Polygonum Amphibium Research Articles

Genetic diversity and structure of Persicaria amphibia (Polygonaceae) in South Korea using genotyping by sequencing.

Persicaria amphibia, a member of the Polygonaceae family, exists both aquatic and terrestrial forms. It is native to North America, Asia, Europe, and some parts of Africa. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity within and among populations of P. amphibia and the distribution characteristics of each population to investigate insights into the genetic structure and conservation of P. amphibia. In this study, the genetic diversity and structure of 84 P. amphibia individuals from 7 populations in South Korea were analyzed using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). We used 2,469 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to analyze genetic diversity, principal components, structure, and phylogeny. Our results showed a mean observed heterozygosity and mean expected heterozygosity of 0.34409 and 0.34082, respectively. Genetic diversity analysis indicated that the variation among populations (60.08%) was greater than that within populations (39.92%). Fixation index values, principal components analysis, structure, and phylogeny analyses showed that the population in Gyodongdo, Ganghwa Island was highly different. These results provide important insights for better understand the population history and genetic structure of P. amphibia.

Evolutionary unraveling: new insights into the Persicaria amphibia complex.

The Persicaria amphibia complex exhibits significant morphological variation depending on its habitat, existing in either aquatic or terrestrial forms. Traditionally, four distinct elements have been recognized based on morphological features along with their distinct geographical distributions. Recent studies suggest that the Asian element may be genetically distinct from the European and American elements. However, a comprehensive study on the genetic differentiation among all four elements remains lacking. This study aimed to leverage whole plastid genome sequences and ITS2 haplotypes to comprehensively assess the genomic diversity within the P. amphibia complex. Notably, we included multiple individuals from New York State to resolve the ongoing debate regarding the taxonomic status of two American elements - whether they represent a single species or distinct entities. Our analysis revealed a well-supported monophyletic clade encompassing all four elements, endorsing their own section, Amphibia. Notably, the terrestrial form of the American element is sister to all other elements, suggesting it deserves its own species status. This reinstates its historical name, P. coccinea, separating it from the broader P. amphibia. Furthermore, distinct compositions of the ITS2 haplotypes differentiated the four elements, although the European element should be further investigated with more sampling. The most intriguing discovery is the identification of putative hybrids between the two American elements. In one population out of four putative hybrid populations, all three entities - the two parent species and their hybrid offspring - thrive together, showcasing a fascinating microcosm of ongoing evolutionary processes. Unraveling the intricate genetic tapestry within each American species and their hybrid populations remains a compelling next step. By delving deeper into their genetic makeup, we can gain a richer understanding of their evolutionary trajectories and the intricacies of their interactions. Finally, it is estimated that the two species of sect. Amphibia diverged approximately 4.02 million years ago during the Pliocene epoch, when there was a significant global cooling and drying trend.

Composition of fatty acids of higher aquatic plants in Lake Kotokel as valuable biological raw materials

Fatty acids, as part of cell membranes, determine their fluidity and dielectric constant. In addition, they play an important role in human and animal nutrition. This work examines the composition and fatty acid content of dried higher aquatic plants from Lake Kotokel (Republic of Buryatia, Russia) and their potential as a raw material for the production of feed and biologically active food supplements. A modified Bligh-Dyer method was used to extract lipid fraction. Fatty acids in the form of their methyl esters were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Palmitic C16:0 acid was the main saturated fatty acid found in Myriophyllum sibiricum, Elodea canadensis, Persicaria amphibia and Potamogeton perfoliatus in Lake Kotokel. The main unsaturated acid found in plants, regardless of their type, was the α-linolenic C18:3-ω3 acid. In addition, a relatively high content of stearic C18:0, myristic C14:0 and pentadecanoic C15:0 acids was noted. Branched acids (i-C14:0, i-C15:0, i-C16:0, i-C17:0, i-C20:0, a/i-C15:0, a/i-C17:0 and 10Me-C16:0) and odd carbon numbered acids (C13:0, C15:0, C17:0, C19:0, C21:0 and C23:0) were identified. An analysis of the authors’ and literature data revealed that the studied species of higher aquatic plants in reservoirs in the Asian part of Russia are characterised by a high content of α-linolenic C18:3-ω3 (up to 56%) and a low content of oleic C18:1-ω9 (up to 1.81%) acids. The content of α-linolenic C18:3-ω3 acid in plants from reservoirs in the European part of Russia was lower (up to 42%), while that of oleic acid C18:1-ω9 was higher (up to 14%).

Insights into microplastics (MPs) removal using aquatic plant-derived biochar from Taihu Lake at varying carbonization temperatures

Microplastics (MPs), recognized as significant emerging contaminants, are prevalent in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This study investigates the potential of biochar derived from Polygonum amphibium L. (PAL) sourced from Taihu Lake and processed through a low-temperature carbonization method, for in the removal of MPs. This approach addresses the escalating presence of MPs in aqueous environment, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, simultaneously tackles the issue of waste biomass contributing to eutrophication. The study focused on the impact of carbonization temperatures (450℃-550℃) on physicochemical properties of biochar. Additionally, the effect of contact time, initial concentration of MPs, and environmental factors at various carbonization temperatures were also examined. The results reveal that the biochar yield and adsorption performance of biochar are significantly influenced by carbonization temperature. The adsorption capacity of biochar for MPs removal increases with the carbonization temperature up to 500 ℃, attributed to enhanced diffusion, surface adsorption, interactions, and cation-π electron interactions between the biochar and MPs. However, at a pyrolysis temperature of 550 ℃, the increase in adsorption capacity of biochar-550 is marginal due to increased competitive binging and destabilization of biochar under basic conditions. Overall, the optimum carbonization temperature is identified as 500 ℃, yielding a char rate is 32.23% and an adsorption capacity for MPs of 80.3 mg/g, thereby offering a promising solution for MP removal and water eutrophication management.

Monitoring water spread and aquatic vegetation using earth observational data for Nani-High Altitude Lake (N-HAL) of Uttarakhand State, India

The lakes are facing anthropogenic pressure and losing its natural characteristics. Hence, the evaluation of lake water quality is a thrust area of research. The Nani-High Altitude Lake (N-HAL) was aimed to study during pre- and post-monsoon (March and October) period (2017–2022) using earth observation data based on false color composite (FCC) and spectral indices. The Sentinel-2 A/B data of 10 m spatial resolution was considered for monitoring and mapping of high-altitude lake. The FCC images were used to map and monitor changes in water spread and aquatic vegetation. Further, three spectral indices, namely, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI), were applied to delineate water bodies and aquatic macrophytic vegetation (recorded are the Potamogeton pectinatus, Potamogeton crispus, Polygonum glabrum, Polygonum amphibium and Polygonum hydropiper (Water pepper). Results reveal that the water surface extent has changed from 2017 to 2022, depending on the pre- and post-monsoon rainfall pattern during the study period. During a flood year on 18-20, October 2021, in the area resulting into a drastic reduction in the aquatic vegetation and suspended particles. This lake needs immediate conservation and management policies.

Middle to late Holocene lake level changes of Lake Sevan (Armenia) – Evidence from macro and micro plant remains of Tsovinar-1 peat section

In the Caucasus, peat deposits exposed near Lake Sevan (Armenia) provide a Middle to Late Holocene record of lake level fluctuations. The Tsovinar-1 section at the southern shore of Lake Sevan in the Armenian Highlands reveals a well-dated and divers pollen and carpo-flora covering a time span from 6000 BC to 900 AD. The abundances of pollen of forest taxa in relation to steppe vegetation indicate climatic changes through time. In parallel, the presence and number of fossils of aquatic and wetland plants, both in micro and macro floras, provide information about the presence of water and allows estimating changes of water depth. Characteristic taxa pointing to deeper water at Tsovinar-1 are Myriophyllum sp., Ceratophyllum demersum, and several species of Potamogeton. In shallow water, Persicaria amphibia,Sparganium sp., and Typha sp. dominate. In fluctuating water and wetlands those plants are replaced by Menyanthes trifoliata, Ceratophyllum submersum, Alisma sp., and others. High lake levels can be inferred at 6000−5000 BC, 1700−900 BC and 200−900 AD and are associated with humid climate and the development of forest vegetation. Low lake levels occurred at 4000−2600 BC and 600 BC−100 AD corresponding to epochs of decreased humidity and expanded steppe vegetation. Macro and micro remains of plants from the Tsovinar-1 site serve as reliable sources of information for determining environmental changes over time, which are in accordance with archaeological data from the region showing the effects of lake level changes on human activities․

HPLC-DAD-MS3 fingerprints of phenolics of selected Polygonum taxa and their chemometric analysis

Many Polygonaceae taxa such as Bistorta officinalis, Persicaria amphibia, Persicaria hydropiper, Persicaria lapathifolia, Persicaria maculosa, Persicaria mitis, Polygonum aviculare occur naturally in the entire territory of Poland and are also common in other European countries. Many of these species are also utilised as medicinal plants. In this manuscript we establish the phytochemical profiles of selected taxa from the Polygonaceae focusing on phenolics. Additionally, we try to find chemophenetic markers for the species investigated. Compounds were detected and characterised based on HPLC-DAD-MS data, quantified, and furtherly analysed using multivariate analyses. Chemophenetic markers were identified also considering previous literature.

Persicaria amphibia, an old traditional remedy and wild edible herb: In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties

Persicaria amphibia (subfam. Polygonoideae), an aquatic macrophyte rich in dietary polyphenolics, is used as a traditional remedy and culinary herb. Nevertheless, P. amphibia from the Balkan region has been insufficiently studied and underutilized. Here, the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties of the previously chemically characterised ethanol extract of P. amphibia aerial parts were tested. The following methods were carried out: the MTT assay, qRT-PCR, microdilution assay, Chromobacterium violaceum screening assay (monitoring of quorum sensing, QS) and the agar plating method (antifungal activity). The study was conducted to determine the cytotoxic effects of P. amphibia against lung cancer cells (A549) and its combination with cytostatic doxorubicin (Dox). A dose-dependent decrease in cell viability (up to 82% reduction) and additive interactions of the tested agents were noted. Both alone and combined with Dox, P. amphibia reduced the expression of Nrf2 (p < 0.05). In terms of antimicrobial effects, P. amphibia exhibited an antipathogenic effect since it disrupted QS communication, which was evident through the inhibition of violacein production of C. violaceum CV025. The antifungal screening revealed that P. amphibia induced significant growth inhibition of Aspergillus spp. (28.23%). Based on the obtained results, further examination of the potential use of P. amphibia in modern phytotherapy and diet-derived cancer chemoprevention is encouraged.

Comparative Chloroplast Genomics and Phylogenetic Analysis of Persicaria amphibia (Polygonaceae)

Persicaria amphibia (L.) Delarbre, also known as water knotweed, belongs to the Polygonaceae family and has two types: terrestrial and aquatic. We report the chloroplast genome of P. amphibia obtained through de novo assembly of Illumina paired-end reads produced by total DNA sequencing. We analyzed the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of P. amphibia and found it to be 159,455 bp in length, with a large single-copy region (LSC, 84,281 bp), a small single-copy region (SSC, 13,258 bp), and a pair of inverted repeats (IR, 30,956 bp). It contains 79 protein-coding, 29 tRNA and 4 rRNA genes. Comparative analysis of nine Persicaria cp genomes showed a similar genome structure and gene content. However, ycf3 intron II was lost in three Persicaria species (P. hydropiper, P. japonica, and P. pubescens) and the SC/IR regions of four species (P. amphibia, P. hydropiper, P. japonica, and P. pubescens) included the rps19 gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the nine Persicaria species revealed that P. amphibia is sister to P. hydropiper, P. japonica, and P. pubescens. Moreover, we found sequence divergence regions; the largest were rps16-trnQ, trnQ-psbK, trnW-trnP, ndhF-rpl32, and rpl32-trnL regions. This study could be useful for phylogenetic tree analysis of Persicaria and for the identification of Persicaria species.

Scanning Electron Microscopy in the Analysis of Species of the Genus Persicaria Mill

Introduction.Scanning electron microscopy acts as a promising method of analysis, allowing to describe in detail the identification features of closely related plant species, as well as to conduct micro-roentgenstructural analysis of the sample in the selected area with high accuracy. The method is used to study the morphology of the surface and express determination of the composition of elements in various fields (physics, materials science, medicine, however, the use of the method of scanning/raster electron microscopy for the analysis of plant raw materials in pharmacy is limited.Aim.The purpose of the study was to study species of the genus Persicaria Mill. using scanning electron microscopy.Materials and methods.The objects of study were the Persicaria maculosa S.F. Gray, Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre, Persicaria tomentósa (Schrank) E.P. Bicknell, Persicaria mínor (Huds.) Opiz, Persicaria amphibia (L.) Delarbre, Persicaria amphibia var. terrestris (Leyss.) Munshi & Javeid, harvested during flowering in the Voronezh region. The study of samples by scanning electron microscopy was carried out on an electron microscope JSM-6510LV (Center for Collective Use of Voronezh State University).Results and discussion.With the help of scanning electron microscopy, morphological and anatomical signs of leaf plates of six species of the genus Persicaria were investigated and new diagnostic signs were identified. As a result of micro-X-RAY analysis, the content of some elements (potassium, calcium and magnesium) was established in the objects of study.Conclusion.For the first time to analyze the surface morphology of the leaf plate of species of the genus Persicaria Mill. the method of scanning electron microscopy is used. The features of the stomatal apparatus, trichomes and glands on the leaves of the studied species of Persicaria are clarified. With the help of micro-roentgenstructural analysis it was found, that a greater amount of magnesium is typical for the leaves of Persicaria mínor, calcium – for the leaves of Persicaria hydropiper, and potassium – for the leaves of Persicaria maculosa.

Clohesyomyces symbioticus sp. nov., a fungal endophyte associated with roots of water smartweed (Persicaria amphibia)

The widespread aquatic plant Persicaria amphibia (water smartweed, Polygonaceae) occurs in both flooded aquatic habitats and moist terrestrial environments. Its physiological versatility and wide geographic range highlight its resilience to stress and make the species intriguing for the study of fungal endophytes. Endophytes occur within living plant tissues and are known from diverse aquatic, marine, and terrestrial plants, where they often mitigate plant responses to stress. As part of a study evaluating endophyte communities associated with aquatic plants in lentic waters of Arizona, USA, we isolated a distinctive clade of endophytes from healthy, living roots of seasonally inundated P. amphibia, which we describe here on the basis of morphology and evidence from four loci as new species Clohesyomyces symbioticus (Lindgomycetaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota). Clohesyomyces has long been considered a monotypic genus comprising the saprobic species C. aquaticus, presently known from submerged wood in freshwater systems in Asia and Australia. Description of Clohesyomyces symbioticus highlights the occurrence of endophytism in this genus and expands its geographic scope to the western hemisphere.

СООБЩЕСТВА БЕСПОЗВОНОЧНЫХ ЗАРОСЛЕЙ МАКРОФИТОВ РАЗНОТИПНЫХ ВОДНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ ВОЛОГОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

In august 2018, fauna of aquatic macroinvertabrates from Persicaria amphibia (L.) Delarbre, Butomus umbellatus L. and Potamogeton perfoliatus L. was studied in Kubenskoe Lake as well as in Vozhe Lake and Mologa River in order to compare the phytophilic and bottom fauna of heterogeneous water bodies. Macrophyte-associated invertebrates and samples of zoobenthos in thickens (in total 37 samples were analyzed) were collected. 68 species of aquatic invertebrates were recorded, including 49 species from Kubenskoe Lake, 41 from Mologa River, and 31 from Vozhe Lake. In the thickets of three macrophyte species, less than a third of all macroinvertebrate richness from the investigated water bodies is recorded. The most abundant species were Endochironomus albipennis Meig., Glyptotendipes gripekoveni Kief., Cricotopus gr. sylvestris. By using cluster analysis, the fauna of all biotopes was divided into macrophyte-associated and bottom-associated. The abundance and biomass of invertebrates in zoophytos in most cases is 3–15 times higher than in zoobenthos. In lakes, species diversity in zoophytos is 1.5–5 times lower than in soil. In the Mologa River the species diversity of zoophytos, on the contrary, is slightly higher. In lakes in the trophic structure, filter-collectors predominate. In the Vozhe Lake a high proportion of predators in the biomass is also recorded. In the Mologa River the trophic structure is more various: along with the collector-filterers, scrapers, shredders and predators are represented. In comparison with research of the 1970s, community structure of macrophyte-associated invertebrates in Vozhe Lake has not practically changed. The dominance of E. albipennis was detected in the Kubenskoe Lake and that was not previously indicated for this reservoir. The species composition and abundance of aquatic macroinvertebrates is determined by the type of substrate (soil or plant), while the structure of communities depends primarily on a type of reservoir, and not on a type of thicket.

In Vitro Study of Two Edible Polygonoideae Plants: Phenolic Profile, Cytotoxicity, and Modulation of Keap1-Nrf2 Gene Expression.

Polygonum aviculare and Persicaria amphibia (subfam. Polygonoideae) are used in traditional cuisines and folk medicine in various cultures. Previous studies indicated that phytochemicals obtained from Polygonoideae plants could sensitize chemoresistant cancer cells and enhance the efficacy of some cytostatics. Here, the cytotoxic properties of chemically characterized ethanol extracts obtained from P. aviculare and P. amphibia, individually and in combination with doxorubicin (D), were determined against hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. Phenolic composition, cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, and the expression of Keap1 and Nrf2 were examined by following methods: LC-MS/MS, LC-DAD-MS, MTT, flow cytometry, and qRT-PCR. Extracts were rich in dietary polyphenolics. Synergistic cytotoxicity was detected for extracts combined with D. The observed synergisms are linked to the interference with apoptosis, cell cycle, and expression of Keap1-Nrf2 genes involved in cytoprotection. The combined approach of extracts and D could emerge as a potential pathway of chemotherapy improvement.

Melanogenesis inhibitory activities of Epicatechin-3-O-gallate isolated from Polygonum amphibium L.

This study aimed to investigate the melanogenesis inhibitory activity of epicatechin-3-O-gallate (ECG) isolated from Polygonum amphibium L. ECG was isolated from the ethanol extract of P. amphibium L, and its chemical structure was determined using spectroscopic methods such as LC-ESI-MS, 1D-NMR, and UV spectroscopy. ECG inhibited the melanogenesis of B16F10 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Particularly, it decreased the melanin content by 27.4% at 200 μM concentration, compared with the control, in B16F10 cells, without causing cytotoxicity. It is noteworthy that the expression of three key proteins, including tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), TRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), involved in melanogenesis, is significantly inhibited by ECG. The ECG isolated in this study caused the inhibition of body pigmentation and tyrosinase activity in vivo in the zebrafish model. These results suggest that the ECG isolated from P. amphibium L. is an effective anti-melanogenesis agent.

Изучение подлинности растительного сырья методом петиолярной анатомии на примере некоторых видов рода горец Persicaria Mill.

Эффективным методом диагностики и подтверждения подлинности растительного сырья является петиолярная анатомия — анатомо-гистологический анализ структуры черешка листа. Род горец Persicaria Mill. чрезвычайно перспективен в плане использования в лечебных и производственных целях. Объектами изучения выступали горец почечуйный, горец щавелелистный, горец шероховатый, горец узловатый, горец войлочный, горец Бриттингера, горец перечный, горец малый и 2 формы горца земноводного. Несмотря на характерный для данного рода полиморфизм видов, в работе приведены главные критерии отнесения представителей рода Persicaria Mill. к тому или иному виду и определения их подлинности по анатомическим характеристикам рахиса при фармакогностическом анализе.

Shoot-Formation Model as a Basis for Adaptations of Flowering Plants

This study describes the biomorphology of plants living under variable watering conditions. Its outcome expands the concept of a modular organization as a constructive and representative approach to comparative-morphological analysis and unraveling the ways of biomorph evolution. The structural organization of biomorphs growing in sites composed of gradients of humidification stability (from floodplain meadows to coasts, water cuts, and beaches) is examined on a base of systemic and complementary approaches. Model plant species—Solanum ulcamara, Thalictrum simplex, Lysimachia vulgaris, Lycopus europaeus, Stellaria palustris Persicaria amphibia, and Erysimum cheiranthoides—are studied. It is determined that acceleration in the vegetative and generative spheres entails the appearance of monocarps in the hygrophilic evolutional line. It is shown that the ontogenesis of individuals of seed and vegetative origin is reduced to a single fruiting, and the specificity of the shoot-formation model is preserved in plants of all the considered biotopes. Such a specific sign is identified as the internode elongation in the shoots located in the substrate, in the supersubstrate parts under flooding, in grass rags, or in dense grass under low light. Another sign is a sympodial growth by formation of the replacement shoots. On the model species, it is determined that plant adaptability is supported by the changes in individual structural elements of the monocarpic shoots; the structural and functional zonation of the monocarpic shoots determines the autonomization of the individual’s parts. Our results confirm the idea that the monocarpic shoot and the system formed on its basis belong to the category of axes of an herbaceous plant as part of an architectural unit (in terms of D. Barthelemy and Y. Caraglio). Our data make it possible to conclude that reservoir settlement with flowering plants is possible for long-shoot long-rhizome grasses and subshrub vines. Two evolutional directions are possible: (1) the emergence of monocarpic annuals and (2) the emergence of short-lived and annual plants of vegetative origin associated with the formation of acentric and clearly polycentric stolon-forming and root-shoot biomorphs.

Experimental Evidence for Using Vegetated Ditches for Mitigation of Complex Contaminant Mixtures in Agricultural Runoff

Feeding a growing population requires striking a balance between increasing production and decreasing environmental impacts in agricultural settings. We established 12 experimental mesocosms with silt loam atop a base of sand and examined the ability of three emergent aquatic plants common to the USA to remediate pesticides and nutrients in agricultural runoff. Mesocosms were planted in monocultures of Myriophyllum aquaticum, Polygonum amphibium, and Typha latifolia, or left unvegetated to serve as controls. All mesocosms were amended with target concentrations of 10 mg L−1 (each) nitrate, ammonium, and orthophosphate; 20 μg L−1 (each) of the pesticides propanil and clomazone; and 10 μg L−1 of the pesticide cyfluthrin. After a 6-h-simulated agricultural runoff with amended water, mesocosms sat idle for 48 h before flushing with unamended water for another 6 h. Outflow water samples were collected and analyzed for contaminant concentrations. Most significant differences between vegetated mesocosms and controls occurred when comparing mean contaminant transfer/transformation rates post-amendment. Differences among plant species occurred regarding retention of dissolved nutrients orthophosphate, ammonium, and nitrate. Similarly, all three plant species retained more propanil than controls during post-amendment (8–48 h), but individual plant differences occurred with regard to clomazone and cyfluthrin retention. While variation in mitigation of specific dissolved components of nutrients suggests different mechanisms involved in nutrient cycling within our mesocosms, consistent overall total nutrient and pesticide reduction during the post-amendment period indicate that holding runoff in vegetated ditches may reduce transport of agricultural contaminants to downstream aquatic ecosystems.

Allometric relationships for selected macrophytes of kettle holes in northeast Germany as a basis for efficient biomass estimation using unmanned aerial systems (UAS)

Quantifying plant biomass in ecosystems is an essential basis for many ecological questions. A direct estimation of macrophyte biomass proves to be difficult for the large number of kettle holes in Pleistocene landscapes, due to their strong heterogeneities. This study compared a classical non-destructive method for biomass estimation based on allometric relationships built from a larger selection of plant trait variables with regressions only based on plant height and cover of four macrophyte species typical for kettle holes in northeast Germany (i.e. Carex riparia, Phalaris arundinacea, Persicaria amphibia, Rorippa amphibia). Their predictive power and potential applicability for remotely sensed biomass estimation using unmanned aerial systems (UAS) was evaluated. The usage of several in-situ measured plant traits of individual plants revealed best macrophyte biomass predictions (R² = 0.84 to 0.95). Yet, using only plant height and cover to predict biomass still showed a moderate to good correlation (R² = 0.52 to 0.81). Using P. arundinacea as an example, we demonstrated for one kettle hole the potential of calculating plant patch height from digital surface models (DSM) derived from UAS RGB images processed with structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry. After applying a site-specific correction factor for discrepancies between reference field measurements of plant heights and DSM derived plant heights, we were able to calculate P. arundinacea biomass of the entire kettle hole based on allometric relationships using plant height and cover. Finally, we briefly discuss how further methodological development can improve UAS-derived plant height as predictor variable for biomass estimation.

Whitening Activities of Ethanol Extract from Polygonum amphibium L.

Whitening Activities of Ethanol Extract from Polygonum amphibium L.

Shoot Formation of Persicaria amphibia (L.) Delarbre from Positions of Modular Organization

A biomorphological analysis of three biomorphs of Persicaria amphibia (L.) Delarbre characterized by features of shoot formation under different environmental conditions has been carried out from positions of a systematic approach and modular organization. The shoot systems of all biomorphs are formed according to the sympodial long-shoot formation model and are composed of the same type of elementary modules. Monocarpic innovation shoots, silleptic shoots, and shoots with an incomplete development cycle are universal modules in various habitats. The variability of plant-shoot systems is determined by modular organization and demonstrates the plasticity of the P. amphibia biomorph.