Peroxidation Activity Research Articles

In-Depth Analysis of Olea europaea L. Leaf Extract: Alleviating Pulmonary Histological Disturbances, Pro-Inflammatory Responses, and Oxidative Stress from Isolated or Combined Exposure to Inhaled Toluene and Noise in Rats

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the pulmonary damage resulting from isolated or combined exposure to inhaled toluene (300 ppm) and noise 85 dB (A), with a focus on evaluating the potential protective effects of Olea europaea L. leaf extract (OLE). Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups: control (C), OLE treatment (O), noise exposure (N), noise exposure with OLE treatment (N+OLE), toluene exposure (T), toluene exposure with OLE treatment (T + OLE), co-exposure to toluene and noise (NT), and co-exposure with OLE treatment (NT + OLE). OLE (40 mg/kg/day) was administered daily for six weeks via oral gavage. Exposure to toluene and noise resulted in significant disruption of the pulmonary tissue structure, accompanied by oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation, diminished catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines IL6, IL-β, and TNF-α. Notably, the administration of OLE effectively mitigated oxidative stress and inflammation and preserved pulmonary histology. In conclusion, exposure to toluene and its combination with noise significantly elevated oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and histological disruptions in the lung tissue. In contrast, noise exposure alone is characterized by minimal effects, although it is still associated with an inflammatory response. Notably, Olea europaea L. leaf extract (OLE) exhibits a substantial protective role, effectively mitigating the adverse effects of combined exposure and highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for lung health.

Treatment of human sperm with GYY4137 increases sperm motility and resistance to oxidative stress.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to play a significant role in oxidative stress across various tissues and cells; however, its role in sperm function remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of GYY4137, a slow-releasing H2S compound, on sperm damage induced by H2O2. We assessed the effects of GYY4137 on motility, viability, lipid peroxidation and caspase-3 activity in human spermatozoa in vitro following oxidative damage mediated by H2O2. Spermatozoa from 25 healthy men were selected using a density gradient centrifugation method and cultured in the presence or absence of 10 μM H2O2, followed by incubation with varying concentrations of GYY4137 (0.625-2.5 μM). After 24 h of incubation, sperm motility, viability, lipid peroxidation, and caspase-3 activity were evaluated. The results indicated that H2O2 adversely affected sperm parameters, reducing motility and viability, while increasing oxidative stress, as evidenced by elevated lipid peroxidation and caspase-3 activity. GYY4137 provided dose-dependent protection against H2O2-induced oxidative stress (OS). We concluded that supplementation with GYY4137 may offer antioxidant protection during in vitro sperm preparation for assisted reproductive technology.

Protective effect of (E)-(2,4-dihydroxy)-α-aminocinnamic acid, a hydroxy cinnamic acid derivative, in an ulcerative colitis model induced by TNBS.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a multifactorial disease that causes long-lasting inflammation and ulcers in the digestive tract. UC is the most common form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The current treatment for mild-to-moderate UC involves the use of 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA), but much of this compound is unabsorbed and metabolized by N-acetylation. Several efforts have since been made to evaluate new molecules from synthetic or natural sources. Recently, it was reported that (E)-(5-chloro-2-hydroxy)-α-aminocinnamic acid (2c) and (E)-(2,4-dihydroxy)-α-aminocinnamic acid (2f) are as good or better myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitors and antioxidants than 5-ASA. Then, the present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of 2c and 2f on a rat model of UC induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). The results showed that TNBS caused the induction of colonic ulcers, as well as a significant increase in MPO activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) and a decrease in glutathione (GSH) content. The administration of 2f, 2c and 5-ASA, decreased the ulcers presence, inhibited MPO peroxidation activity and MPO presence (as determined by immunofluorescence), and increased GSH and reduced MDA content. However, 2f was better than 2c and 5-ASA, then, the principal mechanism by which 2f presented a protective effect in a UC model induced by TNBS in rats is by inhibiting MPO activity and due to its antioxidant activity.

Astaxanthin Supplementation Effects in Right Ventricle of Rats Exposed to Chronic Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia.

Thirty two male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following groups (n = 8 per group): the normoxia with vehicle (NX), normoxia with astaxanthin (NX + AS), chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia with vehicle (CIHH), and chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia with astaxanthin (CIHH + AS) groups. CIHH was simulated by 2 days in a hypobaric chamber followed by 2 days at sea level for 29 days. Exposure to CIHH induced RVH and increased lipid peroxidation (MDA), Nox2 expression, and SOD activity, however, it decreased pro-IL-1β expression. Astaxanthin restored oxidative stress markers (Nox2 and MDA), increased GPx activity, and decreased RVH compared to CIHH. Astaxanthin alleviates RVH and reduces Nox2 and MDA levels while increasing GPx activity in rats subjected to CIHH. These findings provide new insights of astaxanthin as a new nutraceutical against high-altitude effects.

Polypropylene Packaged Ten Days Cold Stored Rose Cut Flowers cv. Bordeaux Influenced by Different Pulsing Solution

The study included different pulsing solution viz., water, HQC 200mg/l, sucrose 50g/l + HQC 200 mg/l, citric acid 200mg/l, α-lipoic acid 200mg/l, GA3 100 mg/l and BA 100mg/l to study the effect on flower quality and vase life of PP (polypropylene) packaged cold storage (at 2°C) rose cv. Bordeaux, for the period of 10 days. Pre-storage pulsing of GA3 100mg/l solution treatment showed highly promising results in extending flowers vase life along with maintained flower quality just after storage and at 4th DAS in vase life. Further, GA3 100mg/l solution treatment recorded significantly higher water up take (175.65 ml), change in fresh weight (10.50%) at 4th DAS, total dissolve solids (8.85 °brix, 8.05 °brix and 6.75 °brix) and membrane stability index (81.97 %, 65.97 % and 37.88 %) at 2nd, 4th and 6th DAS. Moreover, it was evident from the results that same treatment recoded significantly higher total soluble sugar (59.65 mg/g fresh weight), Estimated protein (18.79 mg/g fresh weight), catalase activity (20.42 µ mol H2O2 min-1 g-1 protein), peroxidation activity (40.30 µ mol H2O2 min-1 g-1 protein), pigment content (15.82 mg/g fresh weight) anthocyanin content in the petals at 4th DAS. Whereas, GA3 100 mg/l pulsing solution treated PP packaged cold stored rose cut flowers cv. Bordeaux recorded significantly higher vase life (6.88 days) which was at par with treatment P2 (Sucrose 50 g/l + HQC 200 mg/l).

“Copper-loaded microplastics unleash endoplasmic reticulum stress-driven liver apoptosis in fish Channa punctatus”

The extensive use of plastics has led to significant microplastic pollution, posing threats to environmental and human health. Concerns are growing about the toxicity of microplastics (MPs) and their ability to adsorb contaminants like Copper (Cu2+). Therefore, this study investigated the effects of environmentally realistic concentrations of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-MPs and Copper, both individually and together, with a particular focus on triggering Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-driven apoptosis in the liver of Channa punctatus. Well-habituated fish were organized into four groups: Group I (Control), Group II (0.5 mg/L PVC-MPs), Group III (0.85 mg/L Copper), and Group IV (0.5 mg/L PVC-MPs + 0.85 mg/L Copper). The treatment period was 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. Various liver parameters were assessed according to standard protocols to understand the repercussions of intoxication. A significant (p < 0.05) increment in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) pointed to a substantial rise in oxidative stress. Enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) showed significantly (p < 0.05) elevated extents while reduced glutathione (GSH) levels significantly (p < 0.05) dropped in a duration-dependent pattern. Additionally, lipid peroxidation (LPO) activities surged significantly (p < 0.05), and notable hepato-structural disruptions were observed. The evidence of liver damage was further verified by a significant (p < 0.05) rise in concentrations of hepatic biomarkers viz. Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT), and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Moreover, ER-stress was validated through the increased intracellular calcium levels along with the heightened expression of grp78, chop, atf4, perk, eIF2α, and gadd34 in exposed groups. This intricate cascade subsequently elicited the activation of bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, and apaf-1, while modulation of bcl-2, thereby driving hepatocyte-apoptosis via ER-stress response in C. punctatus, a widely consumed food-fish. Our findings underscore the toxic threats of Copper-laden PVC-MPs to aquatic life and potentially the broader ecosystem.

Does temperature influence on biomarker responses to copper exposure? The invasive bivalve Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker 1857) as a model

Biomarkers are useful tools for assessing the early warning effects of pollutants. However, their responses can be influenced by confounding factors. In this study, we investigated the influence of temperature on multiple biomarkers in the invasive freshwater bivalve Limnoperna fortunei exposed to copper (Cu). The mussels were exposed to low and high environmental Cu concentrations at two temperatures (15 °C and 25 °C). After 96 h, the oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and metabolic parameters were assessed. Our results showed that temperature is a key factor influencing biomarker responses in mussels, with higher glutathione S-transferase activity and lower energy reserves at cold temperature. In addition, the effects of Cu were greater at the highest concentration at 15 °C (increased lipid peroxidation and cholinesterase activity). Overall, these findings suggest that cold stress increases the susceptibility of L. fortunei to metal effects and highlight the importance of including temperature in toxicity testing and biomonitoring. In addition, using the invasive bivalve L. fortunei as a model could prove valuable in its role as a sentinel species for other organisms.

Tolerance and phytoremediation capacity of atrazine and S-metolachlor by two duckweeds.

The phytotoxicity and removal of atrazine and S-metolachlor in sterile duckweed systems were estimated in this study. Herbicides were added at environmentally relevant ranges: 0-400µg/L for atrazine or 0-200µg/L for S-metolachlor in systems with Spirodela polyrhiza or Lemna minor. Toxicity biomarkers, i.e., changes in plant biomass, surface area, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, pigments, lipid peroxidation, protein concentration, and antioxidative enzyme activities in plants were estimated after 7days. S. polyrhiza (RGRbiomass-EC50 = 164.8µg/L) was more tolerant to atrazine than L. minor (RGRbiomass-EC50 = 101.0µg/L). Atrazine caused damage to photosystem II (ΦM), a reduction in electron transport between PSII and PSI (Φ'M), as well as disruption in energy distribution pathways (decrease in qPrel and increase in UQFrel), most prominently in L. minor. However, L. minor (RGRbiomass-EC50 = 128.9µg/L) was more tolerant to S-metolachlor than S. polyrhiza (RGRbiomass-EC50 = 15.5μg/L). The highest sensitivity of S. polyrhiza to S-metolachlor was attributed to a decrease in absorbed energy used in photochemistry (qPrel) and an increase in lipid peroxidation, indicating that S. polyrhiza plants were experiencing oxidative stress. Residual pesticide analysis in the water after seven days allowed us to conclude that plants were responsible for reducing up to 16.5% of atrazine and 28.7% of S-metolachlor in the duckweed system. S. polyrhiza showed higher atrazine phytoremediation capacity than L. minor. S. polyrhiza was more efficient at an environmentally relevant concentration of S-metolachlor (25μg/L) and L. minor at higher concentrations (200μg/L).

The Influence of Water Deficit on Dehydrin Content in Callus Culture Cells of Scots Pine

Under a water deficit, the protective proteins known as dehydrins (DHNs) prevent nonspecific interactions in protein and membrane structures and their damage, in addition to playing an antioxidant role. The DHNs of a widespread xerophytic species Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) have been poorly studied, and their role in resistance to water deficits has not been revealed. In this paper, we have expanded the list of DHNs that accumulate in the cells of Scots pine under the conditions of water deficits and revealed their relationship with the effects of water deficits. In this investigation, callus cultures of branches and buds of Scots pine were used. A weak water deficit was created by adding polyethylene glycol to the culture medium. Under the conditions of a water deficit, the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes increased in the callus cultures. A moderate decrease in the total water content was correlated with a decrease in the growth rate of the callus cultures, as well as with an increase in the activity of lipid peroxidation. The accumulation of Mr 72, 38, and 27 kDa DHNs occurred in the callus cultures of buds, and the accumulation of Mr 72 and 27 kDa DHNs positively correlated with the lipid peroxidation activity. An increase in the content of DHNs was observed in cultures that differed in origin, growth indicators, and biochemical parameters, indicating the universality of this reaction. Thus, previously undescribed DHNs were identified, the accumulation of which is caused by water deficiency and is associated with manifestations of oxidative stress in the kidney cells of Scots pine.

Changes in masseter muscle structure, membrane lipid peroxidation and Ca-ATPase activity as effects of different local anesthetics.

Local anesthetics (LA) can cause undesired effects such as sustained contraction of skeletal muscles as a result of structural and functional changes. Proper skeletal muscle function is controlled by intracellular Ca2+ concentration and efficient energy (ATP) production, which is closely related to cell ultrastructure. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify the structural and functional changes caused by LAs. Materials and Method: Male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250g were used (n:49). They were divided into seven groups. One group was not anesthetized or treated (Control). The other six groups underwent intramuscular (IM) anesthesia with xylazine 2% (0.05 ml) and ketamine 50 mg/ml (0.1 ml/100g rat weight), and one of the following was applied to the masseter muscle (MM): no further treatment (Anesthetic Control group, CA); 0.1ml physiological saline solution (group SF); Carrageenin (group Carr) 1% as positive control group; prilocaine (group Pri), mepivacaine (group Mepi); or articaine (group Arti) 0.3M, IM. The animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation one hour after treatment. The effects of the different anesthetics on the MM were evaluated histologically and by electronic microscopy (EM). Ca-ATPase and membrane lipid peroxidation (LPX) were evaluated in muscle homogenates under the same conditions as those used to prepare the histological sections. Results: In general, structural damage and increased muscle contraction were observed in tissues treated with anesthetics. The most extreme values of Ca-ATPase activity and LPX were observed in the positive control group (carrageenin). Results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA for multiple comparisons and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results suggest that in the short term, local anesthetics affect the muscle function and are associated to structural changes.

Ameliorative extract Syzygium cumini seed extract on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity in alloxan induced diabetic Wistar albino rats

Aim: This study intends to examine the protective effects of an aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini seed on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar albino rats. Methodology: A single intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg kg-1 b.wt of alloxan monohydrate was used to induce diabetes in rats. Syzygium cumini group rats were later administered 300 mg kg-1 of Syzygium cumini seed extract by oral gavage for 21 days. On 22nd day, the animals were given general anaesthesia, blood was drawn through the retroorbital plexus, and the kidneys were promptly removed. Lipid peroxidation levels were assessed in the blood (serum) and kidney tissues by measuring the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as GST, GPX, SOD and CAT were examined in the blood and kidneys. Results: The acute toxicity experiments revealed that Syzygium cumini did not cause any obvious toxicity indications or mortality at a dosage of 300 mg kg-1, proving the safety of this extract with a broad therapeutic index. The results obtained showed that using aqueous Syzygium cumini seed extract for 21 days considerably (P &lt;0.05) increased the antioxidant enzyme activity for GST, GPx, SOD and CAT, while significantly (P &lt;0.01) decreasing the TBARS levels. Interpretation: Conclusively, the seed extract of Syzygium cumini might be a possible treatment for controlling hyperglycemic oxidative stress complications owing to its antioxidant properties. Key words: Albino rats, Antioxidant enzymes, Lipid peroxidation, Syzygium cumini, Seed extract

Regional use of extracellular microvesicles of mesenchymal stromal cells in acute necrotizing pancreatitis in an experiment

Background. The significance of the problem of treatment of acute pancreatitis is due to an increase in the incidence with an increase in the number of necrotizing forms, accompanied by a high incidence of severe complications and high mortality.Objective. To identify the impact of regionally used extracellular microvesicles of mesenchymal stromal cells on the endogenous intoxication markers in acute necrotizing pancreatitis in the experiment.Material and methods. Acute pancreatitis was induced by the introduction of a 0.3 ml of 5% solution of non-ionic polyethylene glycol octylphenol ether detergent into the caudal part of the rat pancreas. The study was conducted on 42 adult Wistar rats, which were randomly divided into 4 groups. Group I (n=6) included intact animals, Group II (control group) (n=12) included rats with pancreatitis without treatment, Group III (n=12) consisted of rats with pancreatitis treated with analgesia + infusions of 0.9% sodium chloride solution (saline), Group IV (n=12) included rats with pancreatitis treated with analgesia+ saline infusions + regional application of extracellular microvesicles of mesenchymal stromal cells. Cells were obtained from the bone marrow of healthy animals. Microvesicles were obtained by differential centrifugation under sterile conditions. Microvesicles were administered one day after the pancreatitis induction through the catheter installed into the pathologically altered part of the pancreas. The dose of microvesicles was calculated as equivalent to (derived from) 1 million mesenchymal stromal cells. The hematological parameters, markers of the systemic manifestation of the pathological process (alpha-amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase), the endogenous intoxication markers (lipid peroxidation activity, nitric oxide level), the systemic inflammatory response markers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6) were studied on the 3rd and 7th day from the start of disease modeling.Results. Regional use of extracellular microvesicles of mesenchymal stromal cells in the treatment of acute experimental necrotizing pancreatitis at an early stage helped to normalize the level of blood platelets, reduce enzymeemia, elements of endogenous intoxication (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha), and the nitric oxide level.Conclusion. The early application of extracellular microvesicles of mesenchymal stromal cells in the treatment of acute necrotizing pancreatitis in an experiment has a positive effect on parameters, which are key links of pathogenesis and leading markers of this disease severity.

Melatonin attenuates affective disorders and cognitive deficits induced by perinatal exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide via antioxidant pathway in adult male and female rats.

The massive use of herbicides, particularly glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs), raises several worries, notably their neurotoxic effects. Several studies have explored the consequences of developmental exposure. Our work aims to determine the impact of maternal exposure to GBH on behavioral disorders and memory deficits, as well as the involvement of oxidative stress in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. In addition, our study explores the neuroprotective properties of melatonin in male and female offspring. Pregnant Wistar rats were injected with GBH 75 mg/kg during gestation and lactation. After weaning, the offspring were treated with melatonin (4mg/kg) from postnatal days 30-58. Our results show that GBH increases anxiety-like behavior levels in offspring, as well as depression-like behavior. GBH also impairs working memory in progeny. While markers of oxidative stress show a disturbance in lipid peroxidation and catalase activity, with a more pronounced effect in females, on the other hand, melatonin considerably attenuated the neurotoxic impact observed in the offspring, with higher efficacy in females. The oxidative stress results confirm the antioxidant power of melatonin to counteract the damaging effects of exposure to environmental contaminants such as glyphosate-based pesticides. It will then be interesting to further our work to fully understand the sex-dependent effect of melatonin.

Changes in masseter muscle structure, membrane lipid peroxidation and Ca-ATPase activity as effects of different local anesthetics

Local anesthetics (LA) can cause undesired effects such as sustained contraction of skeletal muscles as a result of structural and functional changes. Proper skeletal muscle function is controlled by intracellular Ca2+ concentration and efficient energy (ATP) production, which is closely related to cell ultrastructure. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify the structural and functional changes caused by LAs. Materials and Method: Male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250g were used (n:49). They were divided into seven groups. One group was not anesthetized or treated (Control). The other six groups underwent intramuscular (IM) anesthesia with xylazine 2% (0.05 ml) and ketamine 50 mg/ ml (0.1 ml/100g rat weight), and one of the following was applied to the masseter muscle (MM): no further treatment (Anesthetic Control group, CA); 0.1ml physiological saline solution (group SF); Carrageenin (group Carr) 1% as positive control group; prilocaine (group Pri), mepivacaine (group Mepi); or articaine (group Arti) 0.3M, IM. The animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation one hour after treatment. The effects of the different anesthetics on the MM were evaluated histologically and by electronic microscopy (EM). Ca-ATPase and membrane lipid peroxidation (LPX) were evaluated in muscle homogenates under the same conditions as those used to prepare the histological sections. Results: In general, structural damage and increased muscle contraction were observed in tissues treated with anesthetics. The most extreme values of Ca-ATPase activity and LPX were observed in the positive control group (carrageenin). Results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA for multiple comparisons and Tukey’s test (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: The results suggest that in the short term, local anesthetics affect the muscle function and are associated to structural changes.

Hesperidin Nanoformulation: A Potential Strategy for Reducing Doxorubicin-Induced Renal Damage via the Sirt-1/HIF1-α/VEGF/NF-κB Signaling Cascade.

Hesperidin (Hes) functions as a strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory to guard against damage to the heart, liver, and kidneys. Nevertheless, due to its restricted solubility and bioavailability, a delivery method is required for it to reach a specific organ. In this study, ion gelation was used to synthesize a chitosan/hesperidin nanoformulation. Numerous characterization techniques, such as zeta potential, particle size, XRD, TEM, SEM, and FTIR analyses, were used to corroborate the synthesis of hesperidin nanoparticles (Hes-NPs). Male albino mice were given a pretreatment dose of 100 mg/kg, PO, of Hes or Hes-NPs, which was administered daily for 14 days before the induction of doxorubicin nephrotoxicity on the 12th day. Kidney function (urea and creatinine levels) was measured. Lipid peroxidation (MDA) and antioxidant enzyme (CAT and SOD) activities were estimated. TNF-α, IL-1β, and VEGF content; histopathological examination of kidney tissue; and immunohistochemical staining of NF-κB, Caspase-3, BAX, Bcl-2, and TGF-β1 were evaluated. The gene expressions of Sirt-1, Bcl-2, VEGF, HIF1-α, and Kim-1 were also considered. The results showed that pretreatment with Hes or Hes-NPs reduced doxorubicin's nephrotoxic effects, with Hes-NPs showing the greatest reduction. Kidney enzyme and MDA content were lowered in response to the Hes or Hes-NP pretreatment, whereas antioxidant enzyme activities were increased. Hes or Hes-NP pretreatment suppressed the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, VEGF, NF-κB, Caspase-3, BAX, and TGF-β1; however, pretreatment increased Bcl-2 protein levels. Furthermore, the gene expressions of Sirt-1, Bcl-2, VEGF, HIF1-α, and Kim-1 were considerably higher with Hes-NP than with Hes treatment. These results suggest that Hes-NP treatment might reduce DOX-induced nephrotoxicity in mice via modulating Sirt-1/HIF1-α/VEGF/NF-κB signaling to provide antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects.

The Effect of Trientine on AlCl3-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction and Biochemical Changes in the Hippocampus of Rats.

Cognitive impairments affect millions of people worldwide with an increasing prevalence. Research on their etiology and treatment is developing, nevertheless significant gaps remain. Trientine (TETA), as a copper chelator, has been shown to have beneficial effects in different human chronic diseases such as diabetic cardiomyopathy and neuropathy. Here, we examined the impact of TETA on AlCl3-induced neurocognitive dysfunctions and molecular changes in the hippocampus of rats.Thirty-six male Wistar rats (weighing 200-250 g) were randomly divided into four groups including control, TETA (100 mg/kg/day), AlCl3 (100 mg/kg/day), and AlCl3 (100 mg/kg/day)+TETA (100 mg/kg/day), and received chemicals by gavage for 30 days. At the end of the treatment, the open field maze, elevated plus maze, novel object recognition memory test, and shuttle box test were done. Then after, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK-3β), acetylcholinesterase activity, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory mediators were measured in the hippocampus.AlCl3 increased anxiety-like behaviors and impaired recognition and short-term memory. TETA was able to improve AlCl3-induced anxiety-like behaviors and short-term memory dysfunction. In the AlCl3-treated group, there was a significant increase in GSK-3β, oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic markers, and decreased BDNF in the hippocampus. Co-administration of TETA was able to decrease lipid peroxidation, inflammation, GSK-3β, and acetylcholinesterase activity, and increase BDNF in the hippocampus compared with AlCl3-treated rats.It can be concluded that TETA was able to improve neurobehavioral and neurocognitive functions by alleviating oxidative stress, inflammation, and pro-apoptotic pathways leading to the normalization of BDNF and GSK-3β.

Silibinin-loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) Ameliorated Lead-induced Acute Nephrotoxicity in Male Rats.

As a toxic heavy metal, lead (Pb) is well known for impairment of renal function due to oxidative injuries. In contrast, the antioxidant activity of silibinin has been approved. Given the role of silibinin antioxidant activity, the present study investigated the effectiveness of silibinin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (Sili-NLCs) against Pb-induced acute nephrotoxicity in rats. The emulsification-solvent evaporation method was applied to prepare Sili-NLCs. Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into ten separate groups. Pb (20 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was applied to induce nephrotoxicity and in the treatment groups animals received the same concentration of silibinin and Sili-NLCs (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for five days. After sacrificing rats, kidney tissue samples were collected to assess the oxidative stress parameters, including lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Also, histopathological examination using Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) was studied. Not only did Pb injection significantly increase the renal levels of LPO and NO, but also decreased the levels of antioxidant enzyme activity. On the other hand, Sili-NLCs were more effective than silibinin in decreasing renal oxidative damage by increasing the antioxidant defense system. Moreover, the histopathological examination correlated well with biochemical findings. Our data suggested that Sili-NLCs are potentially superior to pure silibinin for attenuating Pb-induced acute nephrotoxicity.

Updates on some medicinal and ornamental plants- Ayurvedic medicines

This literature review paper highlights morphology, distribution, medicinal properties of commercially important tree species, Thespesia populnea, Terminalia arjuna, Butea monosperma (Palas), Silver oak (Grevillea robusta), Mangifera indica, Madhuca longifolia,Melia azadirachta, Michelia champaca, Moringa oleifera, Peltophorum pterocarpum, and Aegle marmelos. These plants have been used for centuries by local communities and traditional healers for their therapeutic and medicinal properties. Medicinal plants play a crucial role in the Western Ghats, both ecologically and culturally. The use of herbal medicines for the treatment of diseases is safe and traditional. Therefore, medicinal plants have been receiving great attention because of their safety. The Western Ghats harbors more than 7,500 flowering plant species, of which nearly 1,500 are recognized for their medicinal values by local communities and traditional healers. The Western Ghats population traditional medical practices frequently center on using plant-based treatments. These medicinal plants are carefully chosen, and preparation techniques have been perfected through many years of practice. Studies indicated that Mangifera indica possesses antidiabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, cardiotonic, hypotensive, and anti-inflammatory properties. Mango contains Mangiferin, a polyphenolic antioxidant and a glucosyl xanthone, has strong antioxidant, anti lipid peroxidation, immunomodulation, cardiotonic, hypotensive, wound healing, antidegenerative and antidiabetic activities.

Evaluating the role of soil EPS in modifying the toxicity potential of the mixture of polystyrene nanoplastics and xenoestrogen, Bisphenol A (BPA) in Allium cepa L.

The coexistence of emerging pollutants like nanoplastics and xenoestrogen chemicals such as Bisphenol A (BPA) raises significant environmental concerns. While the individual impacts of BPA and polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) on plants have been studied, their combined effects are not well understood. This study examines the interactions between eco-corona formation, physicochemical properties, and cyto-genotoxic effects of PSNPs and BPA on onion (Allium cepa) root tip cells. Eco-corona formation was induced by exposing BPA-PSNP mixtures to soil extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and changes were analyzed using 3D-EEM, TEM, FTIR, hydrodynamic diameter, and contact angle measurements. Onion roots were treated with BPA (2.5, 5, and 10 mgL-1) combined with plain, aminated, and carboxylated PSNPs (100 mgL-1), with and without EPS interaction. Toxicity was assessed via cell viability, oxidative stress markers (superoxide radical, total ROS, hydroxyl radical), lipid peroxidation, SOD and catalase activity, mitotic index, and chromosomal abnormalities. BPA alone increased cytotoxic and genotoxic parameters in a dose-dependent manner. BPA with aminated PSNPs exhibited the highest toxicity among the pristine mixtures, revealing increased chromosomal abnormalities, oxidative stress, and cell mortality with rising BPA concentrations. In-silico experiments demonstrated the relationship between superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase enzymes, PSNPs, BPA, and their mixtures. EPS adsorption notably reduced cyto-genotoxic effects, lipid peroxidation, and ROS levels, mitigating the toxicity of BPA-PSNP mixtures.

Dietary supplementation with ginseng extract enhances testicular function, semen preservation, and fertility rate of mature and aging Thai native roosters

The decrease in fertility in aging roosters is related to the reduced quality of ejaculated sperm. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with ginseng extract at various concentrations (0–150 mg/kg) on testicular function, semen preservation, and fertility at different stages of sexual maturity (mature and aging roosters) in Thai native roosters. Pradu Hang Dum roosters at 32 (mature; n = 24) and 75 (aging; n = 24) weeks of age were fed diets with non-supplemented or supplemented ginseng extracts (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) until the end of the experiment. In experiment 1, fresh semen samples were examined for the quality parameters of semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, sperm viability, lipid peroxidation, and enzymatic activities. In experiment 2, semen was preserved at 5 °C for up to 48 h, and the semen quality and fertility potential were determined. In experiment 3, testicular function and testosterone concentrations were evaluated. The results showed that ginseng extract supplementation in the diets of both mature and aging roosters at 50 and 100 mg/kg improved fresh semen quality (P < 0.05). A decrease in malondialdehyde levels in fresh semen was observed with increasing enzyme activities. In mature roosters, the progressive motility of cold-stored semen and fertility rates were higher in the G50 and G100 groups compared to the control and G150 groups after 24 h of storage (P < 0.05). In aging roosters, the highest significant differences in progressive motility, viability, and fertility rates were observed in the G50 and G100 groups at all storage times (P < 0.01). These improvements might be attributed to good testicular function in spermatogenesis, as revealed by the results of histological examination and testosterone concentrations. However, higher doses of ginseng extract supplementation negatively affected sperm quality. In summary, the recommended dose of ginseng extract supplementation in diets is 50 mg/kg. Fertility results indicated that insemination with semen preserved for 24 h was satisfactory in both mature and aging roosters.