity (investing). It is proved that the legal structure of investment includes a wide range of rights, duties, and responsibilities of business entities, which includes, in addition to the norms of the civil legislation, the norms of various branches of law. It is revealed that the legal status of an investor is intermediate between a “business entity” and an ordinary “individual.” It is argued that in both legal forms of investment (contractual and corporate), the investor transfers the investment to the other party. In the case of a contractual investment, the investor transfers them to another party (the organizer), who uses them for the purpose specified in the contract (intended purpose). As for the corporate form, the investment is carried out, for example, in the authorized capital of a company, and the investor acquires the rights of a participant in this company. If contractual investment is based on the “classical norms” governing civil law contracts, then corporate investment has a number of features related to the regulation of corporate relations. Investment is classified into main groups, as well as long-term real investment, taking into account planning and accounting practices. From a practical standpoint and based on the current legislation, investment schemes are outlined.

A Study on Issues and Challenges Faced by the Street Vendors in Mysore City

Street trading is the oldest mode of trading form of retail business in the country, though it was considered illegal in independent India for six decades. In the year 2014, the parliament agreed to the Street Vendors Act (to protect livelihood to regulate street vending), this act legally enables providing a prosperous atmosphere. In the present day, many street vendors primarily work to raise income to provide basic needs like food for their family members and to pay the school fees of their children. This would become the source of income for unemployed persons, especially middle-aged women who have limited education. In this context, through objective model methodology studies, this study selected 110 street vendors of Mysuru city to know their socioeconomic status along with the challenges and problems faced by them. 38.18 % of vendors were illiterate, 58.18% belonged to backward classes, and 28% of vendors had 251 to 350 rupees of daily income. 48.18% of traders face low-income problems and 40.9% of traders face a low range of competition in the market. Likely 40% of people facing medium-level challenges related to the environment, and 36.36% were confronting intermediate-level social security challenges. Around 46.37% were encountering a medium level of issues from the local committees. The study shows that 42.73% of traders were confronted with low levels of market fluctuations in prices. Hence, it is significant that this study helps to solve the problems of street vendors.

Tax System Optimization: A Comparative Analysis Between Personal Income Tax and Corporate Income Tax in Indonesia

This study adopts a qualitative approach to analyze the comparison between Personal Income Tax (PPh) and Corporate Income Tax (PPh Corporate) in Indonesia. Through literature studies and observations, this study explores the tariff structure, tax relief, and tax compliance level of the two tax systems. The economic implications of the implementation of Income Tax and Corporate Income Tax on economic growth, investment, and income distribution were also discussed. The findings show that tax reform, as stated in the Law on Harmonization of Tax Regulations (UU HPP), has a significant impact in improving the effectiveness and fairness of the tax system. The results of this study provide in-depth insights into the importance of appropriate tax policies to support inclusive and sustainable economic growth in Indonesia.

Recuperation mechanism of direct taxation to control post covid economic contraction: India’s new tax reform with crypto tax

This study explores the impact of the progressive tax structure on income equality, emphasizing the significance of direct taxes in promoting economic and social equality. It also examines the challenges faced by the Indian government in meeting its revenue targets due to the decline in corporation tax and personal income tax revenues. The present study assesses the role of the newly implemented tax by the Indian Finance Ministry on capital gains from the sale or purchase of cryptocurrencies and its impact on economic growth. A qualitative approach has been adopted, utilizing secondary information sources for characterization and analysis. The study relies on Time Series Data from the Income Tax Department for the financial years 2000-01 to 2018-19 and global estimates of total tax revenues published by the International Centre for Tax and Development (ICTD). The findings indicate that the substantial decline in direct tax revenues necessitated a search for alternative sources of income. The separate taxation system for cryptocurrencies has legitimized digital assets and enabled the government to monitor transactions and capital gains. The introduction of the "Digital Rupee" aims to enhance the digital economy through efficient currency management. This research highlights the need for policymakers to develop a well-defined regulatory framework for cryptocurrency taxation. Clear regulations on cryptocurrency taxation and the "Digital Rupee" could help India boost its digital economy while ensuring better monitoring of crypto transactions and revenues.

ПОДАТКОВА СИСТЕМА УКРАЇНИ ТА КРАЇН ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ: ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АСПЕКТ

Introduction. The tax system is one of the main tools of economic policy, which allows to regulate financial flows, stimulate economic development and ensure the stability of public finances. Comparing the tax systems of Ukraine and the European Union countries is important for understanding the ways of integration and adaptation of the Ukrainian economy to European standards, especially considering Ukraine's intentions to join the EU. The purpose of the article. The goal of the research is to identify the peculiarities of the functioning of the tax system of Ukraine and the tax systems of the European Union and, on the basis of a comparative analysis, to identify their positive and negative characteristics. Methods. The research methodology involves the use of a comprehensive approach, which includes the analysis and systematization of sources of scientific and practical literature, regulatory and legal framework and analytical data. The research uses methods of comparative analysis to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the analyzed tax systems, a system approach to determine the conceptual basis of the functioning of the tax system of Ukraine and the EU countries, as well as a method of logical generalization to formulate conclusions. At the same time, the article uses a tabular method to visually present the research results. Results. The article defines the necessity of researching the tax systems of the countries of the European Union and the tax system of Ukraine. It was found that the level of taxation in Ukraine corresponds to the average European indicators. An analysis of rates for value added tax, personal income tax, and income tax in Ukraine and in such countries of the European Union as Germany, Spain, Italy, France, Poland and others was carried out. The analysis showed that Ukraine currently has one of the lowest tax rates for the three main taxes among the European countries under review. It has been proven that there is no ideal taxation system. The main advantages and disadvantages of the investigated tax systems are determined. Conclusions. The importance of forming an optimal taxation system in Ukraine as a key element of the socio-economic development of the country in the conditions of military aggression is proven. The main imperatives for the development of the tax system of Ukraine in the conditions of European integration processes are proposed.

Empowering Women through Sericulture: Transforming Defective Cocoons into Opportunities

In South Asia, particularly India, women face significant challenges stemming from gender discrimination, poverty, and caste-based inequalities. Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have emerged as a pivotal approach to women's empowerment, promoting both economic independence and social awareness. This review paper explores the role of sericulture, specifically the crafting of handicrafts from silk cocoons, as a means of enhancing women's livelihoods in rural areas. By utilizing cut and pierced cocoons, artisans can create a diverse array of decorative and functional products, contributing to both personal income and community development. This innovative use of by- products in handicrafts not only fosters creativity but also promotes self-employment, allowing marginalized women to gain economic agency. Moreover, engaging in cocoon crafting serves as a therapeutic activity, improving mental well-being and providing a sense of purpose. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating bio-crafts into the broader sericulture industry. This integration not only enhances sustainability by making use of waste materials but also provides a reliable income stream for women and their families. The potential for value addition through skilled craftsmanship transforms what would otherwise be discarded into valuable products, contributing to the local economy. Ultimately, these initiatives improve women's economic status and contribute to their social empowerment, offering a multifaceted solution to entrenched gender inequalities in South Asia. By equipping women with skills and resources, fostering community support, and promoting environmentally sustainable practices, the crafting of silk cocoon handicrafts exemplifies a holistic approach to addressing the challenges faced by women in rural areas. Through this innovative model, women can achieve greater independence, enhance their social standing, and participate actively in their communities, paving the way for a more equitable and empowered society.

Changes in price, income and e-cigarette affordability for young people in the USA from 2015 to 2021

BackgroundE-cigarette products are the most popular tobacco/nicotine product used among youth and young adults in the USA. While emerging research has shown that e-cigarette taxes increase their price, no study to date has examined e-cigarette tax burdens nor their affordability for youth and young adults.MethodsUsing real (2021 US dollars) prices per mL of e-liquid data from NielsenIQ and annual real (2021 US dollars) personal income data from Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, we calculate relative income prices and examine average annual percentage changes in affordability using Joinpoint trend analysis from 2015 to 2021. In addition, we use tax data to calculate e-cigarette tax burdens as a percentage of price per 1 mL of e-liquid.ResultsIn all states analysed, tax burdens increased from 2015 to 2021. E-cigarette prices decreased considerably from 2019 to 2021; in 2021 the real (2021 US dollars) average price of 1 mL of e-liquid was US$4.45. E-cigarettes on average became more affordable for all age groups and states; however, e-cigarettes tended to be less affordable in states with ad-valorem tax structures. On average, 16–17-year-olds needed 31% of their annual income to purchase 100 mL of e-liquid, whereas 18–19-year-olds, 20–24-year-olds and 25–34-year-olds needed 9%, 3% and 1%, respectively.ConclusionsE-cigarettes have become more affordable for young people, but less so in states with ad-valorem tax structures. Policy efforts should focus on reducing e-cigarette affordability, especially for youth, through tax-induced increases in e-cigarette prices to levels high enough to outpace income growth.

Implications for Paleontological Heritage Conservation: The Spatial Distribution and Potential Factors Controlling the Location of Fossil Sites of Shandong Province in China

Shandong Province in China is rich in paleontological fossils and has a long history of fossil research. However, research on the distribution characteristics and potential factors of discovered fossil sites in Shandong Province is limited and insufficient, making it difficult to comprehensively plan for the protection and utilization of fossil sites in Shandong Province. The study constructs a basic geographical information system (GIS) database with 133 discovered fossil sites and geological and socio-economic data of Shandong Province and studies fossil sites’ spatial distribution characteristics and the spatial relationship with potential factors at a regional scale. The results are as follows: (1) The fossil sites in Shandong Province are concentrated in the mountainous area of central Shandong and the hilly area of the Shandong Peninsula, with significant uneven distribution characteristics, including two agglomeration areas and seven sub-agglomeration areas. (2) Natural geographical conditions, such as topography, paleogeography, and stratigraphy, play a positive role in the distribution of fossil sites, and there are apparent concentrations in the following areas: at an altitude greater than 100 m; the Lower Paleozoic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks; and the active areas of paleo-tectonics. (3) A certain degree of negative correlation exists between socio-economic conditions, such as roads and population density, and the number of fossil sites, and a positive correlation exists between disposable personal income and those fossil sites. The operational procedure presented here is a simple, objective, applicable method that can enhance our understanding of the spatial distribution patterns and influencing factors of the discovered fossil sites of Shandong Province and support more effective and appropriate planning for paleontological heritage conservation.

Standard deduction for children for personal income tax: innovations in 2025

The study considers amendments to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation that change aspects of the provision of a standard tax deduction for children when calculating personal income tax, which applies to all organizations (including medical ones) that attract employees or persons under civil law contracts. An analysis of innovations in 2025 in this area was carried out — an increase in the size of the deduction for the second and subsequent children, an increase in the level of marginal income, if exceeded, the deduction will not be provided. It is noted that innovations are introduced not only in terms of the size of the deduction and limit limits when it is provided, but also in the part concerning the procedure for its provision — if a written statement of the taxpayer was previously required, then from 2025 the deduction will be provided without it if the tax agent has information about the dependent children of the taxpayer — for this, the employee provides one-time documents confirming the right to this deduction. Examples of calculating the size of the standard tax deduction for children according to the old and new rules are given.

Progressive Personal Income Tax Rate: innovations 2025

The study considers changes made to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, which significantly change the tax rates on personal income tax. The study examined the specifics of applying progressive tax rates to the income of employees and individuals attracted by medical organizations under civil law contracts — residents of personal income tax. An analysis of innovations in 2025 in this area was carried out — it was noted that there was a significant expansion of the range of tax rates, which led to an increase in the tax burden of highly paid categories of employees. it is emphasized that the maximum tax rate (22%) will not lead to a significant decrease in motivation for the continuation of the activities of individuals with high incomes. Examples of personal income tax calculation are given when applying the taxation scales in force in 2024 and coming into force in 2025.

Association between land use features and changes in walking patterns from pre-pandemic to post-pandemic: A case study of city of Sydney (2013–2023)

While the impact of the pandemic on active mobility patterns is widely studied in several cities, the underlying characteristics that describe the heterogeneity in changes in active mobility are less understood. This is particularly important for post-pandemic active mobility planning. This study aims to investigate and describe the association between urban population and land-use features, as well as changes in the spatio-temporal patterns of walking from pre-pandemic to post-pandemic through a case study of the city of Sydney, Australia, using 11 years of pedestrian count data from 2013 to 2023. The findings indicate that during the pandemic, the average daily pedestrian traffic in Sydney decreased significantly compared to the pre-pandemic period. However, since experiencing the lowest pedestrian traffic in 2020, activities in the study area have shown signs of partial recovery, with a 51% increase observed in 2023. The observed changes in pedestrian activities are, however, spatially heterogeneous. Modeling results reveal that areas with greater commercial land use, more points of interest (POIs), higher population density, and higher network connectivity experienced a significant negative change in the number of walking trips from the pre-pandemic to the pandemic period. Areas with higher percentages of educational and residential use and with higher personal income experienced smaller changes in pedestrian activities during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period. During the post-pandemic recovery, the influential features remain mostly unchanged; however, the association direction is the opposite.

COMPARISON OF QUALITY OF LIFE ACCORDING TO SOME DEMOGRAPHICS VARIABLES

The aim of this study is to determine how the quality of life of individuals changes according to demographic variables such as gender, marital status, age, personal income, family income, education, place of work, current employment status, with whom they live at home, the number of people living in the house, the number of rooms in the house where they live, the ownership status of the house, the presence of the room belonging to the individual in the living house, paying hire for home. The research is descriptive research, and all individuals with or without physical health constitute the main body of the research. Research data is collected by electronic questionnaires. In the study, the random sampling method and the Quality-of-Life Scale (QoLS) developed by Ardahan (2020) were used as data collection tools. The sample size consists of 689 individuals (Xage = 39.80 ± 1.67). In the evaluation of the data, besides descriptive statistics, Independent-Samples T Test, ANOVA test and LSD test were used to determine between which groups the difference was. The results were questioned at the significance level of 0.01 and 0.05. According to the research findings, QoLS is a multidimensional concept and the sub-dimensions of it; When Family Relationship, Perceived Income Level, Physical Health, Work/School Life, Feeling Safe, Social Pressure, Time Allocation, Neighborhood Relationship, Satisfaction with the Living Environment, Satisfaction with the Social Environment, Perceived Environmental Safety, Finding Sufficient Home, Being a Volunteer, Spiritual Life, Satisfaction with Education, Having Tools/Equipment and Well- Being were compared by gender, marital status, age, personal and family income, education, place of work, current employment status, who lives in the house, the number of people living in the house, the number of rooms in the house where the house is lived, the ownership status of the house where the house is lived, the presence of a room belonging to the individual in the living house, and the situation of renting the house in which they live have effect on each sub dimension of QoLS and show different statistically significant differences in sub-dimensions.&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/soc/0799/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Exploring the Effects of High National Debt on Household Consumption and Foreign Direct Investments

As nations grapple with the challenges posed by increasing debt burdens, finding out the intricacies between macroeconomic indicators would give insights into how household consumption and foreign investments are affected by the high national debt level, and how they move along with the identified variables such as tax revenues and economic health of the country. The goal of this paper is to focus on the implications of high external debt for macroeconomic variables and find out the variables’ effects in the short term and the long term by using a quantitative approach or method. The researchers intend to find out if the household consumption expenditure is influenced by high national debt, tax revenues, total economic health, and foreign investments, or otherwise, finding out as well if the foreign investments are influenced by high national debt, tax revenues, total economic health, and household consumption expenditure or not. The paper also has its constraints given that related literature is limited in terms of the immediate relationship of the variables that the researchers want to study. With the knowledge that high national debt would have a toll on the country’s economic performance or the gross domestic product (GDP), there is the perception of high debt having an impact on household consumption or consumer spending that can alter the living conditions or reduce incomes of the people, given that the government would need to look for ways in order to pay off high debt by resorting to collecting more taxes. An impending increase in tax rates would eat up a portion of personal income that can in turn affect their ability to consume. High tax rates can also discourage foreign direct investments (FDIs) into the country, as this factor can also contribute to decisions to investments since other countries might offer a more competitive tax package. Aside from this, with the perception that a country can be on the brink of debt overheating due to high national debt, foreign investors would hesitate to come in due to the idea that the economy is struggling, a bad precedent for doing business. High amounts of public debt can restrict the government's options for fiscal policy during recessions, which lessens the government's ability to help the economy recover and push forward. As debts increase, the growing perception that this would be contra beneficial to the living conditions of people despite the everyday grind could affect consumption behavior and future expectations on price and policy directions, further affecting the country’s overall economic health. While fiscal policies are strong indicators of government revenue raising and spending directions and actions, tax collection or revenues are necessarily integral as a key variable influencing a country’s capacity to pay that can also limit potentials of incurring a high national debt level. With good tax collection practices and tax policies, as a key source of revenues to help pay off the country’s debt, other factors such as monetary policy are also important. Monetary policy control is needed because rising interest rates can make it more expensive to borrow to cover basic household needs and other forms of financial needs, such as mortgages and other financial obligations. This could limit disposable income and reduce consumer spending. Moreover, related hazards that impact general consumption behavior include the depreciation of the currency and price rises that lead to inflation, which could exacerbate the living conditions of the people. These might lower families' purchasing power. Therefore, the effects of large public debt on investments and budgets emphasize the necessity of sound fiscal management and policy use to reduce any potential negative effects. The research examines the dynamics of macroeconomic aggregates in the context of the nation's high levels of national debt, tax revenue, household spending, and foreign investments. Among the objectives are trend analyses of significant variables such as GDP, tax revenues, foreign direct investment (FDI), household consumption, and national government debt. Another study objective is to comprehend the relationship between tax income, state debt, household expenditure, and foreign direct investments. Its goal is to determine whether the country's growing debt affects household consumption and investments. The study utilizes the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration technique to examine the links between GDP, tax collections, foreign investments, household consumption, and national debt. In conclusion, the analysis' result regarding the influence of total national debt, overall economic health, and foreign investment on the household's final consumption expenditure (HCFE) is largely evident in both the short run and long run. The ARDL is a flexible model that allows analysis at level and first differences. Different lag lengths may also be used in the model having different variables.