Perpetrators Of Violent Crimes Research Articles

Police shootings, violent crime, race and socio-economic factors in municipalities in the United States of America.

Both police shootings and violent crime remain high in the United States of America compared to other developed nations but debates continue about whether race, mental health or other social factors are related to them. Our aim was to test relationships between community factors indicative of socio-economic status, racial demographics, police shootings, and violent crime. Data on police shootings, violent crime and community sociodemographic factors were drawn from two publicly accessible datasets: health and police records of 100 US municipalities and relationships between them explored using regression analyses. Data were from the 100 largest US municipalitiesas designated by the mapping police violence database.The median per capital violent crime rate was 5.94 and median killings by police per 10 thousand arrests was13.7. Violent crime was found to be related mainly toincome inequality and lower academic achievement in the community. Race was unrelated to violent crime aftercontrolling for other factors. Police shootings were found to be related to community level mental health concerns, food insecurity and the municipality's violent crime rate. The evidence suggests that socio-economic factors are the primary drivers of both violent crime perpetration and police shootings. Policy approaches aimed at improving education and reducing poverty are likely to mitigate both violent crime and police shootings. However, it is important to recognise that being Black is an indicator of particular disadvantage within this context. This underscores the need for comprehensive strategies that address the systemic issues of racial disparities and socio-economic inequality, while also acknowledging the complex interplay of race, poverty and policing in the context of violent crime and police shootings.

The Morphosemantics of Complex Numbers

Gender-based violence, which includes domestic abuse, sexual assault, and femicide, persists as a pervasive issue in Nigeria. This study aims to investigate the transitivity system and the embedded ideology in news headlines reporting instances of gender-based violence in the country. Grounded in Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2014) Ideational Metafunction of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), the research employs a content analysis method, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative approaches to analyze data. A purposive selection of 20 news headlines from each of two prominent mainstream Nigerian media outlets, The Punch and Nigerian Tribune, published between May and August 2022, constitutes the dataset, totalling 40 news headlines. The analysis of the transitivity system in The Punch online news reveals the utilization of thirty (30) processes in the selected twenty (20) news headlines portraying crimes against women in Nigeria. Notably, twenty-nine (96.7%) of these processes are material, with the remaining one (3.3%) being behavioural. The prevalence of material processes is similarly reflected in the news headlines from the Nigerian Tribune, where twenty-five (25) processes are observed across the selected twenty (20) headlines. Here, material processes constitute twenty-four instances (96%), while verbal processes appear only once (4%). The consistent use of material processes allows both media houses – The Punch and Nigerian Tribune – to articulate various physical and violent actions perpetrated against Nigerian women, as well as actions taken by law enforcement agencies to seek justice for the victims. The analysis further uncovers a representation of gender roles and power dynamics, highlighting that all material processes related to violence, such as ‘rape’, ‘shot’, ‘abducts’, ‘kills’, and ‘punches’, are associated with males. Consequently, men are portrayed as the perpetrators of violent crimes, while women are depicted as the victims—vulnerable, subject to gang rape, rape, shooting, killing, and stabbing. Additionally, the study reveals that women, along with related entities, are frequently assigned the participant role of the goal in news headlines, implying an ideological representation that positions women as susceptible targets of violent crimes. In conclusion, this study asserts that Nigerian media outlets predominantly utilize material processes and assign goal participant roles within the transitivity system to present an amplified and sensational portrayal of various physical and aggressive actions inflicted upon women and young girls in Nigeria.

Transitivity System and Ideological Framing in News Headlines Reporting Gender-based Violence in Nigeria

Gender-based violence, encompassing domestic abuse, sexual assault, and femicide, remains an enduring and widespread issue in Nigeria. This study aims to examine the transitivity system and ideology present in news headlines reporting gender-based violence in Nigeria. While adopting Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2014) Ideational Metafunction of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) as the theoretical framework, the study uses content analysis method which includes both qualitative and quantitative approaches in the analysis of the data. 20 news headlines each published between May and August, 2022 on the official websites of two prominent mainstream media in Nigeria – The Punch and Nigerian Tribune – are purposively selected for this study, making a total of 40 news headlines. The analysis of transitivity system in The Punch online news revealed that thirty (30) processes are employed in the twenty (20) news headlines depicting crime committed against women in Nigeria selected from the newspaper. Twenty-nine (96.7%) of these processes are material process, while one (3.3%) is behavioural process. The prevailing occurrence of material process is also evident in the news headlines selected from Nigerian Tribune. In Nigerian Tribune, twenty-five (25) processes are deployed across the twenty (20) selected news headlines; material process appears twenty-four times (96%), while verbal process appears only once (4%). The dominant use of material process in the selected news headlines permits both media houses – The Punch and Nigerian Tribune – to identify and describe various physical and violent actions that were taken against Nigerian women, and also to identify actions taken by the law enforcement agencies to ensure justice for the victims of crime. The analysis further highlighted a representation of gender roles and power dynamics by revealing that all the material processes which are related to violence, such as ‘rape’, ‘shot’, ‘abducts’, ‘kills’, and ‘punches’, are linked with the male. Hence, men are portrayed as perpetrators of violent crimes while women are represented as the victims; women are portrayed as vulnerable, gang-raped, raped, shot, killed and stabbed. It was also discovered that women, along with related entities, are often used in news headlines to perform the participant role of goal, thereby implying an ideological representation that positions women as susceptible targets of violent crimes. This study therefore concludes that Nigerian media outlets primarily deploy material processes and goal participant roles of the transitivity system to present an amplified and sensational portrayal of various physical and aggressive actions inflicted upon women and young girls in Nigeria.

Police Legal Responsibilityy For Crime and Thieft Involving Violence

The Indonesian National Police obtains a mandate from laws tasked with maintaining security and order, protecting, serving, enforcing the law and protecting the public. One of these tasks is the prevention of theft with violence crimes by the Police Resort in the East OKU. In seeking answers to this problem, the author used empirical research methods, by conducting interviews with several parties, including the East OKU Police Resort and the perpetrators of violent crimes. The results of the study suggest that, first, the things that cause theft with violence crimes are caused by two factors, namely endogenous and exogenous factors, but the causative factors that often cause theft with violence crimes in the East OKU such as economic level, low education that causes unemployment, the environment, and lack of legal awareness, and supported by situations and conditions. The second is done by using penal and non-penal effort. Prevention with Penal efforts focuses more on the repressive nature, that is, actions carried out after the occurrence of crime. The study's findings revealed the effectiveness of criminal law and policy in preventing violent stealing.

Who is to blame? Youth crime and attribution of responsibility in urban Mexico

Crime and violence threaten people's safety and overall well-being around the globe. Youths represent a large fraction of the victims and perpetrators of violent crime. Understanding how youths make judgments about criminal acts and attribute blame has important implications, as these patterns are associated with perceptions of the acceptability of criminal behavior. Drawing on standard theories of blame attribution, we investigate the causal attributions of responsibility for criminal behavior among youths in urban Mexico, distinguishing between internal blame (attributed to the perpetrator) and external blame (attributed to the government and society). Using a novel, face-to-face survey experiment with nearly 3000 Mexicans aged 16–29 and seven focus groups, we examine how the perpetrator's socioeconomic background, role within a gang, victim type, and crime severity influence assessments of blame attribution. Our results provide compelling evidence that the socioeconomic status of the perpetrator and the type of gang involvement significantly influence assessments of internal and external blame. We also find that blame allocation differs based on respondents' characteristics and community environment. These findings shed light on how youths rationalize criminal behavior and have clear implications for policy-relevant research concerning crime and violence among youths.

Those Who Commit Violent Crimes can be Traumatised by Their Offences: A Systematic Review of Offence-Specific Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

ABSTRACT Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has focused on victims, with minimal attention given to perpetrators of violent crimes who might subsequently develop offense-specific PTSD from their own offenses. Its prevalence and associations are not well-established. In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, 10 databases were searched to identify studies examining offense-specific PTSD in perpetrators of violent crimes. Fourteen unique studies were identified across prison, forensic hospital, and community settings. Sample sizes ranged from 19 to 339, with 8 studies assessed to be of at least adequate quality. Prevalence rates of offense-specific PTSD ranged from 1.5% to 76.6%, with 8 studies identifying a prevalence of 33.3% or greater. Associations with offense-specific PTSD were examined by 8 studies, with PTSD from prior trauma and post-offense guilt and shame the most-studied. Post-offense guilt and shame was consistently associated with offense-specific PTSD. Other associates included alexithymia, co-morbid anxiety and depression, certain personality subtypes, and intentional perpetration. Offense-specific PTSD is present in a significant proportion of perpetrators of violent crimes. More research of higher quality is required on this condition and its associations. Increased recognition of offense-specific PTSD and viewing perpetrators of violent crimes as potentially-affected persons could guide clinicians in forensic settings toward a more trauma-informed approach.

Children as Perpetrators of Crimes of Abuse (A Review of Restorative Justice Completion in Indonesia)

This research aims to explain the phenomenon of children as perpetrators of violent crimes and examine the restorative resolution approach in Indonesia. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of cases of violence involving children as perpetrators in Indonesia. The existence of children as perpetrators of violent crimes raises serious concerns about the future of the younger generation and the security of society. The research method used in this writing is Juridical Sociological research and uses a qualitative research approach that is descriptive in nature and uses interactive analysis techniques. the research findings show that the restorative resolution approach has been recognized as a more effective alternative and focuses on victim recovery, offender development, and social reintegration. Restorative resolution involves a process of mediation and dialogue between the victim, offender and the community. The results show that this approach provides space for juvenile offenders to understand and take responsibility for their actions, while victims can express the psychological and emotional impact they have experienced.

Legislative practice of preventive detention in China

ABSTRACT The Chinese legislation and criminal law theory research has already reflected the preventive idea, which is not the complete connotation of preventive criminal law, nor can fully meet the needs of national security governance. The characteristics of the preventive criminal law theory determine that the whole picture of this problem can only be presented by combining the substantive field and the penalty field of criminal law. Preventive detention refers to the liberty restriction measures taken after the execution of punishment for the purpose of preventing crimes, defending society and correcting crimes, mainly targeting perpetrators of violent crimes or sexual crimes and recidivist, based on their high social risk to the public interest and social security. Preventive detention not only balances the relationship between social defense and individual rights restriction but also provide the legal guarantee of national security governance, realising the positive interaction between freedom, development, security and order. There were some similar practice in history, and the resettlement education carried out in the field of anti-terrorism in recent years also have the nature of preventive detention.

Female Perpetrators of Ritually Motivated Pedicide and Mutilation of Children

Ritually motivated pedicide is among contemporary Africa’s most severe crimes against children. Most of these crimes involve brutal acts of violence or mutilation of the victim. While men are most often the perpetrators of violent crimes, ritually motivated pedicide and mutilation equally attract women. The role of women in these crimes is not restricted to the less violent aspects of the crimes; instead, they also extend to the most brutal elements, often involving mutilation, decapitation or outright murder of the victim. This article explored the involvement of women in these crimes that target children for mutilation and pedicide. The article draws on case examples of incidents involving brutality and murder of children by women selected from academic reports and reports by media and non-governmental organisations to demonstrate the nature of involvement in these crimes. The article demonstrates that women also engage in the most serious roles with or without the company of men in ritually motivated pedicide and mutilation. These include mutilation and violent murder of children who are used for rituals. The author argues that the high degree of violence in ritually motivated mutilation and pedicide means that these crimes against children deviate from the established female patterns of aggression that are typically less violent.

Axiotherapy of Non-Accountable Perpetrators of Criminal Acts

Axiotherapy is an original project built on value-based therapy carried out in a forensic psychiatry ward. It is addressed to persons who committed a criminal act and were deemed by the court to be non-accountable or of limited accountability at the time of the crime. As a result, they were referred for treatment as part of the imposed preventive measures. Patients treated at the forensic psychiatry ward are most often perpetrators of violent crimes. While suffering from various mental disorders, they also exhibit impulsive behaviour leading to criminal acts. Such behaviour has far-reaching consequences for both the patient and the general public. Mental disorders of forensic psychiatry patients, the course of the disease, the degree of aggression and associated circumstances (such as addiction, sexual preferences disorders, and personality disorders) indicate a crisis in the sphere of values, which could be one of the factors leading to the serious crime. Working with a value system that determines a person’s behaviour means working on a system that motivates and activates them and can change over time. Axiotherapy is intended to help patients to work out their value system and to identify their transcendentals, as appropriate.

Le psychotraumatisme en milieu pénitentiaire

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and particularly complex PTSD, is over-represented in prisons and corrections. In this interview with Jean-Pierre Bouchard, Thomas Fovet, Clément Villa, Bettina Belet, Fanny Carton, Timothée Bauer, Suzanne Buyle-Bodin and Fabien D’Hondt draw on their clinical experience and recent epidemiological research to provide an overview of the issue. The clinical aspects specifically found in the prison environment, especially the questions of comorbid psychiatric and substance use disorders or PTSD in perpetrators of violent crime, are developed. The current state of knowledge regarding the management of post-traumatic symptoms in prison is also discussed and put into perspective with daily practice.

CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE WHO HAVE COMMITTED MERCENARY AND VIOLENT CRIMES

The article highlights the specific characteristics of the perpetrators of violent crimes selfish, the causes, and conditions to commit crimes, the classification and category of youth who have committed crimes with violence for personal gain, as well as the necessary measures to take to prevent this type of crime.

Bridging Disciplines to Form a New One: The Emergence of Forensic Genetic Genealogy.

Forensic Genetic Genealogy (FGG) has fast become a popular tool in criminal investigations since it first emerged in 2018. FGG is a novel investigatory tool that has been applied to hundreds of unresolved cold cases in the United States to generate investigative leads and identify unknown individuals. Consumer DNA testing and the public’s increased curiosity about their own DNA and genetic ancestry, have greatly contributed to the availability of human genetic data. Genetic genealogy has been a field of study/interest for many years as both amateur and professional genetic genealogists use consumer DNA data to explore genetic connections in family trees. FGG encompasses this knowledge by applying advanced sequencing technologies to forensic DNA evidence samples and by performing genetic genealogy methods and genealogical research, to produce possible identities of unknown perpetrators of violent crimes and unidentified human remains. This combination of forensic genetics, genetic genealogy, and genealogical research has formed a new subdiscipline within the forensic sciences. This paper will summarize the individual disciplines that led to the emergence of FGG, its practice in forensic investigations, and current/future considerations for its use.

Reform of Forensic Mental Health Services in Italy: Stigma and Blaming the Messenger: Hermenoia.

About 40 years after the reforms leading to the closure of psychiatric hospitals (Ospedale Psichiatrico [OP]) in Italy in favor of a widespread model with a strong rehabilitation emphasis, Italy has chosen to close High Security Hospitals as well (Ospedale Psichiatrico Giudiziario [OPG]). The new forensic treatment model is expected to be more respectful of the person, including the perpetrators of violent crimes, and aims to be less stigmatizing and more rehabilitative. Despite the favorable premises of the reform (Law n. 81/2014), Italian psychiatrists are now obliged to answer calls to give evidence on strictly legal issues such as the social dangerousness of the mentally ill offender drawing on evidence or paradigms that many believe do not belong to medical knowledge. Psychiatrists must now learn to communicate about the relationship between psychiatry and society as required by law. This public expression engages with the cultural climate of society. Otherwise, the risk is of increasing the level of complexity leading to real misunderstandings that paradoxically may feed the stigma. The Italian reform provides an opportunity for reflection on some issues concerning psychiatric action, on how the public perceives the mentally ill and their psychiatrists, on the relationship between psychiatry and the world of law, on clinical methodologies for structured professional judgment, on public communication regarding severe mental illness, and the risk that psychiatrists may inadvertently be blamed for conveying an unwelcome message about mental illness and social dangerousness-we have called this social sensitivity against psychiatrists "hermanoia," blaming the messenger. The authors do not provide certain solutions but propose good practices.

Perpetuating Injustice: The Criminalisation of Youth Gangs in Mombasa, Kenya

Mombasa is well known for problems with gangs. Some of them are composed of a high proportion of youths under 18 years, with some as young as 7 years old. Many use drugs, some carry out thefts, and some are known for large-scale violent robberies with the use of knives, severely injuring members of the public. In an attempt to manage the problem, the killing of perpetrators through mob justice or in police operations is commonplace. This paper contributes to our understanding of youths in gangs and interventions to tackle gang violence. We argue that not all “gangs” are involved in criminal activity. However, some gang members may be viewed as perpetrators of violent crime but also as victims of marginalisation and unfavourable environments, which constrain life choices, making violent crime a frequent path. Moreover, criminal justice approaches have failed these youths. The current inconsistent, corrupt and brutal approach by police serves to compound the problem, while external actors benefiting from youth gangs’ operations are tolerated by the state. Increased resistance is evident as youth gangs tend to increase their violence against the public in order to take “revenge” against the police. Structural violence is an important cause of the problem and is also replicated in current mitigation approaches.

Исследование структуры личности мужчин, отбывающих срок наказания за насильственные преступления

The study of a criminal personality is a crucial task not only in the scope of criminal psychology of today but also for others: forensic sciences, jurisprudence, sociology, etc. Understanding the criminal personality's characteristics is important for diagnosis, designing of psycho-corrective measures, and development of preventive measures. For psychological research, it is interesting to study the deep aspects of personality, it can help to identify the main causes of what is amenable to external observation: one’s behaviour, emotional reactions. Thus, the purpose of this work is to study the personality structure of people who have committed serious crimes. The theory of G. Ammon serves as the methodological basis. The sample: 30 men convicted of violent crimes (art. 105, art. 111 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: murder and intentional infliction of grievous bodily harm, respectively) and 30 men who did not commit offences. The obtained results indicate that the perpetrators of violent crimes have both external (p=0.000) and internal (p=0.000) person-ality boundaries violated; the research revealed violations in the functioning of the Self-system (reflection of the integrity of the personality, its mental unity).

Legal Protection for Minors as Perpetrators of Sexual Violence

This study aims to find out how the legal protection for children as perpetrators of violent crimes against children is, then how are the obstacles to legal protection for children as perpetrators of violent crimes against fellow children. The method used in this study is a juridical, empirical method, and uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The data collected is based on an analysis of events that actually happened. The data is obtained from trusted journals, books and articles. The results of the study indicate that legal protection for children as perpetrators of criminal acts of violence against fellow children is essentially an effort made by parents, government and society to fulfill and guarantee all children's rights that have been guaranteed in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and Law Number 35 2014 concerning Child Protection. Legal protection for children as perpetrators of violence against fellow children is not implemented because the government has not carried out its obligations in fulfilling children's rights so that there are still violations of the law against children. In implementing legal protection for children as perpetrators of violent crimes against fellow children, parents should be fully responsible for the behavior of children and the government should set policies that are in line with the wishes of the community, so that there is a common perception between parents, government and society in fulfilling children's rights.

Electronic and informatization of the judiciary as a tool for innovation

Research background: The computerization and computerization of the judiciary are important support tools with great potential in addressing key issues in the judiciary. The basic architecture of the modernization and informatization of justice consists of the Electronic Judicial File, Development of Electronic Judicial Services, Electronic monitoring of offenders and the Register of Bankruptcies projects. In terms of scope and financial volume, the most intensive electronicization of Slovak courts in their modern history is currently underway. At present, an electronic person monitoring system is also being successfully implemented in Slovakia, which represents a fundamental modernization of prisons, but also an increase in the safety of citizens against perpetrators of violent crimes, domestic violence or crime at public mass events. Purpose of the article: The main goal of the paper is to analyze the problems in the electronic justice system with a focus on the issue of introducing electronic monitoring of offenders. The authors also analyzes whether a change in legislation that allowed the use of electronic monitoring in more serious crimes contributed to more frequent use of electronic monitoring, or this change did not bring the desired effect of greater use of electronic monitoring. Methods: The authors use the method of analysis, synthesis, system-structural method and normative-legal method of interpretation of legal norms. Findings & Value added: The main benefit of the research is to point out specific problems in connection with the electrification of the judiciary and the introduction of electronic monitoring and to propose solutions to these problems.

The Role of Exposure to Violence and Psychopathy on Violent Crime Perpetration

Exposure to violence strongly predicts violent behavior. However, not all individuals who are exposed to violence engage in violent behavior. Personality is one factor that influences the translation from exposure to violence to engagement in violent behavior. Previous research in adolescents showed that psychopathy (a personality disorder) mediated the relationship between exposure to violence and violent behavior. However, this research has not: been conducted in adults, despite evidence of instability in exposure to violence and psychopathy across the lifespan; examined the specificity of this relationship to different expressions of psychopathy, such as subcomponent Factors and primary/secondary subtypes; and, considered other environmental experiences that may impact this relationship. In two samples of adults (community [N = 232] and prison [N = 313]), psychopathy affected the relationship between exposure to violence and violence (community indirect effect = 0.03, SE = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.004, 0.07; prison indirect effect = 0.14, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.25). These effects appeared to be related more strongly to the impulsive-antisocial traits of psychopathy and the secondary (high-anxious) subtype of psychopathy. Results were robust against demographic and other environmental experiences. Ultimately, our findings indicate that psychopathy is an important factor affecting the link between exposure to violence and violent behavior.

Kajian Yuridis Terhadap Sistem Peradilan Anak Berdasarkan Asas Keadilan Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Kekerasaan Oleh Anak (Studi Kota Medan)

In this research, the problem is whether the Child Criminal Justice System has given Justice to children as perpetrators of violent crime? How law enforcement efforts for children as perpetrators of violence by the Medan Municipal Police Department? How the application of justice principles for children as perpetrators of action Violence especially in Medan? The research method used is the normative juridical method, with the leper approach (library reseacrh) that collects the data source from literature literature. In this research used secondary data source that is by using primary, secondary and tertiary law materials. This research is discussed with qualitative approach that is finding problem which then analyzed with inductive system by using legal theories used. The results of this study indicate that the juvenile justice system contained in law number 11 of 2012 has provided justice for children as perpetrators of criminal acts, only in certain circumstances, the application of the criminal justice system does not provide legal certainty for the victims and the community. Law enforcement efforts for children as perpetrators of violent crime are by applying formal and material criminal law in accordance with the prevailing laws and regulations. The application of the principle of justice for children as perpetrators is adjusted to the position of cases that have been done by applying the criminal justice system of children, even in certain circumstances, the application of diversion in cases of violence perpetrated by the child may be enforced.