Allium Hirtifolium Research Articles

In vitro evaluation of the combined effect of different concentrations of the calcium hydroxide and ethanolic extract of Allium hirtifolium on the oral pathogen (Enterococcus faecalis)

Introduction: One of the important issues in root canal treatment is the elimination of the microorganisms in the root canal before obturation. This study aimed to experimentally investigate the combined effects of ethanol extract of Allium hirtifolium (shallot) and calcium hydroxide on the biofilm structure of the resistant bacterium Enterococcus faecalis. Method: Dried Allium hirtifolium was extracted with ethanol. Various concentrations (0-20-40-50-60-80-100 mg/ml) of the extract and calcium hydroxide were prepared. Antibacterial effects of these compounds were evaluated against Enterococcus faecalis using disc-diffusion, well-diffusion, and biofilm formation inhibition assays, along with optical absorption measurements. Results: The results showed that in disc-diffusion and well-diffusion methods, the highest antibacterial effects were observed in the positive control group (antibiotics amoxicillin and co-amoxiclav), 100 mg/ml calcium hydroxide, and combined concentrations of calcium hydroxide and Allium hirtifolium (80/20, 60/40 and 50/50 mg/ml). Other concentrations of these compounds did not affect Enterococcus faecalis. Regarding biofilm formation, the study revealed that the ability of Enterococcus faecalis to form biofilm was weak at concentrations of 100, 80, and 60 mg/ml of calcium hydroxide, while other concentrations of the studied substances showed average inhibition. Conclusion: The present study revealed that in disc diffusion and well-diffusion methods, ethanol extract of Allium hirtifolium alone or in combination with calcium hydroxide did not significantly inhibit the growth of Enterococcus faecalis, while calcium hydroxide exhibited the highest (100%) antibacterial effect

Evidence of the change in ploidy levels in the plantlets established from endosperm culture of Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium)

Evidence of the change in ploidy levels in the plantlets established from endosperm culture of Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium)

Physicochemical, microbial, and sensory characteristics of yogurt with Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss) and probiotic bacteria.

The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of yogurt prepared with the addition of Persian shallot and probiotic bacteria. The effect of Persian shallot on the viability of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum) was evaluated. Furthermore, the antimicrobial effects of shallot and probiotic bacteria on Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli species were investigated. The experiments were performed on days 0, 1, 7, 14, and 21. The results showed that the survival of lactic acid bacteria increased significantly in the presence of shallots (p < .05). The addition of two different probiotic bacteria to the yogurt samples inhibited the pathogenic bacteria. While E. coli bacteria had a 3-log reduction, L. monocytogenes did not grow at all in the presence of probiotic bacteria and shallots. Based on these experiments, it was concluded that the addition of shallots not only increased the survival of probiotic bacteria but also reduced the growth of food-borne pathogenic bacteria. In addition, the addition of probiotic bacteria increased the acceptance of sensory properties of yogurt samples.

Consequence of Gibberellic Acid and Vermicomposting on Vegetative Development, Mineral Content and Features of Persian Shallot

Consequence of Gibberellic Acid and Vermicomposting on Vegetative Development, Mineral Content and Features of Persian Shallot

Epigenetic Modification of HepG2 Cells by Modulating DNA (cytosine-5)- methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and Ten-eleven Translocation Methylcytosine Dioxygenase 1 (TET1) Expression using Persian Shallot Extract

Background: Various forms of epigenetic modification, including DNA methylation, contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) dissemination, invasion, and metastasis. The Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium Bioss.) is reported to have antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic properties. Aims: In the present study, we examined the expression of DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1) at the mRNA level in HepG2 cells following treatment with Persian shallot extract. Method: Ethanolic extracts of Persian shallot were prepared and dried at 80°C and 50°C for 20 and 30 minutes, respectively. Different concentrations of dried shallot extract over the range of 0-250 µg/ml were prepared. HepG2 cells were cultured and the cytotoxicity of each extract concentration was measured using an MTT assay. The gene expression in treated and untreated cells was assessed by Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined to be 149 µg/ml using an MTT assay. A concentration of 175 µg/ml was found to reduce the expression of DNMT1 in the treated group compared to the control group (P&lt;0.001). Furthermore, the TET1 mRNA of HepG2 cells was down-regulated significantly after treatment with 100 and 1000 µg/ml of Persian shallot extract (P&lt;0.05). These doses reduced the viability of the samples by 60% or higher. Conclusion: This study provides evidence for the potential use of Persian shallot extract as a supplementary herbal agent for the treatment of HCC. The concentrations of extract used in this study are near or above the level required for toxicity, and as such, further study is warranted.

Microwave drying kinetics and quality of Allium hirtifolium Boiss: effect of ultrasound-assisted osmotic pretreatment

Microwave drying kinetics and quality of Allium hirtifolium Boiss: effect of ultrasound-assisted osmotic pretreatment

Comparative effects of savory (Satureja hortensis), dill (Anethum graveolens), and mooseer (Allium hirtifolium) essential oils on growth, digestive, and immunoantioxidant parameters and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

This study investigated the effects of savory (Satureja hortensis), dill (Anethum graveolens), and mooseer (Allium hirtifolium) essential oils on growth, digestive, immunity, and antioxidant parameters, as well as resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Experiments were performed on 630 fish with an average weight of 23.89 ± 0.13 g; (Mean ± SE) within seven feeding treatments for 60 days. The treatments contained no essential oils (control treatment) and levels 1 and 2% of each of the savory (SEO1, SEO2), dill (DEO1, DEO2), and mooseer (MEO1, MEO2) essential oils. After 60 days of feeding, the results indicated a significant improvement in the final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, intestinal protease, and lipase activity, and serum lysozyme (LYZ) activity in SEO treatments, as well as a serum level of total protein (TP) globulin (GLO), alternative complement pathway hemolytic (ACH50), nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the SEO2 treatment compared to the control treatment (P < 0.05). The serum levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and malondialdehyde were significantly improved in the DEO treatments compared to the control treatment (P < 0.05). Mucosal levels of protease, total immunoglobulin, and LYZ were increased in the MEO2 treatment compared to the control treatment (P < 0.05). Moreover, Serum levels of TP, GLO, LYZ, ACH50, NBT, and MPO were increased significantly in the MEO treatments compared to the control treatment (P < 0.05), but not compared to the SEO2 treatment (P > 0.05). The lowest cumulative mortality rate (CMR) after 14 days of challenge with A. hydrophila was recorded in the MEO2 (28.88%), MEO1 (33.33%), and SEO2 (35%) treatments, respectively, with a significant difference, compared to the control treatment (59.99%) (P < 0.05). The results revealed that 2% SEO2 could promote growth, digestive function, humoral immunity, and resistance to A. hydrophila in juvenile common carp.

In silico docking based screening of constituents from Persian shallot as modulators of human glucokinase.

Small molecule glucokinase (GK) modulators not only decrease fasting and basal plasma sugar contents but also progress glucose tolerance. The hydro-ethanolic extract of the Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss.) decreased blood glucose, improved plasma insulin and amplified GK action. The present study was proposed to screen phytoconstituents from Persian shallot as human GK activators using in silico docking studies. A total of 91 phytoconstituents reported in Persian shallot (A. hirtifolium Boiss.) were assessed in silico for the prediction of drug-like properties and molecular docking investigations were carried out with human GK using AutoDock vina with the aim of exploring the binding interactions between the phytoconstituents and GK enzyme followed by in silico prediction of toxicity. Almost all the phytoconstituents tested showed good pharmacokinetic parameters for oral bioavailability and drug-likeness. In the docking analysis, cinnamic acid, methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxy benzoate, quercetin, kaempferol, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1- > 4)-glucopyranoside, 5-hydroxy-methyl furfural, ethyl N-(O-anisyl) formimidate, 2-pyridinethione and ascorbic acid showed appreciable hydrogen bond and hydrophobic type interactions with the allosteric site residues of the GK enzyme. These screened phytoconstituents may serve as promising hit molecules for further development of clinically beneficial and safe allosteric activators of the human GK enzyme.

Production of autotetraploid plants by in vitro chromosome engineering in Allium hirtifolium

Persian shallot has been propagated vegetatively through daughter bulbs and has a narrow genetic base. In the present study, to create genetic diversity in terms of ploidy level, the effects of in vitro polyploidization were investigated on morphological, physiological and phytochemical traits. Different colchicine treatments (0, 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.7% concentrations) for 24, 36 and 48 h and oryzalin treatments (0, 0.001%, 0.002% and 0.004% concentrations) for 4, 6 and 8 h were used. A sterile basal plate of bulbs was used for the induction of polyploidy in liquid and solid media. After obtaining plantlets, root tip chromosomes were counted for the determination of ploidy levels. Flow cytometry was performed to confirm the chromosome counting results. The regenerated diploid and tetraploid plantlets were transferred to ex vitro conditions. Colchicine and oryzalin were both successful in inducing polyploids and the polyploids induced were tetraploids and mixoploids. The highest induction of polyploidy was obtained in solid media using 0.5% (w/v) colchicine for 36 h (35.0% polyploidy induction) and in 0.001% (w/v) Oryzalin for 8 h (45.5% polyploidy induction). Differences in plantlet height and weight, bulblet weight, density, stomatal width and length, and chlorophyll content were observed between tetraploid and diploid plants. Chromosome duplication, as a result of tetraploid induction, significantly influenced the antioxidant content and enzyme activities. The results showed that total phenolic content, allicin, and antioxidant capacity were significantly higher in the tetraploid plantlets than that in the diploid plantlets. SRAP loci polymorphisms indicated that the 12 autotetraploid plants (with high allicin content) had different genotypes from the parental diploid plant. Besides, in vitro polyploidy induction not only duplicated chromosomes but also altered the DNA sequence in Allium hirtifolium. In vitro induction of tetraploids in A. hirtifolium can be a reliable way to obtain suitable plant material for breeding programs to generate new genotypic variations.

The effect of Allium hirtifolium bulb on serum lipid profile in adult patients with hyperlipidemia: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial

BackgroundOne of the first goals of reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is to achieve effective therapies for hyperlipidemia. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Allium hirtifolium bulbs on serum lipid profile in patients with hyperlipidemia. MethodsThis clinical trial was conducted on hyperlipidemic patients in two drug (Allium; n = 25) and placebo (n = 24) groups. The first group received 500 mg of A. hirtifolium bulbs twice daily for 6 weeks, while the second group received placebo for the same frequency and duration. Cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), fasting blood sugar (FBS), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured at the beginning and the end of study and were compared between the groups. ResultsA. hirtifolium reduced total cholesterol and LDL significantly compared to the placebo (P < 0.05). However, no significant effects on other parameters were observed. Furthermore, the use of A. hirtifolium had no effects on renal and liver function tests. ConclusionThe use of A. hirtifolium bulbs can decrease serum total cholesterol and LDL in hyperlipidemic adult patients.

Review on upregulation of glucokinase expression by selected plants and their phytoconstituents

Glucokinase is, an allosteric enzyme involved in glycolysis, is rapidly regulated in the liver through glucokinase regulatory protein and remains essential for blood glucose homeostasis. The present review provides brief information about the effects of a few selected plants and phytochemicals on human glucokinase activation and gene modulation. A thorough and relevant literature search from several scientific databases, comprising Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed, was carried out. We highlighted the seven plants (Acorus tatariowii Schott, Allium hirtifolium Boiss, Apache red maize, Mulberry species, Pterocarpus marsupium, Sapium ellepticum, Mangifera indica) and their phytoconstituents ( Tatanans A-C, alliogenin , gitogenin , kaempferol , quercetin and shallomin,1-deoxynojirimycin,cyanidin-3-rutinoside,resveratrol,cyanidin-3-glucoside,oxyresveratrol, lupeol, alpha-tocopherol, uteolin-7-glucoside, amentoflavone, and Mangiferin) on human glucokinase enzyme activation and gene modulation. This review concluded that investigation of glucokinase activators of plant origin is the major research focus in the management of type 2 diabetes.

Salicylic Acid Stimulates Defense Systems in Allium hirtifolium Grown under Water Deficit Stress.

Nowadays, the use of the growth regulator salicylic acid for improving a plant’s resistance to environmental stresses such as drought is increasing. The present study investigated the effect of salicylic acid on the physiological traits, antioxidant enzymes, yield, and quality of Allium hirtifolium (shallots) under drought conditions for three years (2016–2017, 2017–2018, and 2018–2019). The experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with four repeats. Irrigation as the main factor in four levels of 100% (full irrigation), 75% and 50% of the plant water requirements with non-irrigation (dryland), and salicylic acid as the sub-factor in four levels of 0, 0.75, and 1 mmol, were the studied factors in this research. The combined analysis of three-year data showed that drought reduced leaf relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), chlorophyll content, onion yield, and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes, proline content, tang, and allicin of shallots. Shallot spraying with salicylic acid improved leaf RWC, MSI, chlorophyll content, and onion yield. The highest yield of onion (1427 gr m−2) belonged to full irrigation and foliar application of 1 mmol salicylic acid. The lowest yield (419.8 gr m−2) belonged to plats with non-irrigation and non-application of salicylic acid. By improving the effective physiological traits in resistance to water deficit, salicylic acid adjusted the effects of water deficit on the yield of shallots. Foliar application of 1 mmol salicylic acid in dryland and irrigation of 50% of the plant water requirement increased onion yield by 15.12% and 29.39%, respectively, compared to the control treatment without salicylic acid.

Sun and convective mild air curing impact on Persian shallot quality changes and sprouting during postharvest storage

SummaryPersian shallot is a valuable vegetable because of its nutritional value and medicinal attributes, but it has a short storage life. In the current study, the effects of curing treatments on Persian shallot postharvest decay, sprouting, colour and biochemical changes were evaluated. Treatments included: control, sun curing and convective mild air curing at 40 and 50 °C with 1 m s−1 air velocity. The results showed that samples of sun curing were lost after 1 month of storage. The lowest level of decay was observed in curing at 40 °C, while the highest was in control. The sprouting was first observed in control at 4 months of storage, while no sprouting was observed in curing at 50 °C even after 6 months of storage. The amount of pyruvic acid, total phenol and firmness of tissue were increased during storage in all samples. The colour changes in the curing at 50 °C were more than the other treatments. The energy consumption for convective treatments was obtained as 31.25 and 40.83 MJ kg−1 fresh shallot for 40 and 50 °C respectively. These findings showed that mild air curing has the potential to extend shallot storage life.

Protective effects of Allium hirtifolium extract against foodborne toxicity of Zinc oxide nanoparticles in Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The use of nano-sized materials is increasingly growing, while consequent health and environmental risks are still disputed. On the other hand, plant extracts have been reported to improve fish general health status and enhance antioxidant capacity. Thus, the present study was aimed to assess potential effects of Allium hirtifolium extract (AHE) to fortify antioxidant responses of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to foodborne Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). Five hundred and forty fish were randomly allocated into 18 tanks and received six diets including a basal diet (as control), basal diet incorporated with either 13 mg/kg (ZnO-25) or 26 mg/kg (ZnO-50) of ZnO-NPs, 1.5% AHE (AHE-1.5), and similar concentrations of ZnO-NPs plus AHE (ZnO-25-AHE) and (ZnO-50-AHE) for a period of 30 days. Results revealed that blood indices, stress biomarkers (glucose and cortisol), and antioxidant parameters and genes in AHE-1.5 group were significantly modulated and improved when compared to other groups (P < 0.05). In AHE-enriched groups, serum and liver tissue antioxidative parameters were enhanced as reflected in a noticeable decrease in malondialdehyde value and an increase in catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. However, current results showed that diets incorporated with ZnO-NPs elevated the stress parameters besides a significant reduction for most measured biochemical parameters and AHE supplementation ameliorated these effects in terms of improving antioxidant parameters. In ZnO-25-AHE, and ZnO-50-AHE, the values for expression of GPx were found significantly (P < 0.05) different from that of ZnO-25 and ZnO-50. On the contrary, SOD showed a non-significant difference (P > 0.05) among control, ZnO-25, and ZnO-50-AHE, also in-between ZnO-25 and ZnO-25-AHE. The present results indicate that AHE supplementation could trigger antioxidant responses both at tissue and molecular levels suggesting its outstanding protective effects against foodborne toxicity of ZnO-NPs in Common carp.

Allium hirtifolium protects Cyprinus carpio against the detrimental responses mediated by foodborne zinc oxide nanoparticle

Zinc is a trace element and necessary for normal functioning of Cyprinus carpio. Zinc oxide nanoparticles, as a possible dietary zinc source, are capable of inducing hazardeous impacts on aquatic animals and human health. On the other hand, the beneficial effects of plant ectracts have been exploited for various purposes in aquaculture. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Allium hirtifolium extract (AHE) against foodborne toxicity of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in C. carpio. Therefore, fish were fed six experimental diets including a control (basal diet), ZnO-13 (basal diet+13 mg.kg−1 of ZnO-NPs), ZnO-26 (basal diet+26 mg.kg−1 of ZnO-NPs), AHE (basal diet+15 g.kg−1 of AHE), and ZnO-13-AHE and ZnO-26-AHE (the same concentrations of ZnO-NPs plus AHE-1.5) for 30 days. Results showed a significant improvement in growth and immune parameters in AHE-1.5 group compared to other treatments. A growth retardation and immunological impairment were observed in ZnO-13 and ZnO-26 while a mitigation of WG, FCR, SR, and SGR was found in ZnO-13-AHE and ZnO-26-AHE. This is however, no statistical differences were found when comparing immunological parameters of fish receiving ZnO alone (ZnO-13 and ZnO-26) and with AHE supplementation (ZnO-13-AHE and ZnO-26-AHE). Significant modulations were found in expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 genes suggesting the molecular cascade in responding to foodborne toxicity of ZnO-NPs. The present findings suggest potential role of AHE to mitigate foodborne toxicity induced by ZnO-NPs at molecular level. We also recommend the use of AHE as a growth promoter and an immunostimulant for C. carpio.

Beneficial effects of Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium) extract on growth performance, biochemical, immunological and antioxidant responses of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fingerlings

The aim of this study was designed to analyze the effect of Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium) extract (PSE) on growth performance, biochemical parameters, antioxidant and immunity status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings. The rainbow trout (25.33 ± 0.15 g) were treated with four effective dosages of 0.5, 1, 2, and, 3% PSE in four separated with one control group for 60 days. At the end of experiment, the rainbow trout treated with PSE showed minimum feed conversion ratio (FCR), maximum weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR). Increased values of total protein, albumin and globulin were observed in PSE-fed fish; meanwhile, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST, ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities as well as triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose, and cortisol levels significantly decreased in animals fed with 1–2% PSE diet. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), total immunoglobulin (total Ig), lysozyme activity, alternative complement hemolytic activity (ACH50), and respiratory burst (NBT) significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the PSE, with highest values in the treatments of 1–2% diet. The dietary PSE supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) decreased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). A maximum significant amount (P < 0.05) in skin mucus was found in 1–3% PSE, while significant enhancement in total Ig and ACH50 were found in 0.5–3% PSE. All parameters analyzed in this study point at the usefulness of employing PSE in aquaculture as growth, antioxidant and immune system promoter. The optimum inclusion level was estimated to range between 1 and 2%.

2-methylpyridine-1-ium-1-sulfonate modifies tumor-derived exosome mediated macrophage polarization: Relevance to the tumor microenvironment

The compound “2-methylpyridine-1-ium-1-sulfonate” (MPS) is the active constituent of Allium hirtifolium Boiss. bulbs with potent anti-angiogenic and anti-cancer activities. Tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a key role in tumor progression via tumor derived exosome (TEX) mediated polarization of M2 type tumor associated macrophages (TAMs). In this study, we explored direct and colorectal cancer (CRC) exosome-mediated impacts of MPS on macrophage polarization to find out whether MPS could modify TEX in favor of anti-tumor M1-like macrophage polarization. After MPS isolation and characterization, first its direct anti-cancer effects were evaluated on HT-29 cells. Then, TEX were isolated from untreated (C-TEX) and MPS-treated (MPS-TEX) HT-29 cells. THP-1 M0 macrophages were incubated with MPS, C-TEX and MPS-TEX. Macrophage polarization was evaluated by flow cytometry, ELISA and gene expression analysis of several M1- and M2-related markers. MPS induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and reduced the migration ability of HT-29 cells. C-TEX polarized M0 macrophages toward a mixed M1-/M2-like phenotype with a high predominance of M2-like cells. Macrophage treatment with MPS was associated with the induction of M1-like phenotype. Also, MPS was demonstrated to ameliorate TEX-mediated effects in favor of M1-like polarization. In conclusion, our study addresses for the first time, the potential capability of MPS in skewing macrophages toward an anti-cancer M1-like phenotype both directly and in a TEX-dependent manner. Thus, in addition to its direct anti-cancer effects, this compound could also modify TME in favor of tumor eradication via its direct and TEX-mediated effects on macrophage polarization as a novel anti-cancer mechanism.

Investigating the Effects of Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Allium hirtifolium and Allium jesdianum on Keratinase Activity of Trichophyton Mentagrophytes

Background: Trichophyton spp., as pathogenic species to humans and animals, cause different forms of dermatophytosis through the production of particular enzymes, playing an essential role in tissue invasion. Among these, herein, keratinase was investigated, for the specific case of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, as a target of the effects of Allium hirtifolium and Allium jesdianum extracts, thus pharmacological potential of these plants was studied against keratinase activity. Methodology: Sampling was carried out on 20 bald patients from medical diagnostic laboratories and mycology centers, with suspected dermatophytosis of scalp. For confirming the presence of Trichophyton mentagrophytes in the specimens, different laboratory procedures were applied. Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates were cultured on a screening medium containing keratin to verify production of the keratinase enzyme. The best enzyme-producing isolate was selected by measuring diameter of transparent halo around colony to be used in subsequent stages. Afterwards, the optimized conditions maximizing enzyme production and activity were determined. Finally, the inhibitory effect of different dilutions of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Allium jesdianum and Allium hirtifolium on extracellular keratinase activity was studied. Results: Sixteen out of 20 fungal isolates were identified as the Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The most desirable reduction on keratinase activity was reported for dilution values of 50 and 100 mg/ml of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A.jesdianum, though much more significant decrease belonged to the latter, and for dilution values of 25 and 100 mg/ ml of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A.hirtifolium. Conclusion: Concerning our results, it is suggested that paying special attention to these natural compounds for the treatment of dermatophytosis could be remarkably effective, considering significant production of keratinase observed in T. mentagrophytes, and they are beneficial, as they have no side effects and offer an alternative to currently available medications, which are under the restriction of drug resistance.

The Influence of Gelatin, Aloe Gel and Chitosan Coatings on Physicochemical Characteristics of Fresh-cut Persian Shallot during Storage

The Influence of Gelatin, Aloe Gel and Chitosan Coatings on Physicochemical Characteristics of Fresh-cut Persian Shallot during Storage

Weed management in Allium hirtifolium L. production by herbicides application

Allium hirtifolium Boiss (Persian shallot), called “Mooseer” in Persian, as a medical and industrial species, is poor competitor against weeds. Due to high pressure on its natural habitats by harvesting for food and medicinal consumption, it is necessary to domesticate it for commercial production. There is rare information on the tolerance of A. hirtifolium to herbicide applications. In present study, the effects of 19 weed control scenario along with two weedy and weed free controls on the weeds control and yield response of A. hirtifolium were evaluated. The field experiment was conducted in two years (Autumn 2015 to Summer 2017), as randomized complete block design with three replicates. Flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.) was the dominant weed in the experimental plots in both years. Hand-weeding caused complete weed removal and resulted in the highest crop yield. Oxyfluorfen herbicide caused the highest crop phytotoxicity in both rates (180+180 and 360 g a.i. ha−1). Whereas, bentazone and oxyfluorfen produced the highest crop yield. Based on our finding, although hand-weeding had highest crop yield, post emergence application of bentazone (1200 and 1440 g a.i. ha−1), oxadiazone (360 g a.i. ha−1) and oxyfluorfen (360 g a.i. ha−1) can be suitable options for selective chemical weeds control in A. hirtifolium, due to gained acceptable yield by providing satisfactory levels of weed control and crop phytotoxicity.