Personal Disorganization Research Articles

Work addiction and personality organization: Results from a representative, three-wave longitudinal study

Background: Several studies have explored the relationship between personality and work addiction, suggesting that individuals with certain mental disorders, including personality disorders such as obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), may be more prone to work addiction. However, the characterization of personality organization (PO) among workaholics and its contribution to the persistence of work addiction remains unclear. Methods: In this longitudinal study of a representative sample of young adults (N = 1748), we applied the Bergen Work Addiction Scale and the Inventory of Personality Organization. Results: We found significant correlations between work addiction and identity diffusion, primitive psychological defenses, reality testing, and overall personality disorganization across three waves. A latent class growth analysis revealed three profiles: no work addiction, increasing work addiction, and constant moderate work addiction. Multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that higher levels of personality disorganization in wave 1 and increases in personality disorganization between waves 1 and 3 were associated with higher odds of belonging to the increasing work addiction group. Similarly, higher overall personality disorganization in wave 1 was associated with higher odds of belonging to the constant moderate work addiction group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that individuals with chronic work addiction have lower levels of PO, and PO declines as work addiction persists. Screenings for work addiction are recommended to prevent potential mental health issues. Future research should explore the influence of workplace characteristics and work motivations on the association between work addiction and personality disorders.

The Inventory of Personality Organization: A valid instrument to detect the severity of personality dysfunction.

In the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), the severity of personality dysfunction became the central dimension of personality disorder's (PDs) definition, besides the trait domain qualifiers. Personality functioning, also known as personality organization (PO), is becoming an increasingly important concept in administering, predicting, and measuring severity and nature of personality disturbance. Otto Kernberg and his team developed several tools to measure personality impairment. The Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO) is a self-report rating scale for the measurement of PO. Aim of this study was to identify severity groups according to the level of PO and to explore their validity. A clinical sample of 118 patients was recruited from a 4-weeks in-patient cognitive psychotherapy program. Beside the IPO, Structured Clinical Interview for the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (DSM-IV.) Axis I and II, Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory and Dissociative Experience scale (DES). Two types of analyses were conducted: a person-centered (latent profile) analysis and various variable-centered tests to confirm the factor structure of IPO and calculate group differences. The three-factor (CFI = 0.990, TLI = 0.990, RMSEA = 0.022, SRMR = 0.089) and the five-factor (CFI = 0.995, TLI = 0.995, RMSEA = 0.014, SRMR = 0.090) models of the IPO was supported. Latent class analysis identified three subgroups of PO: "Well-integrated," "Moderately integrated," and "Disintegrated" classes. There were no significant differences between the three classes in the number of Axis 1 diagnoses (p = 0.354; η2 = 0.01). Group differences in the number of PDs, the number of PD symptoms as well as in the presence of borderline and depressive PD were significant (all p < 0.001; V = 0.35-0.42; η2 = 0.15-0.26). Persons with more severe PO problem level had higher rates of psychopathological symptoms, state and trait anger, and dissociative characteristics (all p < 0.001; η2 = 0.13-0.36). The IPO can be an appropriate instrument to measure the severity of personality disorganization and to classify participants along a continuum of severity in this regard. Our results present further evidence that the severity of personality dysfunction, the central dimension of the ICD-11 and the Alternative Model for PDs is detectable with an instrument, the IPO, that was initially developed to detect the disturbances in PO.

ОЦЕНКА КЛИНИЧЕСКОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ЧЕТЫРЕХ ШКАЛ МОДИФИЦИРОВАННОГО ВАРИАНТА ОПРОСНИКА НЕВРОТИЧЕСКИХ РАССТРОЙСТВ

The neurotic disorders questionnaire was originally created on the basis of the classical test theory and does not meet the requirements of modern psychometrics. Within the framework of our research, this technique has been modified and consists of 13 scales, the psychometric analysis of which included all the technical stages of iterative analysis and scale modeling based on the Rush metric system. This article presents the results of clinical validation of four of them. Purpose of the study. To assess the clinical effectiveness of the scales of coping deficit, anankasticity, the scale of impulsivity and addictive reactions, as well as the scale of general personal disorganization of the modified version of the questionnaire of neurotic disorders. Material and methods. 296 people were examined. Among them, 167 are women and 129 are men. Statistical methods of the study are factor analysis of standardized residuals, ROC analysis, correlation analysis. Results: The studied scales are homogeneous in their structure. Using the ROC-analysis, high and moderate differentiating properties of the scales were revealed, cutoff values were calculated, which were the criteria for interpretation. Correlation analysis of the total indicator revealed statistically significant correlations between the studied scales and the MMPI scores, the QIDS-SR16 questionnaire, and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HADS). Conclusions: The scales of coping deficit, anankasticity, the scale of impulsivity and addictive reactions, as well as the scale of general personal disorganization of the modified version of the neurotic disorders questionnaire are clinically valid and can be used to solve various practical problems.

ПРЕДИКТОРЫ ФАББИНГА В СТРУКТУРЕ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ КОММУНИКАЦИЙ

Objective of the study is due to the need to identify risk factors that complicate the system of social communications as a whole. In the complex of such factors, the leading role belongs to the attractiveness of the virtual environment, which allows you to make and maintain contacts at a distance, promotes the expansion of the circle of acquaintances and anonymity of communication, the formation of a virtual personality with any desired characteristics, the ability to try on any roles and implement them in the process of communication. Subjective factors are also important as the reasons for fabbing. In such cases, we are talking about a complex of personal characteristics that determine the structure of the communication characteristics of a particular person. The main reasons for fabbing are the focus on virtual reality, the anxiety factor and personal disorganization. The methodological basis of the study is the general theory of social communication, taking into account the behavioral approach in the assessment of fabbing (V. Chotpitayasunondh, K.&nbsp;Douglas, J.&nbsp;A. Finkel, D.&nbsp;J. Kruger), as well as the principles of regulation of fabbing’s&nbsp; structural models in interpersonal communication (A. Guazzini, M. Duradoni, A. Capelli, P. Meringolo, M. Beranuy, U. Oberst, X. Carbonell, A. Chamarro, K. Kircaburun and others). Research results. Fabbing is a complex social and communicative phenomenon that is caused by a combination of subjective and objective factors. The attractiveness of virtual reality for a modern person contributes to the manifestation of fabbing. The main predictors of fabbing are orientation to virtual reality, anxiety and personal disorganization of the subject. The prospects of the study suggest the development of measures to prevent fabbing by psychological and pedagogical means and with the help of social learning technologies.

Фавелы, геджеконду, «нахаловки»: сквоттерские поселения в городах развивающихся и постсоветских стран

Николай Иванович Карбаинов – научный сотрудник, Социологический институт ФНИСЦ РАН. Адрес: 190005, Санкт-Петербург, ул. 7-я Красноармейская, д. 25/14. E-mail: nkarbainov@gmail.com&#x0D; Цитирование: Карбаинов Н.И. (2018) Фавелы, геджеконду, «нахаловки»: сквоттерские поселения в городах развивающихся и постсоветских стран // Мир России. Т. 27. № 1. С. 135–158. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2018-27-1-135-158&#x0D; &#x0D; В данной статье проанализированы ключевые концепции и темы исследований по проблеме сквоттерских поселений в городах развивающихся и постсоветских стран (в том числе в российских городах). По результатам анализа литературы выделены три этапа в изучении сквоттерских поселений в развивающихся странах: (1) 1950-е – первая половина 1960-х гг. – период господства теорий модернизации; (2) вторая половина 1960-х – 1970-е гг. – период «демифологизации» и романтизации сквоттерских поселений; (3) 1980-е гг. – по настоящее время – период концептуального плюрализма. Исследования в сквоттерских поселениях в постсоветских городах стали проводится только с 1990-х гг., но, несмотря на это обстоятельство, по своим используемым концепциям, результатам и выводам они вполне сопоставимы с исследованиями, проводимыми в развивающихся странах. В статье выделены четыре ключевые темы в исследованиях постсоветских неформальных поселений: (1) стратегии обретения недвижимости в самовольных поселениях; (2) проблема взаимоотношений жителей неформальных поселений с коренными горожанами; (3) стратегии социально-экономической адаптации мигрантов, проживающих в сквоттерских поселениях; (4) отношения жителей неформальных поселений с государственными институтами и другими политическими акторами.&#x0D;

Understanding the process of the disposition of a loved one’s possessions using a theoretical framework of grief

ABSTRACTThis paper aims to understand how people manage the mass of objects accumulated by a deceased relative. We argue that the practices in respect of the deceased’s possessions depend on the evolution of the relationship of the bereaved to the deceased. To understand this relationship, we draw on the concept of grief. Sixteen interviews with bereaved individuals show that management of the deceased’s accumulated belongings follows a process punctuated by four periods depending on the relationship between the bereaved and the deceased: numbness (confronting the absence of the deceased and paralysis with regard to his objects); yearning (looking for the lost person through his possessions by trying to maintain a link to them); personal disorganization (experiencing negative emotions toward the deceased, which may lead the bereaved to transgress personal values and throw things out); and finally reorganization/reconstruction (making the deceased “live” by forging another relationship to his possessions and revisiting the meaning of the consumption of products). These results allow us to enrich the understanding of the process of dispossession of non-transmitted items. They also show that clearing the house of a deceased relative leads the bereaved to consume less and/or in a different way (collaborative consumption).

Psychosis in parkinsonism: an unorthodox approach.

Psychosis in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is currently considered as the occurrence of hallucinations and delusions. The historical meaning of the term psychosis was, however, broader, encompassing a disorganization of both consciousness and personality, including behavior abnormalities, such as impulsive overactivity and catatonia, in complete definitions by the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Our review is aimed at reminding that complex psychotic symptoms, including impulsive overactivity and somatoform disorders (the last being a recent controversial entity in PD), were carefully described in postencephalitic parkinsonism (PEP), many decades before dopaminergic treatment era, and are now described in other parkinsonisms than PD. Eminent neuropsychiatrists of the past century speculated that studying psychosis in PEP might highlight its mechanisms in other conditions. Yet, functional assessments were unavailable at the time. Therefore, the second part of our article reviews the studies of neural correlates of psychosis in parkinsonisms, by taking into account both theories on the narrative functions of the default mode network (DMN) and hypotheses on DMN modulation.

Identidad, imagen y (des)cortesía en Cartagena de Indias (siglo XVII). Diálogos surgidos desde el enfrentamiento étnico

This article forms part of the historical interpersonal pragmatics. The data belong to the rites of interaction, both in reported speech and dialogue inserted in the proceedings of a trial held in the city of Cartagena de Indias, in the late seventeenth century, and connected with the rebellion of the runaway slaves. The main objective of this paper is to show how the activity of the image is a key element for the study of interaction in a context of social and ethnic conflict. This paper chooses the sociological perspective of balance between self and society. Individuals are integrated into social figurations, with race as a factor shaping these groups and determining the identity of “blacks” as outsiders and stigmatized. Social disorder causes the anomie of participants and personal disorganization and disruption of the integration of the actions of participants (Goffman, 1961, cited by Smith 2006, pp. 33-54). Two aspects highlight in the analysis of interpersonal relation through ‘dialogues’ within this particular historical and social context. The first aspect is the dynamic nature of the conceptualization of image and image activity, since the process of communication is “co-constituting” on face-to-face interaction based on the influence exerted by precedent and consequent exchanges between the interactors (Arundale, 1999, pp. 119-153). The second aspect shows how through the analysis of the dialogic tensions the strategies of (im)politeness are connected with the social image and this is linked, in turn, with the social identity.

Value-conflict among adolescents: A study on locale differences

Values are listed as motivational factors that determine an individual's lifestyle, while the conflict is part of human life which is inevitable to avoid. Value-conflicts lie at the very root of an individual's identity, they are extremely difficult to resolve and descalation of the conflicts become an essential need for the welfare of mankind because they hold the seed of personality disorganization and inversely related to adjustment. Conflict regarding intrapersonal and interpersonal value preference starts occurring from late childhood, while it becomes more prominent among adolescents as they are more prone to various types of conflict. The present research has made an attempt to study value preferences and value-conflict among college students of Ludhiana district. The sample included 200 rural and 200 urban college students (400), in age range of 18-20 years. Value-conflict scale developed by Bharadwaj (2001) was used to measure value-conflict among adolescents. Result revealed that there was no significant difference in overall value conflict among rural and urban adolescents while, dimension wise there was significant difference in evasion vs fortitude, dependence vs self reliance and pragmatism vs idealism. On the basis of mean, in most of the dimensions respondents were in value conflict. Rural respondents had value conflict with a tendency towards evasion, dependence, selfishness and pragmatism while, urban respondents had value conflict with a tendency towards fortitude, self reliance, selfishness and fear. In hate vs love both rural and urban respondents had love value probability, in fear vs assertion rural respondents had fear value probability and in pragmatism and idealism urban respondents had pragmatism value probability.

The use of alcohol in the population of adolescents and young adults

In this paper the author dealt with the presentation of the international and national research studies findings on the use of alcohol among young people. She pays a special attention to the knowledge of the micro-and macro-social factors that increase the risk of (mis)use of alcohol among young people. The majority of studies, almost without exception, indicate that social and personal disorganization has a direct causal effect, or enhancing factors in the development of various forms of risky behavior, including alcoholism. On the other hand, it appeared that the global use of alcohol among adolescents growing. This opened up a whole range of issues, of which two are particularly important: the price that society devotes to repair the personal consequences of (mis)use of alcohol, and, with this aspect closely related primary and tertiary preventive strategies. Finally, in dealing with this issue, the author thought about the so called transitional social context in which our young people grow up as a potential risk, and prevention strategies that are available to us.

Novel Carriers for Controlled Site Specific Delivery of Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Acute and chronic inflammation associated with pain may result in diseases and disorders such as hay fever, atherosclerosis, discrepancy in blood pressure, mental despair, and personality disorganization, if it is not given treatment at the beginning itself. Most anti-inflammatory drugs employed for pain relief intention for long term display extensive adverse reports such as creating renal side effects, gastrointestinal side effects, gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation etc. and few further side effects such as hypersensitivity reactions and distinct salicylate intoxication. Targeting drugs to the inflamed region, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteo-arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and other chronic musculoskeletal conditions would reduce the amount of drug required to control the disease, with possible additional reduction or even elimination of adverse side effects. Novel drug carrier systems are playing an important role in targeting anti-inflammatory drugs to inflamed region. Carriers like liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticles and dendrimer, etc. have shown potential to supplement sustained drug delivery, extended duration of action with improved patient compliance. This review focuses on the current state of the art in the field of nanocarrier mediated controlled and site specific delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs. Keywords: Arthritis, dendrimers, inflammation, liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticles, nanocarriers, carbon nanotubes, pharmacokinetic, polymeric matrix, ERYTHROCYTES

Alaska Native Inmates: The Demographic Relationship Between Upbringing And Crime

The Alaska Native population, like many other minority populations, is disproportionately represented in the correctional system. Alaska Natives represent between 30% and 40% of the state’s inmate population at any given point in time. The disproportionate occurrence of social maladies, including criminal activity, in Native American populations has been partially attributed to cultural conflict that induces anomie, social disorganization, and personal disorganization. This article examines the existence of relationships between where inmates have been raised and the crimes they committed as adults and whether the effects and occurrence of cultural conflict varies according to the rural or urban nature of their upbringing. The results suggest that the effects of cultural conflict are most pronounced in rural Alaskan communities.

The dimensional symptom structure of schizophrenia and its association with temperament and character

Recent studies suggest that personality may influence symptom expression and social functioning in schizophrenia. This study investigated the relationships between personality and symptom dimensions in schizophrenia patients. Fifty-two schizophrenia patients and 25 five healthy subjects were assessed using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). The patients were also assessed for positive and negative symptoms using SAPS and SANS and scored according to Andreasen's (1995: Andreasen, N.C., Arndt, S., Alliger, R., Miller, D., Flaum, M. 1995. Symptoms of schizophrenia. Methods, meanings, and mechanisms. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 52, 341–351) classical three dimensional model and by the five dimensional model of Toomey et al. (1997: Toomey, R., Kremen, W.S., Simpson J.C., Samson, J.A., Seidman, L.J., Lyons, M.J., Faraone, S.V., Tsuang, M.T. 1997. Revisiting the factor structure for positive and negative symptoms: evidence from a large heterogeneous group of psychiatric patients. Am. J. Psychiatry, 154, 371–377). Comparisons between patients and controls revealed significant differences on various TCI scores consistent with a global disorganization of personality in schizophrenia involving both basic neurophysiological and potentially genetically determined traits (i.e. temperament) and developmental aspects of personality (i.e. character). Correlation analysis showed distinct associations between symptoms and personality dimensions. The results suggest that the negative and disorganized dimensions of schizophrenia are related temperamental factors, whereas the psychotic symptoms are more related to characterological abnormalities. The observed patterns of associations also underline the heterogeneity of the classical negative and positive dimensions of schizophrenia.

A practical way to diagnosis personality disorder: a proposal.

General criteria for the diagnosis of personality disorder are provided based on rating a few items describing four core features of personality disorder: (a) low Self-directedness, (b) low Cooperativeness, (c) low Affective Stability, and (d) low Self-transcendence. These core features correspond closely with the basic concept of personality disorder in DSM-IV and are based on specific items easy for clinicians to rate in a short time. Criteria are also provided for rating severity of personality disorganization and for subtyping based on a profile of three additional dimensions corresponding to core features of DSM-IV clusters A, B, and C. This approach should facilitate efficient screening in clinical practice, encourage an understanding of the development of comorbidity as a self-organizing process, and provide a theory-driven basis for therapeutic planning with drugs and psychotherapy.

Models of Medical Care for HIV-infected Drug Users

HIV-infected substance users present a variety of challenges to successful health care delivery. Difficulties in care arise from several issues including provider-patient mistrust, lack of education on the part of providers regarding issues related to addiction, and personal disorganization on the part of active users. Each of these issues affects patient adherence to medical regimens and access to care. Standard ambulatory medical settings may not effectively engage addicts in longitudinal comprehensive care. We present an overview and critique of models specifically designed to treat this population.

The Forensic Psychiatric Aspects of Schizophrenia

This review of the literature does seem to reveal an association between schizophrenia and a variety of antisocial behaviors that include violent crime, and even homicide, especially in North America. The literature consistently shows that since the 1950s, schizophrenics have been involved in crime and arrested more frequently than the general population, they are overrepresented in correctional settings, and they represent the majority of those found not guilty by reason of insanity. Many authors cite changes in mental health policies, particularly de-institutionalization, as one of the major causes of these phenomena. It is important to note that a history of prior arrests and of being male, poor, unskilled, uneducated, and unmarried are perhaps the best predictors of antisocial behaviors in the mentally ill and in the general population alike. Schizophrenic drift and increased family pathology in schizophrenic families, however, may predispose people suffering from schizophrenia to these demographic variables. Interestingly, these variables do not seem as relevant in the emergency room or inpatient wards where violence seems to be mainly affected by the severity of psychopathology, substance abuse, neurologic signs, and the environment within the mental health setting. The implications for the practice of psychiatry are diverse. Clearly clinicians in both hospitals and community mental health settings must have experience, training, and an awareness of the literature relating to the prevention, causes, and management of violence. It behooves us in the mental health field, having vociferously supported the community mental health movement, to assist police in the management of the mentally ill who are now in the community, perhaps by the use of mobile crisis intervention teams and by a considerably increased amount of effort and cooperation. Correctional services require urging to develop resources for identifying and tracking the mentally ill so as to be able to provide programs and continuity of care. Community mental health and criminal justice systems need to cooperate in planning the transition of mentally abnormal offenders from prisons into the community and then providing support and after-care for them. One exemplary program that has developed and benefited from the coordination and planning at the interministerial level is the Inter-ministerial Project (IMP) program in Vancouver. This program identified the people whose histories revealed repeated admissions to both correctional and mental health facilities, bouncing between one and the other. Using a case management approach with a limited caseload, clinicians were able to reduce the number of admissions to both types of facilities. This program should serve as a model for other jurisdictions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Computerized content analysis of natural language

The Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scales have been found to be a transculturally valid and reliable method of measuring the magnitude of a group of psychological states and traits from the content analysis of natural language, and as such these Scales have been found quite useful in medical and psychiatric research. Their use, however, requires time-consuming training of content analysis technicians to code scorable clauses at a correlation level of at least 0.80 with experts. A review of research aimed at the development of computer software, based on LISP, to score typescripts of speech samples on the Gottschalk-Gleser Scales has shown that such computerization is feasible and efficient for the Anxiety and Hostility Scales. The Cognitive Impairment and Social Alienation - Personal Disorganization Scales, however, require more study and research.

Myths about male midlife crises.

Authors writing on the subject of the male midlife crisis offer reference signs of increased personal disorganization which are attributed to a crisis. Three of the more commonly referenced problem areas are alcoholism, divorce, and suicide. Analysis of the known data indicates there is no quantitative basis for these contentions. The incidence of heavy drinking, divorce, and suicide go down at midlife rather than increase.

Affect tolerance: A model of affect-response using catastrophe theory

Affect tolerance can be defined as the ability to respond to a stimulus which would ordinarily be expected to evoke affects by the subjective experiencing of feelings, rather than by an apparent non-reaction response or a discharge pattern of response such as impulsive behavior, somatic dysfunction, or personality disorganization. The purpose of this study is to enhance our understanding of affect tolerance by developing a model of affect-response. The literature suggests that affect tolerance is particularly influenced by three variables—the capacity to fantasize, the state of the inner container, and the capacity to verbalize affect. Examining the response, A, to an affect-evoking stimulus, S, we see that it has five characteristics: multiple states, sudden jumps, inaccessibility, hysteresis and divergence. And since the mental apparatus is not a static system but rather a dynamic system of forces interacting seeking equilibrium, we are naturally led to a consideration of catastrophe theory, a field designed to model discontinuous phenomena particularly in dynamic systems governed by a potential, for a model of affect-response. As an introduction, we examine first a greatly simplified version of the clinical situation using the cusp catastrophe model. Then we consider the richer, more complex butterfly catastrophe model. This model, given by the single formula A5 = LA3 + FA2 + CA + S, where L is the degree of impairment of the capacity to verbalize affect, F is the capacity to fantasize, and C is the degree of impairment of the inner container, effectively models the affect-response phenomenon. It is consistent with clinical data, provides us with a coherent synthesis of disparate clinical material, and appears to have predictive power as well. Some implications for research, psychoanalytic theory and treatment are discussed.

Anorexia nervosa and personality type: A preliminary report

The study described is an exploratory investigation of personality disorders and level of personality disorganization of a small sample of patients with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa based on DSM-III criteria. The focus is on the question of homogeneity or heterogeneity of personality among the subjects. The subjects were six female inpatients aged 13-19 in a hospital eating disorders program, chosen sequentially from admissions during a five month period. Measures used were: 1) Psychiatric and Social History forms, 2) Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines, 3) WAIS or WISC-R and 4) Rorschach. Each patient was also given an independent personality diagnosis. All measures were administered when patients were at “target” weight. Psychological test data were scored by two “blind” judges utilizing Johnston and Holzman's Thought Disorder Index. Results indicate that the patients manifest a variety of personality disorders and levels of personality organization. There are some indications that patients with a history of bingeing and vomiting are more likely than the others to meet criteria for borderline personality disorder and borderline level of personality organization.