Perpetual Rights Research Articles

South Asia Archive

South Asia Archive is a large primary source digital collection of South Asian historic materials from the 1700s to 1950s. It includes materials related to most subjects, with most sources in English and some in languages including Hindi and Bangla/Bengali. The archive was originally organized by the South Asia Research Foundation (SARF); in 2021, Coherent Digital purchased rights to the collection from Taylor & Francis (T&F) and has since migrated it to their award-winning Commons platform. The archive's new platform is well designed, easily navigable, and mobile responsive, and it offers improved metadata and content organization. It includes useful features such as an e-reader with full-text search, additional manual and AI-powered indexing, and more advanced search options. South Asia Archive is available as a one-time purchase of perpetual rights, with a standard license. Prices range from $36,000 to $72,000, and consortia discounts are available.

ОБ ОБЪЕКТЕ И СИСТЕМЕ ВЕЩНЫХ ПРАВ НА ЗЕМЕЛЬНЫЕ УЧАСТКИ В РФ В КОНТЕКСТЕ РЕФОРМЫ ГК РФ

Two concepts have developed around the world - single object and multi-object real estate. The choice of the model determines the systematics of rights in rem over real estate. At the present stage of development of the legislation of countries where a land plot is regarded as a single real estate object, this concept does not always effectively regulate the relations of persons having a legal interest in real estate. The concept of a single object has been replaced abroad by the idea of a parcel unit which allows for the recognition of rights in rem to separate spaces: underground, above-ground and aerial. The concept of parcels implies granting a number of privileges to property owners within the boundaries of a land plot. Analogous to the concept of parcels in Russian law may be the concept of composite immovable property. Applying the concept of composite immovable property to multifunctional complexes, cottage settlements, blocks of flats and property of garage co-operatives with vesting property owners with rights of common ownership of common use property (if any) seems more relevant to the interests of such persons compared to the current regulatory model. The system of rights in rem over land plots in accordance with the concept of a single object in a multi-object real estate will not work efficiently. The approach proposed in the Draft Amendments to the section on rights in rem of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is aimed at duplicating the already existing structures and giving the rights of obligation in rem and the negative easement the status of rights in rem. This confusion destabilises the circulation of real estate that has developed over decades. Gratuitous and perpetual rights to use land plots must be retained as the basis for the functioning of special public legal entities and the support of subjects for socially important purposes. However, the capacity of the holders of such rights can be expanded by granting the right to own a land plot. In order to distinguish between real and compulsory lease regime, it is possible to distinguish between user (compulsory) lease and user-owner (real) lease. It is also necessary to expand the range of security transactions with respect to land plots by providing for the possibility of leasing and sale with the right to buy it back. For easements in the Russian Federation, an open list of types of private easements should be established, while public easements, on the contrary, should be subject to a closed list. For the Russian Federation, the introduction of a reciprocal easement structure could be relevant. In the case of personal easements, the potential of such rights in relation to land plots cannot be appreciated and the need to duplicate existing rights through such a construction. A similar problem is characteristic of usufruct and rights in rem. In this respect, it would be more reasonable to introduce the property rights in real estate in Russian law that are endowed with a succession effect.

Is the Utility Transmission Syndicate Forever?

Is the Utility Transmission Syndicate Forever?

A Short History of the Public Trust Doctrine and its Intersection with Private Water Law

This article explores the development of public trust principles from early Roman and British law through modern U.S. law as a public commons approach to natural resource management, especially with regard to waterways. It then analyzes the tension between the common pool approach underlying the public trust regulation of waterways and the contrasting theoretical premises of American laws that regulate private use of the water within them—especially the privatization model embedded in the doctrine of prior appropriations, which assigns perpetual rights to withdraw from the watercourse on a first-in-time basis. The public trust doctrine, the protagonist of much modern environmental advocacy in the United States, creates a set of public rights and responsibilities with regard to waterways and other natural resource commons. For hundreds if not thousands of years, the common law has recognized that some resources are so critical that they cannot be owned by anyone in particular—instead, they must belong to everyone together. Accordingly, most versions of the doctrine obligate the state to manage resource commons for the benefit of the public. Over the centuries, the doctrine gradually evolved from an affirmation of sovereign authority over these resources to a recognition of sovereign responsibility to protect them for present and future generations. In recent decades, it has evolved substantially in many U.S. states to address a broader variety of natural resources and a broader scope of public values associated with them, including not only navigational but also ecological values. Part I of the article introduces the public trust doctrine as a creatue of common law, constitutional law, and perhaps as an underlying feature of sovereign authority more generally, tracing its history from the Justinian statement of the jus publicum through the British Magna Carta to early American affirmations in both state and federal supreme courts. Parts II and III review the acceptance of public trust principles in modern U.S. law, their ratification in many state constitutions, and the questions that remain open about the extent to which the doctrine applies at the federal level—including its role as a background principle in constitutional takings analyses, and the extent to which it constrains even federal sovereign authority. Part IV explores the intersection of the doctrine with state water allocation law, reviewing the broad mechanics of the riparian and appropriative rights doctrines that can conflict with public trust principles. Conflict is especially pronounced between the public commons model that underlies the public trust and the privatization model embedded in the western doctrine of prior appropriations, as demonstrated by distinct approaches to reconciling them in California, Idaho, and Nevada. The analysis reveals how the unresolved relationship between these two sets of doctrines create ongoing friction in the water governance regimes that follow them, enabling us to better understand the core conflicts within water disputes—and, ideally, prevent them in the future. It concludes with reflections on the evolution of public commons doctrines and contrasting approaches to environmental rights, and the role they can play in helping us locate the dynamic equipoise between the conflicting values at stake in contemporary environmental disputes.

The origin and development of a moral rights regime in India

The evolution of a moral rights regime under the Indian Copyright Act 1957 has been gradual, iterative and author-friendly. It has evolved based on national cultural perspectives and also India’s obligations under the international copyright conventions and treaties to which it is a member. Indian courts have upheld the claims of authors’ moral rights in India and they have also recognized authors’ personal, social and cultural rights associated with their creative works. It has taken into account emerging technological and other developments, which affect moral rights of creators. The Indian moral rights regime identifies moral rights of authors and performers as absolute, perpetual, inalienable, imprescriptible, non-assignable, non-transferrable and non-waivable. The similarity between the language of moral rights provision in the Act and the relevant provisions under the Berne Convention and the ‘WIPO Internet Treaties’, namely the WIPO Copyright Treaty 1996 and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty 1996, is apparent and discernible. India’s moral rights regime is akin to the dualistic French system in treating the duration of moral rights as perpetual rights.1 However, the Act provides for certain exceptions to moral rights of both authors and performers in the public interest.

A dam tale

PurposeIn 1950, the Aluminum Company of Canada (Alcan) was given a perpetual water license for a large section of Northern British Columbia, Canada. The benefit to the original owner of the water rights, the Province of British Columbia, was economic and population growth. The purpose of this paper is to follow the contestation over these rights from 1948 to 2016.Design/methodology/approachAn institutional logics perspective was taken to analyze the main actors and how their relative power (dominant versus fringe) changed in the institutional field. Archival data and selected interviews were mapped to institutional logics across three time periods.FindingsIn the inter-temporal setting, many of the actors that were fringe in 1950 became more dominant by 2016. For example, the local indigenous peoples, the Cheslatta Carrier First Nation, were flooded off their land to make way for Alcan’s dam. They ended up as very powerful players in the institutional field. The perpetual rights given to Alcan made it a dominant actor across all time periods, despite changes in the logics of the institutional field.Research limitations/implicationsA single case was studied; other comparative settings should be explored to contrast and compare. The data were primarily archival, supplemented by only three interviews of those related to the case study. This case study is also one where water rights were privatized in perpetuity, which may not be the case in other settings.Practical implicationsCurrent governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should use this case to understand the long-term effects of resource policy decisions.Social implicationsThe building of large dams has been, and continues to be, used worldwide to provide power to create economic growth. Our setting provides insight into the long-term societal outcomes of using water rights in this way.Originality/valueThis is an original use of institutional logics around a natural resource-based institutional field. Using institutional logics in a multi-period setting, focusing on the power relations of the key actors, and how they can be constrained by historical forces, provides a contribution to the literature.

The Deficit Doctorate: Multimodal Solutions to Enable Differentiated Learning

This article is published in an open access journal. The Journal grants to all users a free, irrevocable, worldwide, perpetual right of access to, and a license to copy, use, distribute, perform and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works in any digital medium for any reasonable non-commercial purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship and ownership of the rights.

Optimizing Library Services- Tracking E-journal Perpetual Rights: A Discussion Among Publishers, Vendors and Librarians

Optimizing Library Services- Tracking E-journal Perpetual Rights: A Discussion Among Publishers, Vendors and Librarians

ЕМФІТЕВЗИС: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВІДОБРАЖЕННЯ В БУХГАЛТЕРСЬКОМУ ОБЛІКУ

У статті досліджено особливості правового регулювання права користування чужою земельною ділянкою для сільськогосподарських потреб за договором емфітевзису. Обґрунтовано правомірність визнання емфітевзису нематеріальним активом, а, отже, об’єктом бухгалтерського обліку. Проаналізовано особливості ведення первинного обліку емфітевзису та встановлено, що для документального оформлення операцій надходження, введення в експлуатацію, припинення визнання емфітевзису спеціалізованих форм первинних документів не встановлено. Визначено основні облікові аспекти відображення земельних ділянок за договорами емфітевзису та розроблено шляхи їх вдосконалення. Запропоновано строк, на який передається земельна ділянка у користування згідно договору емфітевзису.
 Під час дослідження були використанні загальнонаукові методи – індукція, дедукція, синтез, аналіз, діалектичний, історичний, узагальнення, а також специфічні методи бухгалтерського обліку – документування, оцінка, бухгалтерські рахунки.

Eminent Domain: The Perpetual Rights of the Indigenous People of Kenya to Land Ownership

The power of eminent domain, a facet of the powers vested in the Government of Kenya, is ideally a tool for conservation of the environment and the advancement of the public good. Unfortunately, this power has been abused over the years, and become a gateway for unscrupulous regimes to appropriate land. Consequently, the core right of indigenous people—the right to ownership of property, specifically land—has been violated and usurped time and time again to the end of eminent domain. Due to the unique nature of indigenous people and their identity, the power of eminent domain should be suspended from the prerogative of the Government for the sake of their protection and continuity.

A Comparative Perspective on the Concept of Ownership in Russian Law: From the Svod Zakonov to the 1994 Civil Code

The modern European unitary conception of ownership emerged from the dissolution of feudalism and achievement of a deeper understanding of Roman law to become an ideal of property law in the European Civil-Law tradition. Prior to its dissolution European feudalism represented hierarchies of legal tenure in land, such as the division of land ownership between dominus directus (direct owner) and dominus utilis (beneficial owner) and overlapping hierarchies of social class descending from monarchy and aristocracy to bonded serfdom. Support for the resolution of divided land ownership and victory for the unitary concept of ownership was found in the Roman law tradition. The dissolution of feudal hierarchies took different historical courses in the legal traditions that we now identify as the French, German, Common-Law and Russian legal systems and with great local variation even within those emergent traditions. The unitary concept of ownership is found today in the French and German Civil Codes and is for practical purposes reflected in the prevalence of the common-law tenure of freehold. In Russia the systemized digest of the laws of the Russian Empire, the Svod Zakonov of 1832, provided no civil-law notion of divided ownership or perpetual rights. In the Soviet era exclusive state ownership of land and the means of production was also viewed as unitary, which raised serious questions about how state agencies and enterprises could engage in transactions with their assets and products. Venediktov’s celebrated doctrine of the right of operative management, codified in the Civil Code of the rsfr of 1964, provided legal recognition of de facto proprietary rights for state enterprises. This introduced a form of divided ownership ‘on the ground’ despite the dogma of unitary state ownership. This reality further manifested itself in widespread division of ownership between land and buildings. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation of 1994 retained and even extended some of these solutions that relied on split or divided ownership. This might have been a pragmatic way forward in the early 1990s, however twenty years later the demands of a modern sophisticated legal system require a policy trajectory back toward a modern European unitary conception of ownership. The Russian Civil Code thus should be extended in this direction.

Reconciling the Inalienability Doctrine with the Conventions of War

Abstract The archival principle of the inalienability of public documents arose in the 1970s in response to the retreat of colonial powers after World War II. An international jurist initially advanced the concept as an argument to reclaim the archival patrimony of former countries that had been despoiled of their public records during colonial rule. Public records, he argued, are the inseparable and indivisible heritage of the country of origin, which has a perpetual right of return. In 1995, the International Council of Archives (ICA) defined the “inalienability principle” further by claiming that public records without exception can only be divested through a legislative act of the state that created them. This concept was again expanded in 2008 when the Society of American Archivists and the Association of Canadian Archivists cited the principle in jointly calling for the immediate restitution of captured Saddam-era records that had been removed from Iraq in the two Gulf Wars and the upheavals in Iraq...

Digital Media Reviews

This quarterly column offers reviews of free and fee-based music resources in a variety of digital media, including online subscription services and databases, World Wide Web sites, mobile applications, CDROM products, and music-related software of any kind. Some reviews may cover a number of related sources together. Excluded from this column are reviews of media in purely digital audio format that would normally be reviewed as sound recordings.Dance in Video: Volume I. [Alexandria, Virginia]: Alexander Street Press, 2008-. http://alexanderstreet.com/products/dance-video (Accessed 29 May 2013). [Requires a Web browser, Adobe Flash Player, an audio- enabled device, and an Internet connection with a minimum bandwidth of 400kbps. Annual subscription ranges from $1,172 to $2,647; perpetual rights start at $10,000 plus a $125 annual access fee and range up to $25,000 plus a $500 annual access fee; pricing for both subscriptions and perpetual rights is dependent upon library size and budget. Discounts are available for consortial purchases; unlimited simultaneous users.]Introduction & ContentDance in Video: Volume I has been pre- sented by Alexander Street Press as con- taining 500 hours of video footage provid- ing an overview of 20th Century concert dance, including the forerunners and pio- neers of modern dance, covering ballet, tap, jazz, contemporary, experimental, and improvisation1 but the actual content seems to be heavily focused on traditional ballet, while only providing in-depth cover- age of a few particular choreographers in more modern dance form, and only a smat- tering of videos having to do with dance styles of particular regions and cultures. It contains videos dating between 1960 and 2012, with the bulk of the content from 1980-2012. Some of the footage is readily available on DVD, but in comparison to the institutional prices for DVDs, the Dance in Video database is a bargain (for example, the videos from Charles Dennis's Alive and Kicking series alone would cost more than $11,000 if purchased on DVD.)2Within Dance in Video, there are more than seven hundred individual videos faceted into many categories, the broadest being Performance (443), Choreography and Composition (326), History and Philosophy of Dance (195), Instruction (121), and Dance Theory (88). The collec- tion includes performances by companies such as Merce Cunningham Dance Com- pany, The Royal Ballet, Pilobolus, The American Ballet Company, Doug Varone and Dancers, and Eiko and Komo. One of the more interesting collections of videos included are a series of thirty-six Master- classes provided by the George Balanchine Foundation, in which ballet greats such as Allegra Kent and Maria Tallchief can be ob- served teaching Balanchine's choreography of particular roles to younger dancers.Interface DesignAlexander Street Press has been in the process of rolling out a new interface for its collections since fall 2013.3 The initial release has both simple and advanced searching capabilities, with robust faceted searching which appears on the left-hand sidebar of search results to further refine results. The ability to create custom video clips and playlists has been retained in the new platform, which allows one to book- mark and share custom playlists of videos, but as of the time of this review, this feature was only working for onsite users. In a per- sonal communication Alexander Street Press let the author know they were looking into this issue, and they suspect it involves a proxy issue for remote users. There is an extensive list of known issues with the new Alexander Street Platform posted on their website.4The video controls provided are intu- itive, including play/pause, fast forward, and rewind buttons, as well as a volume control slider. There is also a button that allows the user to jump back in thirty sec- ond increments. The layout of the screen can toggle between three views: default, thumbnails, and full-screen. …

Without copyrights: piracy, publishing, and the public domain

Introduction Chapter 1: The American Public Domain and the Courtesy of the Trade in the Nineteenth Century Chapter 2: Transatlantic Modernism and the American Public Domain. Chapter 3: Ezra Pound's Copyright Statute: Perpetual Rights and Unfair Competition with the Dead. Chapter 4: James Joyce's Ulysses and American Copyright Protectionism. Chapter 5: James Joyce v. Samuel Roth and Two Worlds Publishing Company. Chapter 6: The 1934 Random House Ulysses: Copyright and Trade Courtesy. Epilogue

Classical Music in Video (review)

For information regarding the scope of this column, consult the headnote in the September 2013 issue. The dates of access for each review of an online source indicate the dates during which the reviewer was evaluating the resource. All Web sites were last accessed to verify availability on 1 August 2013.Classical Music in Video [Alexandria, VA]: Alexander Street Press, 2012-. http://clmv.alexanderstreet.com/ (Accessed May 2013). [Requires a Web browser, Adobe Flash Player, an audio-enabled device, and an Internet connection with a minimum bandwidth of 400 kbps. Pricing: annual subscription from $1,024 to $2,570 depending on library size or perpetual rights for $25,000 plus a $500 annual access fee; discounts are available for consortial purchases; unlimited simultaneous users.]IntroductionUsers familiar with Alexander Street Press's family of music streaming products, such as Classical Music Library, Jazz Music Library, Opera in Video, and others, will welcome Classical Music in Video, a relatively new addition to this group. As of this writing, Classical Music in Video provides access to 732 recorded performances delivered by streaming video. Classical Music in Video currently contains recordings from seventeen different publishers, and includes recent recordings from publishers such as EuroArts and Masterclass Media Foundation, and historical recordings from Bel Canto Society and Entertainment One, Ltd.NavigationUsers may browse for recordings by many different access points-available on the left side of the home screen, or from the menu bar across the top of all screensincluding people with responsibility for the recording (All People), composer, ensembles, genres, operatic roles (Roles), time periods, recording venues (Venues), and video titles (Videos). The actual browsing is done on separate screens, depending on which access point is selected for browsing. Users may also search for recordings by means of a basic search box available from all screens of the site, which allows the user to search by any keyword, or to narrow the search to People, Subtitles, and Title fields. The Advanced Search screen allows the user to perform precise searches. This screen will search many data fields simultaneously, and provides users with the assistance of controlled vocabulary through pull-down menus or, for large sets of controlled vocabulary, Select Terms links. Classical Music in Video offers straightforward browsing by title. The title list displays video recordings arranged in numerical order (for titles that begin with numbers), followed by alphabetical order. A navigation bar across the top of the screen allows users to jump to the beginning of each letter or to the numerical section. Users can also easily browse for people. One can browse for all indexed people at once or by one role at a time. Users can limit roles for browsing purposes to only composers, librettists, performers, directors, conductors, choreographers, or designers. Users can also link directly to the list of composers from the home page or the navigation bar under Browse. Within each list of people, occupations are listed, with some listed generically as Performer, and some with more specific occupations, such as Tenor, Pianist, or Musical conductor.Users may browse for ensembles alpha-betically. Clicking on an ensemble name on the Browse Ensembles screen will take the user to an ensemble page that links to a list of the video recordings featuring that ensemble. Some ensemble pages also contain a historical article about the ensemble (called a Biography) from All Music Guide.1 Users may also browse by genre. The list of genres is arranged hierarchically with two levels. The list of top levels is arranged alphabetically, and within each top level is at least one second-level genre. Individual video recordings can be found by clicking on the top-level or second-level genre headings. The top-level genres include such terms as Chamber, Contemporary, Dance, Instrumental, and Vocal + choral. …

Brothels and Big Screen Rescues

Scholarship on prostitution in India has grown to reflect a diverse range of perspectives on sexual commerce. In stark contrast, popular documentaries produced in the United States and Europe about prostitution in India have telescoped their representations of sex work to that of prostitution as an iconic, unequivocal and perpetual human rights violation, against women and girls per se, that should be eradicated. In this essay I elaborate on my earlier critique of the making and success of the documentary Born Into Brothels by sketching a brief genealogy of documentary films on prostitution in India. I trace this genealogy through the evolution of twentieth-century photojournalism in the United States, as conceived in institutions like the International Center for Photography (ICP), which was founded in the crucible moment of late 1960s US politics. I argue that understanding the ICP and the historical moment that inspired its founding are central to understanding films like Born Into Brothels. In examining the postcolonial affective politics of the visual discourse of prostitution in India, I critique the geopolitics of films which depict urban brothel-based sex work as an ideal site of intervention, rescue and rehabilitation. The essay concludes with an examination of the broader contexts for films on prostitution in India, made by filmmakers working both within and outside India, as a gesture towards the need for further work that elaborates and critiques the new cinematic canon on prostitution in the region.

Anti-Monopoly and the Radical Lockean Origins of Western Water Law

This review of David Schorr's book, The Colorado Doctrine: Water Rights, Corporations, and Distributive Justice on the American Frontier, maintains that the book is a therapeutic corrective to the standard history of the origins of western water law as celebration of economic efficiency and wealth maximization. Schorr's account convincingly contends that the roots of prior appropriation water law -- the "Colorado Doctrine" -- lie in distributional justice concerns, not in the supposed efficiency advantages of private property over common property. The goals of the founders of the Colorado doctrine, according to Schorr, were to advance Radical Lockean principles such as widespread distibution of water to current settlers and avoiding monopolization of the resource by large landowners and corporate speculators. The book explains how western water law doctrines like the abolition of riparian rights, beneficial use as the basis and measure of water rights, the sufficiency principle, the no-injury rule limiting the transferability of rights, and public ownership of water all served these Radical Lockean goals. Schorr generally downplays the significance of temporal priority, thought by many to be the hallmark of western water law, and he explains the early Colorado courts surprising and consistent favoring of small-scale farmers over large-scale corporations like ditch companies. Schorr also attempts to draw lessons from his careful and detailed history of the rise of prior appropriation law for contemporary concerns like allocating the burdens of climate-change pollution control. Although he overlooks a few matters -- like the motive underlying the rejection of riparian rights as an anti-federal government doctrine and the failure of the founders of the Colorado doctrine to grant limited terms instead of perpetual rights in water -- and his assumption that public property will inevitably be distributed to the wealthy and the well-organized might be questioned -- this book is law and history at its finest and should be read by all serious natural resources and property law teachers and scholars.

Opera in Video (review)

Opera in Video [Alexandria, VA]: Alexander Street Press, 2008--. http://opiv.a1exandcrsreet.com/ (Accessed October 201 1). [Requires a Web browser (Windows 98 or highei Apple version OSX/OSIO or higher) and an Internet connection. Pricing: animal subscription from $I 100 to $2495 per year or perpetual rights from $10,000 to $25,000, depending on library type, size, and materials budget; unlimited simultaneous user.] Alexancler Street Press's database Opera in Video is designed to support academic libraries that serve music programs, Offering 500 hours and 290 works. it covers the span of operatic history, including contemporary works. he database also covers a wide range of performing styles, with singers Irons I he earls. 20th century as well as more recent stars. Most of the videos offered have been released previously in DVD and Or VHS formats from such labels as Kultur. Opus Art.c. and Bel Canto Society, btu Opera in Viden also includes a substantial collection from the BBC that has not been released in the I. S. in hard copy. While it does not offer every available performance of a given opera or even all operas that have been released on DVD. Opera in Video does include at least one performance of operas that are likely to be included in music history; classes at the undergraduate level. The database is constructed to work as a teaching tool. Selections--either complete operas or individual scenes--can he added to playlisis for specific course requirements. One may browse names (singers. conductor's. stage directors and designers. choreographers, composers, libreltists), as well as venues, ensembles. roles, genres, eras of composition. anct the nature of the video (performance. documentary, biography, animation. interview). Advanced searching offers limiters for language, subtitle options. and recording date. Terms can be combined using Boolean operators to refine the search. The videos are streamed (not downloaded) at 400 kbps in the standard viewing mode and 800 kbps in the enlarged mode, which is approximately one third of the computer's screen to allow for indexing Of the tracks at the sidle, which provide instant access to a particular scene. 'niece is no zoom option and I Found no way to enlarge the image to the fall screen. The load lime is generally quick. Playlists are easy to t irate and access to them can be restricted to the creator, students enrolled in a class, or anyone who has access to the database, either within the institution or elsewhere. Each indexed chapter in We video has an to playlist icon. Should one decide that Lucia's entire mad scene is too long, or if one wants just the 13 section of a Handel do (afro aria, one can use the make clip Option to shorten an excerpt or jump to a particular section. The list. creator can add annotations for each excerpt as well. Thumbnail images from the beginning of each indexed scene are available for viewing, and there is even a Print Screen button that opens a more printer-friendly version of the screen. The sound and image quality varies (swath according to the date of the film or performance. Most of the selections are of more recent vintage and derive from actual stage productions. …

Inefficiencies and Inequities of Capitalism - And How They Can Be Reduced

Perpetual property rights to land, structures, corporations and money allows investors to be overpaid to create inefficiencies and inequities in a way not measured by accountants and little noticed by economists. All intellectual property rights have limited life. Most assets depreciate over time except modern forms of stable money, collectables and land in developing urban areas. Private ownership of urban land creates inequities and inefficiencies from the windfall gains generated by external investment from either the private and/or private sectors. The Old Testament describes limited life land tenure that today could be used to make urban development self-financing, efficient and equitable. To illustrate the inequities, inefficiencies and un-sustainability of modern capitalism the paper describes an alternative system of property rights for owning realty, corporations and money. Ancient forms of money incurred a storage cost that Proudhon proposed for modern money as promoted by Gesell (1919). Keynes (1936: Chapter 23, part VI) and Fisher (1933) supported the introduction of cost carrying money that invigorated many communities during the Great Depression. Cell phone money, used in developing countries to democratize finance, proves that cost-carrying money is practical today. Investors obtained limited life property rights in all early business associations and corporations. Ownership of privately financed US toll roads, bridges and other public assets had to be transferred to community ownership after their payback period. Ownership transfer is still used today by governments to finance public infrastructure like power stations and tunnels. The paper makes a case for a tax incentive to encourage all private sector corporations to create a stakeholder class of shares to facilitate the transfer of their ownership to employees, suppliers, distributors, agents and customers resident in the host community. Localizing control provides a basis for residents to protect their environment on a self-financing basis that can attract more alien investment without undermining democracy. A dividend income can then be provided to all citizens to provide universal prosperity without: growth, pensions, welfare, more taxes and bigger governments while democratizing the wealth of host communities and nations on an environmentally sustainable basis.

Survey and Analysis of Electronic Journal Licenses for Long-Term Access Provisions in Tertiary New Zealand Academic Libraries

A survey of New Zealand university and polytechnic libraries indicates what proportions of library e-journal holdings have archival rights or perpetual access clauses. The author then analyzes licenses from three universities for terms, permissions, and other details. The research indicates that less than 20% of the online holdings for most New Zealand educational libraries had a print duplicate, archive, or perpetual access right. Licenses failed to address these access and rights issues in 70% of the cases surveyed. The issues of long-term access to licensed materials are addressed in less than 30% of licenses and only by providers that are offering them.