Persimmon Peel Extract Research Articles

A novel edible packaging film based on chitosan incorporated with persimmon peel extract for the postharvest preservation of banana

Abstract This study aimed to develop a novel edible packaging film for the postharvest preservation of banana based on chitosan (CS) and persimmon peel extract (PPE). Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that PPE was evenly distributed in the CS matrix and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that CS and PPE interacted to form hydrogen bonds, demonstrating good compatibility. Simultaneously, the addition of PPE also significantly improved the physical properties and antioxidant activity of the CS film. Among them, the CS film containing 10% PPE (CS-PPE 10) showed the optimal mechanical properties, water vapor barrier properties and oxygen barrier properties. The CS film containing 15% PPE (CS-PPE 15) exhibited the best thermal stability, UV-Vis barrier properties and antioxidant activity. In the experiment on banana preservation, CS-PPE 10 film obtained optimal performance on decreasing senescence spots, weight loss, fruit softening, and cell wall degradation, inhibiting the activities of polyphenol oxidase and cell wall-degrading enzymes and maintaining the content of total soluble sugar and ascorbic acid during the storage period. Consequently, CS-PPE 10 film was expected to be a novel edible packaging material to maintain banana quality and prolong shelf life.

Application of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) peel extract in indigo dyeing as an eco-friendly alternative reductant

The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) peel extract as a reductant for indigo dyeing. Dried persimmon peel was water extracted and its sugar contents and functionalities were determined. Its reducing power was studied in terms of redox potential of the indigo bath and color strength (K/S value) of the ramie fabrics dyed in the indigo reduction bath. Total sugar content of the extract was 74.3%. Antioxidant capacity reached up to 86.0% at 3.5 μg/mL of the extract concentration. The persimmon peel extract had an effect on indigo reduction and the maximum color strength was obtained within one or two day. At 2–3% of the extract concentration, the redox potential of the indigo bath was maintained in the range of − 550 ~ − 600 mV for 10 days. With increase in the extract concentration, reduction state lasted for longer time and higher color strength was obtained. The persimmon peel extract can be used for indigo reduction dyeing as a sustainable, nontoxic, biodegradable alternative to sodium dithionite.

Changes in the Antioxidant Potential of Persimmon Peel Extracts Prepared by Different Extraction Methods

Background: Astringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. Kojongsi) peels are by-products of dried persimmons. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activities of Kojongsi persimmon peel (KPP) extracts prepared by 15 different extraction methods: 5 heating durations (0.5 - 2.5 h) at 3 heating temperatures (50, 70, and 90℃). Methods and Results: An increase in heating temperature increased the antioxidant effect of KPP extracts. Those prepared by heating at 1 h had the highest total phenol content, regardless of the heating temperature. In addition, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and cell-protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress were dependent on the total phenol contents of the extract. However, the KPP-induced increased in catalase expression was dependent on heating temperature and duration. Conclusions: These results suggest that extraction by heating at 90℃ for 1 h may enhance KPP’s antioxidant effects, which mainly involve non-enzymatic antioxidant systems.

Isolation and Identification of Myricitrin, an Antioxidant Flavonoid, from Daebong Persimmon Peel.

In this study, the antioxidant flavonoid, myricitrin, was isolated and identified from Daebong persimmon peel. The persimmon peel extract was successively fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The ethyl acetate fraction had the strongest antioxidant activities among the solvent fractions and was further fractionated by silica gel and octadecylsilane column chromatography, and preparative high performance liquid chromatography. Three antioxidant compounds were finally isolated, and compound 2 was identified as myricitrin by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Myricitrin had the strongest antioxidant activities by ferric ion reducing antioxidant power and α,α-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assays. These results suggested that myricitrin was found as a major antioxidant flavonoid responsible for the strong antioxidant activities of Daebong persimmon peels.

Deastringent Peel Extracts of Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. Cheongdo-Bansi) Protect Neuronal PC-12 and SH-SY5Y Cells against Oxidative Stress.

The peel of astringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. Cheongdo-Bansi) is a by-product of dried persimmon (gotgam). We investigated if deastringent peel extracts of persimmon cv. Cheongdo-Bansi had antioxidative and neuroprotective properties. Two different extracts were prepared: thermally and nonthermally treated persimmon peel extracts (TPE and NTPE, respectively). Both TPE and NTPE were fractionated sequentially in n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. The TPE and NTPE ethyl acetate fractions had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant capacities among all the fractions. Pretreatment of neuronal PC-12 and SH-SY5Y cells with the TPE and NTPE ethyl acetate fractions increased cell viability after exposure to oxidative stress. The ethyl acetate fraction of TPE attenuated oxidative stress inside both PC-12 and SH-SY5Y cells more effectively than that of NTPE. Furthermore, the TPE and NTPE ethyl acetate fractions inhibited acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Analysis of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry results revealed gallic acid, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-galactoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside-2'-O-gallate, and quercetin-3-O-glucoside as the major phenolics of the TPE and NTPE ethyl acetate fractions. Taken together, these results suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction of deastringent persimmon peel is rich in antioxidants and has potential as a functional food to reduce oxidative stress.

Hepatic fatty acid biosynthesis in KK-Ay mice is modulated by administration of persimmon peel extract: A DNA microarray study.

ScopePreviously, we showed that the intake of a persimmon peel (PP) extract altered hepatic gene expression associated with the insulin signaling pathway and enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptors in nonobese type 2 diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki rats. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of fat‐soluble PP extract on obese type 2 diabetic KK‐Ay mice with insulin resistance.Methods and results KK‐Ay mice were fed a diet mixed with 0.1% of the extract for 8 weeks. The total ketone body levels in the plasma of PP extract‐fed mice were significantly lower than those in the normal diet‐fed mice. Hepatic nonesterified palmitic acid content was higher in the PP extract‐fed mice than in normal diet‐fed mice. The hepatic gene expression profiles of the treated mice indicated upregulation of fatty acid synthesis and downregulation of inflammation‐associated genes, predicting SREBP‐1c and PPARγ activation.ConclusionThese results suggest that the PP extract enhances hepatic fatty acid synthesis via SREBP‐1c and PPARγ, as well as anti‐inflammatory activity in KK‐Ay mice.

Effect of Persimmon Peel (Diospyros kaki Thumb.) Extracts on Lipid and Protein Oxidation of Raw Ground Pork During Refrigerated Storage.

The inhibition effect of persimmon peel extracts (PPE) (0.05(PPE-0.05), 0.1(PPE-0.1), and 0.2 g(PPE-0.2) per meat sample) on lipid and protein oxidation of pork patties during chilled storage for 12 days were investigated and compared to ascorbic acid (As-0.05) and butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) (BHT-0.01). The meat samples treated with PPE had greater (p<0.05) a* values comparing control in raw pork patties meat from day 4 of storage. The addition of PPE at all concentrations on meat samples effectively inhibited the formation of oxidation products as shown by decreasing conjugated dienes (CD), peroxide values (POVs), thiobarbituric acid reaction substances (TBARS), and carbonyl content during chilled storage for 12 d. The PPE-0.2 and BHT-0.01 had the lowest in decrease rate of free thiol content (0.24 and 0.22 times) during chilled storage. Therefore, results of this study suggest that PPE can be considered a potential antioxidant against lipid and protein oxidation of raw meat products.

English

Persimmon ( Diospyros kaki Thunb.) fruit is delicious as well as rich in nutritive and medicinal values. The fruit is not available throughout the year and also could not be grown across the world but is liked in many countries. Many people have access only to the dried fruits. Therefore, the demand of quality dry fruit is very high. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of persimmon-peel extracts in maintaining the quality characteristics of dried persimmon. Different treatments applied to the dried fruit were assessed on the basis of physicochemical and organoleptic properties. The findings reveal that dried persimmon sprayed with 10% persimmon-peel extract exhibited the highest overall acceptance value with considerable nutritional and mineral composition as compared to other treatments. The results suggest that application of persimmon-peel extracts could rather be effective to enhance the overall acceptance of dried persimmon fruit together with maintaining its nutritional quality as compared to the commercially available synthetic preservatives. Keywords: Exogenous application, natural extract, nutritional composition, mineral composition, dried persimmon African Journal of Biotechnology , Vol 13(22) 2231-2239

Modulation of Oxidative Stress by Proanthocyanidin in H2O2-Exposed Human Diploid Fibroblast Cells

Proanthocyanidin (a persimmon-peel extract) is known to have potent antioxidative effects, but its protective action specifically against cellular damage has not been fully explored. In this work, we investigated the protective property of proanthocyanidin against cellular oxidative stress with an experimental model, H2O2-exposed human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs). To investigate the proposed underlying beneficial actions of proanthocyanidin as to cellular injury induced by H2O2, several major biochemical parameters were determined, including estimation of total reactive species (RS) generation, antioxidant enzyme activities, reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glulathione (GSSG) ratio, and mitochondrial membrane potential. The results indicate that proanthocyanidin reduced total RS generation while enhancing the activities of catalase and glutathione reductase and the GSH/GSSG ratio. Additionally, proanthocyanidin was found to protect against mitochondrial membrane damage in HDFs treated H2O2. Based on these results, we conclude that proanthocyanidin has strong protective effects against cellular damage to several key cellular functions by suppressing oxidative stress in H2O2-treated HDFs.

Persimmon peel extract attenuates PDGF-BB-induced human aortic smooth muscle cell migration and invasion through inhibition of c-Src activity

The unregulated migration and invasion of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) into the intima is a crucial step in the development of atherosclerosis. Recently, the oriental persimmon extract (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. Fuyu) has been investigated for its anti-atherogenic properties, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. We investigated the inhibitory effects of persimmon peel and flesh extract on the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) BB-induced MMP-1 expression using Western blot, and abnormal migration and invasion of HASMCs using a modified Boyden chamber assay and a wound healing assay. We also evaluated the inhibitory effects of persimmon peel extract on aortic vessel thickening using a rat aortic sprouting assay. Persimmon peel (PPE), but not flesh extract (PFE), inhibited PDGF-BB-induced MMP-1 expression, cell migration and invasion in HASMCs, while suppressing the rat aortic sprouting. Western blot and in vitro kinase assay data demonstrated that PPE inhibited Src kinase activity and subsequently attenuated PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylation of MAPK and Akt signalling pathways. Taken together, our results indicate that persimmon peel might possess a potential anti-atherogenic effect through attenuation of ASMCs migration and invasion and aortic sprouting by direct inhibition of the c-Src kinase activity.

Hepatic Gene Expression of the Insulin Signaling Pathway Is Altered by Administration of Persimmon Peel Extract: A DNA Microarray Study Using Type 2 Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) is a very popular fruit in East Asian countries, but its peels are not consumed despite the fact that they contain many antioxidants such as carotenoids and polyphenols. We prepared a fat-soluble extract from persimmon peel (PP) and fed type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats an AIN-93G rodent diet supplemented with persimmon peel extract (PP diet) for 12 weeks. Compared with the control AIN-93G diet, the PP diet significantly reduced plasma glutamic-pyruvate transaminase activity, with accumulation of β-cryptoxanthin in the liver. DNA microarray analysis revealed that the PP diet altered hepatic gene expression profiles. In particular, expression of insulin signaling pathway-related genes was significantly enriched in differentially expressed gene sets. Moreover, Western blotting analysis showed an increase in insulin receptor beta tyrosine phosphorylation in rats fed the PP diet. These data suggest that the PP diet improves insulin resistance in GK rats.

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Antioxidative and Antigenotoxic Activity of Extracts from Persimmon (Diospyros kakiL.) Peel

Heat treatment of persimmon peel (PP) increased the antioxidative activity of the 70% ethanolic extract (EE) and water extract (WE) from PP. EE and WE both prevented H2O2-induced DNA damage to human peripheral lymphocytes. The antioxidative and antigenotoxic activities of the PP extracts were significantly affected by heating.