Perry Method Research Articles

Evaluation of alternative methods for forecasting the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population of Australia

Assessing future demand for a wide range of services requires good quality population forecasts. Unfortunately, many past forecasts of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Indigenous) population of Australia have proved highly inaccurate. This is due to poor data quality, missing data, and demographers’ incomplete understanding of Indigenous population change. In addition, because Indigenous population estimates are published only every 5 years and long after the reference date, forecasts are often used as preliminary population estimates. These form the denominators of various metrics used to monitor programmes aimed at improving health and social outcomes. The aim of this paper is to present an evaluation of alternative forecasting models and forecasts of the Indigenous population of Australia’s States and Territories by age and sex. Four models, differing substantially in complexity, were evaluated: (1) the simple Hamilton–Perry method, (2) the synthetic migration cohort-component model, (3) a uniregional cohort-component model with net migration, and (4) a bi-regional cohort-component model. The population forecasting methods were evaluated against several criteria, including forecast accuracy over the 2016–21 period, input data requirements, conceptual adequacy, output detail, time required to prepare, ability to create scenarios and select alternative assumptions, and ease of implementation. The Hamilton–Perry and synthetic migration cohort-component models provided greater forecast accuracy and scored well against the evaluation criteria. In the challenging data environment for modelling Indigenous populations, simpler forecasting methods offer several practical advantages and are likely to produce more accurate forecasts than more data-intensive models.

Evaluation of the optical, photoluminescence, and thermal characteristics of Barium thiourea chloride (BTCL), a metal–organic crystal for photonic applications

The development of crystal fabrication and characterization approaches makes it possible to study novel materials with enhanced linear and nonlinear optical properties. The solution growth method was adopted in the present investigation to create Barium thiourea chloride (BTCL), a metal–organic single crystal. Structural, optical, and thermal characteristics of the BTCL crystals were evaluated by XRD analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectrometry, photoluminescence, SHG, and thermal analyses. The XRD method was applied to investigate the structural characteristics of the BTCL, which is related to the monoclinic structure. The FT-IR spectral investigation was conducted to observe the vibrational modes in BTCL. The optical measurements showed the transmittance in the near-UV and visible spectrums. Optical characteristics include bandgap, refractive index, extinction coefficient, optical, and electrical conductivities, and dielectric constants were obtained. The PL curve showed two notable emission peaks at 482.5[Formula: see text]nm and 491[Formula: see text]nm. The ability to generate second harmonics was investigated using the Kurtz and Perry method, and the SHG was more than 1.79 times the KDP sample. The thermal behavior of the BTCL was evaluated by TGA/DTA measurements. The Coats–Redfern relation was used to estimate the activation energy of the thermal system and the value was determined to be 9.48[Formula: see text]KJ/mol. The findings indicate that the BTCL crystals possess excellent optical transparency, higher SHG potency, and good thermal stability, which are suitable for use in photonic structures.

An improved descent Perry‐type algorithm for large‐scale unconstrained nonconvex problems and applications to image restoration problems

AbstractConjugate gradient methods are much effective for large‐scale unconstrained optimization problems by their simple computations and low memory requirements. The Perry conjugate gradient method has been considered to be one of the most efficient methods in the context of unconstrained minimization. However, a globally convergent result for general functions has not been established yet. In this paper, an improved three‐term Perry‐type algorithm is proposed which automatically satisfies the sufficient descent property independent of the accuracy of line search strategy. Under the standard Wolfe line search technique and a modified secant condition, the proposed algorithm is globally convergent for general nonlinear functions without convexity assumption. Numerical results compared with the Perry method for stability, two modified Perry‐type conjugate gradient methods and two effective three‐term conjugate gradient methods for large‐scale problems up to 300,000 dimensions indicate that the proposed algorithm is more efficient and reliable than the other methods for the testing problems. Additionally, we also apply it to some image restoration problems.

Developing and testing a program for reducing aggressive behavior in adolescents

Background. The study considers the problem of increasing aggression and anxiety among teenagers in the modern society. The programs for correction of aggressive behavior allowing for effective work with teenagers are in great demand in psychological practice. Objectives. Testing the effectiveness of the correctional program “Face of Aggression” which has its purpose to optimize (reduce) the level of aggressiveness and anxiety in teenage schoolchildren. Study Participants. The study involved 61 schoolchildren aged 11 to 14, of them 26 teenagers made up two training groups and 35 teenagers constituted the control group. The research was carried out on the basis of the Universal Library affiliated to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research named after D.I. Blokhintsev in Dubna, RF. Methods. Personal anxiety scale for students aged 10–16 years by A.M. Prikhozhan; Bass — Perry method for assessing the level of aggression; Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Results. The obtained data analysis demonstrated effectiveness of the correction program “Face of Aggression”. Comparison of the studied psychodiagnostic indicators before and after the training in the experimental group revealed a significant decrease in the level of anger, statistically significant differences in the overall level of aggression, at the trend level — in indicators of physical aggression and the overall level of anxiety. Conclusions. Aggression and anxiety, which are significant indicators of the difficulties experienced in adolescence, are “two sides of the same coin” and can be reduced by means of the psychological training using Burno’s method. The empirical study confirmed previously obtained data on the relationship between the emotion of anger and hostility as a factor of readiness for aggressive behavior with self-assessment and interpersonal anxiety in adolescents.

The Kurtz-Perry Powder Technique Revisited: A Study of the Effect of Reference Selection on Powder Second-Harmonic Generation Response.

The accurate evaluation of nonlinear optical (NLO) coefficient, the main parameter affecting light conversion efficiency, plays a crucial role in the development of NLO materials. The Kurtz-Perry powder technique can evaluate second-harmonic generation (SHG) intensity in pristine powder form, saving a significant amount of time and energy in the preliminary screening of materials. However, the Kurtz-Perry method has recently been subject to some controversy due to the limitations of the Kurtz-Perry theory and the oversimplified experimental operation. Therefore, it is very meaningful to revisit and develop the Kurtz-Perry technique. In this work, on the basis of introducing the light scattering effect into the original Kurtz-Perry theory, the theoretical expression of second-harmonic generation intensity with respect to band gap and refractive index are analyzed. In addition, the reference-dependent SHG measurements were carried out on polycrystalline LiB3O5 (LBO), AgGaQ2 (Q = S, Se), BaGa4Q7 (Q = S, Se), and ZnGeP2 (ZGP), and the results of SHG response emphasize the importance of using appropriate references to the Kurtz-Perry method. In order to obtain reliable values of nonlinear coefficients, two criteria for selecting a reference compound were proposed: (1) it should possess a band gap close to that of the sample to be measured and (2) it should possess a refractive index close to that of the sample to be measured. This work might shed light on improvements in accuracy that can be made for effective NLO coefficients obtained using the Kurtz-Perry method.

A NOVEL METHOD TO ANALYZE THE SELF-EXCITED AND PULSED T-BURNER EXPERIMENTAL DATA AT WIDE PRESSURE AND FREQUENCY RANGES

This paper describes the extended work for the methods of analysis of the T-burner experimental data which was published earlier this year. The combustion instability in solid rocket motors is mostly addressed using a T-burner by the measurement of response function for a given solid propellant. The experimental data could be reduced to the required response function by many methods. Six different methods of analyzing the experimental self-excited T-burner data at 1 MPa were presented in the previous work which consisted of Perry's method, Culick's method, and an exponential method with different combinations. It was observed that Culick's method is better when compared to the other methods. However, the recent investigations revealed that Culick's method has issues when analyzing the response data at higher pressures and for pulsed tests. This paper revisits those methods, compares them with new methods, and finally arrives at a method which is acceptable for any pressure and any test result (self-excited/pulsed). It was observed that the modified Perry method is better for all the different kinds of T-burner data to deduce the combustion response at different pressures and frequencies. The advantages of this method are brought out. This method is working better than Culick's method and is useful in all the T-burner test data analyses from which the stability prediction of solid rocket motors could be developed.

Synthesis, Structural, Spectroscopic, and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis, and DFT Investigation of Benzaldehyde Semicarbazone

By using slow evaporation, single crystals of BDSC (chemical name: 2-benzylidenehydrazine carboxamide) have been formed. A slow evaporation approach was used to generate BDSC single crystals. By using single-crystal XRD, the nonlinear characteristics of the material were studied. The presence of molecular groups was carefully examined using fundamental vibrational analysis. A Hirshfeld analysis was used to study the interactions between molecules. A series of UV-visible, photoluminescence, and VCD spectroscopic experiments were used to verify the optical characteristics of the material. In order to determine the electrical characteristics, dielectric investigations were carried out. Tests of Vickers hardness were used to measure mechanical strength. The SHG behaviour of the crystal was determined using the Kurtz–Perry method. To assess the molecule’s thermal stability, all quantitative calculations were performed using the B3LYP approach with a basis function of 6-31 + G(d,p) and TG/DTA experiments.

METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF T-BURNER EXPERIMENTAL DATA

The measurement of response function for a given solid propellant is mostly done using a T-burner to address the issue of combustion instability in solid rocket motors. Once the experiment has been conducted, it becomes important to carefully analyse and reduce the data to the required response function using the measured pressure. Six different methods of analysing the experimental T-burner data are presented in this paper. An experiment conducted at 1 MPa pressure at 390 Hz frequency is utilized for this purpose. Detailed procedure is given to calculate the growth rate, decay rate and the response function for a self-excited test. These methods include Perry's method, Culick's method and exponential method with different combinations which is reported for the first time. Analyzing with different methods revealed that Culick's method is better and more consistent than the other methods. The response function of the given solid propellant calculated using this method for the self-excited tests of T-burner is in good qualitative agreement with the response measured using Laser Doppler Velocimetry technique.

A Modified Perry's Conjugate Gradient Method Based on Powell's Equation for Solving Large-Scale Unconstrained Optimization

It is known that the conjugate gradient method is still a popular method for many researchers who are focused in solving the large-scale unconstrained optimization problems and nonlinear equations because the method avoids the computation and storage of some matrices so the memory's requirements of the method are very small. In this work, a modified Perry conjugate gradient method which fulfills a global convergence with standard assumptions is shown and analyzed. The idea of new method is based on Perry method by using the equation which is founded via Powell in 1978. The weak Wolfe–Powell search conditions are used to choose the optimal line search, under the line search and suitable conditions, we prove both descent and sufficient descent conditions. In particular, numerical results show that the new conjugate gradient method is more effective and competitive when compared to other of standard conjugate gradient methods including: - CG- Hestenes and Stiefel (H/S) method, CG-Perry method, CG- Dai and Yuan (D/Y) method. The comparison is completed under a group of standard test problems with various dimensions from the CUTEst test library and the comparative performances of the methods are evaluated by total the number of iterations and the total number of function evaluations.

Third-order NLO studies of 2, 4-Bis (4-fluorophenyl)-2, 3-dihydro-1H-1, 5-benzodiazepine using Z-scan technique and DFT method

The present work discusses the nonlinear optical properties of 2, 4-Bis (4-fluorophenyl)-2, 3-dihydro-1H-1, 5-benzodiazepine. The structural characterizations have been performed using FT-IR, FT-Raman, and UV-Visible absorption spectroscopic techniques. The optimized geometry, vibrational wavenumbers, natural bond orbital analysis, HOMO-LUMO analysis, natural population analysis were calculated using the B3LYP/6-311++G (d, p) level of theory. Unambiguous vibrational assignments have been performed using potential energy distribution values obtained from normal coordinate analysis using MOLVIB program. The theoretical second-order hyperpolarizability was calculated using B3LYP and CAM-B3LYP hybrid functional at the DFT level. The second-order hyperpolarizability (γ),third-order susceptibility (χ(3)), nonlinear refractive index (n2), nonlinear absorption coefficient (β)) have been investigated using the Z-scan technique. The Z-scan results confirm that the compound exhibits positive nonlinear absorption and negative nonlinear refractive index. The second harmonic generation efficiency was investigated using the Kurtz and Perry method and was found to be 1.44 times higher than urea. The obtained results reveal that the title compound is a promising material for laser assisted applications.

Influence of potassium chloride doping on the properties of potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystal for nonlinear optical applications

Nonlinear optical single crystals of pure potassium dihydrogen phosphate and potassium chloride-doped potassium dihydrogen phosphate were grown by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The powder X-ray diffraction analysis shows the reflection lines of the doped KDP crystal correlate well with the observed individual parent compound pure KDP with a slight shift in the intensity of the diffracted peaks. The crystal structure lattice parameters and space group was determined by single-crystal XRD studies. The existences of several functional groups were extricated by shifting of peaks in FTIR spectral inspections. The UV cut-off wavelength is found to be 381 nm for pure KDP 383 nm for potassium chloride-doped KDP crystals, respectively, using UV–Vis-NIR studies. The permittivity and dielectric loss tangent of the grown crystals are less at elevated frequencies with different temperatures. The correlative second harmonic (SHG) potency was evaluated by the Kurtz and Perry method for the doped crystal, and it was found to be 0.34 times higher than that of the pure KDP. The thermal stability measurement was carried out by TG/DTA study. Mechanical stability was found from load-dependent Vickers micro-hardness analysis.

A Nonlinear Optical Switchable Sulfate of Ultrawide Bandgap

Nonlinear optical (NLO) switchable materials have attracted intense attention because of their promising applications in optoelectronic devices. However, previous studies are mainly limited to mole...

The Accuracy of Hamilton–Perry Population Projections for Census Tracts in the United States

In a first-ever nation-wide census tract evaluation, we assess the accuracy of the Hamilton–Perry population projection method for 65,221 census tracts. We started with 73,607 census tracts but eliminated those for which zeros appeared in age/sex groups. The test uses 1990 and 2000 census tract data by age and gender to construct cohort change ratios, which are then applied to 2000 census tract data to generate 2010 Hamilton–Perry projections that are evaluated in an ex post facto test against the reported 2010 census tract data by age and gender. The projections include: (1) uncontrolled age and gender projections; and (2) age and gender projections controlled to a projection of the population total by census tract. Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE) is used to evaluate precision and Mean Algebraic Percent Error (MALPE) is used to evaluate bias. We find that controlling the Hamilton–Perry projections by age for each tract to the linearly projected total population of each tract reduces both MAPE and MALPE within age groups by gender and for total females and total males. As this result suggests, simple linear extrapolation provides more accurate projections of the total population than does the Hamilton–Perry Method. However, even with controlling we find the Hamilton–Perry projections by age to be biased upward. Finally, we use MAPE-R (MAPE- Revised) to evaluate the effect of extreme outliers and find that high MAPEs in the uncontrolled projections are largely driven by extreme errors (outliers) found in less than 1 percent of the 65,221 census tracts used in the study.

Growth and characterisation of thiosemicarbazide hydrochloride single crystals for optoelectronic and photonics device applications

Single crystals of semi organic non linear optical thiosemicarbazide hydrochloride (TSCHCL) has been synthesised from aqueous solution by slow evaporation method. The grown crystals were subjected to PXRD to affirm the crystalline nature of the material. UV–vis-NIR spectrum revealed the transmission properties of grown crystals. The SHG efficiency of the grown crushed sample was estimated by Kurtz -Perry method and is compared with Standard Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal. For the first time, the dielectric and photoconductivity manner of the developed crystals were assessed. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the TSCHCL crystals were carried out as a function of frequency and the results were discussed in detail. The photoconductivity analysis certifies that the grown sample possess negative photo conducting style. The thermal tolerating ability of the grown crystals was analysed by differential scanning calorimetric method.

Influence of classical N–H...O and C–H...O hydrogen bonding interactions on 2-amino-5-methylpyridinium hydrogen succinate crystal: experimental and theoretical perspectives

An organic nonlinearly active crystal 2-amino-5-methylpyridinium hydrogen succinate (2A5MPHS) was successfully synthesized and 2A5MPHS single crystals have been grown by a slow evaporation method. The crystal structure was determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction method and the result reveals that it belongs to the orthorhombic structure with noncentrosymmetric space group P212121. The 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic spectra (NMR) are recorded in order to establish the molecular structure of the title compound. The identification of functional groups and their vibrational modes in the synthesized compound was analysed by Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral studies. The optical transparency of 2A5MPHS has been studied by UV-Visible spectroscopic studies. Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum was recorded to investigate the emission properties of the crystal. Thermal behavior of the title compound was determined by using thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). The nonlinear optical (NLO) property of the crystal was confirmed by Kurtz and Perry method and was found to be 2 times greater than that of pure KDP. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to execute the quantum chemical calculations to explore various intermolecular interactions using B3LYP functional with 6–31 G (d,p) basic set.

Synthesis, growth and physicochemical properties of new organic nonlinear optical crystal l-threoninium tartrate (LTT) for frequency conversion

An organic nonlinear optical l-threoninium tartrate (LTT) single crystal was successfully grown by slow evaporation method using de-ionized water as solvent. The orthorhombic structure and non-centrosymmetric space group of P2221 of the grown LTT crystal was confirmed using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The various functional groups and bonding nature of the LTT crystal were realized using FT-IR spectroscopic analysis. The linear optical behavior is examined using UV–Visible spectroscopy revealing the absences of absorbance in the wavelength region of 230–1100 nm. Tauc’s relation is employed to obtain the optical band gap and it is found to be 6.4 eV. The optical parameters like extinction coefficient (K), reflectance (R) and refractive index (n0) are also calculated for the grown LTT crystal. With respect to the frequency and temperature the dielectric constant and dielectric loss were estimated. The Vickers hardness number (Hv), Meyer’s index (n), yield strength (σr), elastic constant (C11), fracture toughness (KC) and Brittle index number (Bi) were calculated using the micro-indentation test. Thermo-gravimetric (TG) and differential thermal (DT) analysis confirm the single stage decomposition and 257 °C melting point of the titular crystal. The exact melting point of the crystal is found to be 268 °C using auto melting point apparatus. The layer growth with 2D nucleation mechanism and less dislocation is confirmed by chemical etching analysis. The surface quality of the titular crystal was studied using laser damage threshold (LDT) measurement and it is found to be 6.57 GW/cm2. Kurtz and Perry method was employed to estimate the second harmonic generation efficiency of the titular crystal and is found to be 2.91 times greater than the KDP crystal. The χ(3), n2 and β of the titular crystal was estimated using Z-scan technique and they are found to be 7.1368 × 10−10 (esu), 0.8466 × 10−12 (cm2W−1) and 3.734 × 10−6 (cmW−1) respectively. Reverse saturable absorption observed in open aperture Z-scan indicates the suitability of titular crystal for optical limiting application.

Structural, spectral, thermal and nonlinear optical analysis of potassium tartrate hemihydrate crystal

The semi-organic, non-linear optical (NLO) single crystals of potassium tartrate hemihydrate (PTH) were grown successfully by solvent evaporation method. It crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system. Functional group vibrations were analysed through FT-IR and FT–Raman spectroscopy. Molecular structure was established by NMR spectroscopy. PTH is transparent from 190 to 1100 nm. Thermal characteristics of PTH was analysed by TGA/DTA. SHG capability of PTH was tested by Kurtz–Perry method and the frequency doubling efficiency is measured as 0.9 times that of KDP. Third order nonlinear susceptibility (χ3) is found by Z scan method. Wide transmission bandwidth coupled with good thermal stability and favorable NLO properties of the crystal may be exploited to make photonic devices.

Synthesis and Investigation on Structural, Thermal, Mechanical, Linear Optical, and Nonlinear Optical Nature of Potassium Sulphato Oxalate Single Crystals

AbstractThe new semiorganic potassium sulphato oxalate (KSO) single crystals are grown at room temperature by a slow evaporation method using an aqueous solution. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used to ascertain the various functional groups present in the grown KSO sample. The single crystal X‐ray diffractometer (XRD) results confirm the grown KSO crystal is a triclinic structure with lattice parameters a = 6.37 Å; b = 7.03 Å; c = 10.61 Å; and space group P1. Powder XRD study proves the crystallinity and purity of the grown crystal. The optical behaviors of KSO are analyzed by UV–vis‐near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectrophotometer. Photoluminescence (PL) studies of KSO reveal its strong green emission at 576 nm. The laser damage threshold (LDT) of the title compound is measured to be 6.135 GW/cm2. The thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis indicated that KSO is stable up to 103 °C. From the Vickers microhardness tester, the mechanical behaviors of the title compound are studied. The frequency conversion property of KSO crystal is analyzed using Kurtz–Perry method, and it is found to be 1.16 times higher than that of the reference potassium dihydrogen phosphate which indicates KSO is well suited for optoelectronic device fabrication.

Growth and characterization of third-order nonlinear optical lithium hydrogen maleate dihydrate single-crystal

A third-order nonlinear optical crystal of lithium hydrogen maleate dihydrate (LHMD) is grown by the process of slow evaporation at room-temperature. The LHMD crystal system is orthorhombic and is a member of P space group. Using FTIR spectral investigation, the presence of main functional groups in LHMD crystal is identified. The optical behavior of the crystal is determined by UV-Visible spectroscopy. The bandgap energy of the LHMD crystal is calculated to be 3.4 eV. By Vickers microhardness measurements, the mechanical behavior has been assessed. The melting point of LHMD is determined by TG-DTA analysis. The defects present in the LHMD crystal are studied by dielectric loss and dielectric constant. SHG studies are performed for the LHMD crystal by Kurtz and Perry method. The third-order nonlinear characteristics of the LHMD crystal are analyzed by Z-scan technique. The laser damage threshold (LDT) study is carried out to verify the suitability of the crystal for laser applications.

Synthesis and electronic structure studies of a novel nonlinear optical crystal L-leucinium squarate monohydrate: A spectroscopic view

Nonlinear optical active L-leucinium squarate monohydrate single crystals were grown using the slow evaporation technique. The crystal structure was determined using the single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra were recorded and analyzed. Meanwhile, the thermal characteristics of the sample were analyzed using TGA-DTA techniques. In addition, the equilibrium geometry, vibrational wavenumbers and first-order hyperpolarizability were calculated with the aid of the density functional theoretical method. The red-shift of NH3+ stretching wavenumbers indicates the formation of inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding in the molecule. Similarly, the blue-shift in the C-H stretching wavenumbers is due to the presence of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonding. The natural bond orbital analysis confirms the occurrence of a strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding that is responsible for the stabilization of the molecule. Molecular electrostatic potential maps help to predict the electrophilicity and nucleophilicity groups in the molecule. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap value suggests the possibility of charge transfer within the molecule. The SHG conversion efficiency was investigated using the Kurtz and Perry method and was found to be higher than that of urea. The intercontacts in the crystal structure were analyzed using the Hirshfeld surfaces analysis method. The thermodynamic properties at different temperatures were also calculated.