Permutation Research Articles

A New Lower Bound for the Distance of Sorting Permutations by Short Block Moves

A New Lower Bound for the Distance of Sorting Permutations by Short Block Moves

Renal mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma: one case report and literature review

Objective To improve the diagnosis and treatment of renal mucinous spindle cell carcinoma, and the knowledge of the type of kidney cancer. Methods The clinical date of 1 case of renal MTSCCa was reported.The case of patient was a 38–year–old women with abdominal discomfort and hematuresis.Ultrasound tip: the upper pole of the right kidney mixed echo placeholder, tumor and the surrounding is obvious blood flow signal.CT revealed a low density shadow in the upper pole of the right kidney, involving the right renal vein, partial filling defect, visible in the inferior vena cava are visible low density shadow, uneven enhancement after the reinforcement, and has delayed reinforcement.MRI shows: the upper pole of the right kidney huge soft tissue mass, T1WI shows low signal, T2WI show slightly higher signal, uneven enhancement and have delayed reinforcement.Preoperative diagnosis: right renal clear cell carcinoma with right renal vein and inferior vena cava tumor emboli.With kidney cancer radical resection and take out inferior vena cava tumor emboli, in the operation right kidney tumor, about 10 cm×20 cm, right renal vein and inferior vena cava tumor emboli in formation, inferior vena cava tumor emboli within about 8 cm, the clinical and pathologic feature was analyzed and discussed with literature review. Results The operation smoothly.Pathological findings suggested higher grade mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma; microscopically a large number of ingredients mixed bundle arrangement of spindle cells, nuclear fission as easy to see.Immunohistochemical staining: Vimentin±, Syn+ , NSE+ , CD99+ , Ki–67+ 70%.According to the 2010 AJCC for kidney cancer TNM staging, the pathological pT3cN0M0.According to the Robson stage Ⅲ.The patient reserved interferonα–2a associate with interleukin–2 theraph after a month.During treatment in patients with fever and other flu symptoms, weekly review of routine blood, liver and kidney function has no obvious abnormalities.The patient died of pulmonary embolism, liver, lung multiple metastases two months later. Conclusions Renal mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma is a rare cell types in the kidney pathological classification, women in high incidence, higher pathological types, worse prognosis. Key words: Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma; Tumor of kidney; Prognosis

Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome

Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome(FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by FMR1 gene permutation(PM). The main clinical manifestations are intention tremor and/or ataxia, and the pathogenesis was related to RNA toxicity. In this paper, the research progress of clinical manifestatios, pathological characteristics, epidemiology and molecular mechanisms will be reviewed.

Commutators of cycles in permutation groups

We prove that for n ≥ 5 , every element of the alternating group A n is a commutator of two cycles of A n . Moreover we prove that for n ≥ 2 , a (2 n + 1) -cycle of the permutation group S 2 n + 1 is a commutator of a p -cycle and a q -cycle of S 2 n + 1 if and only if the following three conditions are satisfied (i) n + 1 ≤ p , q , (ii) 2 n + 1 ≥ p , q , (iii) p + q ≥ 3 n + 1 .

A scintillation light radial distribution model for monolithic crystal gamma cameras

Gamma imaging systems are often based on monolithic scintillators coupled to a light detector through a certain number of light guides, like glass or grease. In order to predict and optimize gamma camera performance in terms of bias and spatial resolution, accurate Monte Carlo simulations are usually carried out. These kind of simulations require high computational time so only a small number of arrangements are investigated. In this work we propose a mathematical model of scintillation light propagation starting from the gamma interaction point to the detector surface. This model gives the expression for the radial photon density distribution with a computational time 4 order of magnitude shorter than a Monte Carlo simulation. The model has been validated with standard Monte Carlo simulations of five system configurations, showing a percentage error on the quantitative evaluation of photon number lower than 2%.

Classification and Ordination of Picea wilsonii Forests in the Luya Mountain Nature Reserve

According to the 60 quadrats data,Picea wilsonii forests in the Luya Mountain Nature Reserve were investigated by using two-way indicator species analysis( TWINSPAN) and redundancy analysis( RDA). The results showed that(1)60 quadrats were classified into 9 groups,representing 9 types of plant communities.(2) The results of RDA ordination clearly reflected the relationships between the distribution pattern of communities and environmental gradients. The distribution pattern of communities was obvious in the first axis gradient,mainly representing elevation and slope position gradients,which resulting in vertical distribution pattern of P. wilsonii forests in this reserve.(3) The statistical significance of the effect of each variable was tested by a Monte Carlo permutation test,and only elevation,slope position and soil pH were significantly related to the species data at the 5% level,indicating that there were significant collinearity effects among aspect of slope,slope and litter layer thickness. Variation partitioning showed that the independent effects of elevation,slope position and soil pH decreased successively,and elevation,slope position were the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of P. wilsonii forests.

Polymorphisms of complement genes and ARMS2/HTRA1 in patients with age-related macular degeneration in Ningxia,China

Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the main cause of irreversible loss of central vision in old population.The incidence of AMD is increasing year by year,but the mechanism is not clearly understood. Objective This study was to investigate the association between genetic variants and the risk of AMD in Ningxia population. Methods This study was approved by Ethic Committee of Ningxia People's Hospital and complied with the Helsinki Declaration.Written informed consent was obtained from each subject.One hundred and fifty patients with AMD and 145 ethnicity- and gender-matched controls were recruited in Ningxia Eye Hospital from January 2012 to March 2013.All individuals underwent comprehensive eye examinations and genomic DNA was prepared from peripheral blood.The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 8 susceptibility loci in four candidate genes,including complement factor H (CFH),complement factor B (CFB),age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) and high temperature required factor A1 (HTRA1),were genotyped with Mass Array and MALDI-TOF technique by Sequenom platform.The distribution of genotype was tested for Hardy-Weinberge equilibrium (HWE).The differences of genotype distribution of allele and haplotype frequencies were compared between patients and controls using chi-squared test and the P value was significant at <0.006 level after correction of age,and the relationship of genotype distribution with AMD was evaluated by Logistic regression analysis.Measures of linkage disequilibrium (LD) was carried out by Haploview. Results All the genetypes met HWE.Seven SNPs were found to be different in the genotypic distributions and allele frequencies between patients and normal controls (all at P<0.05),however,after Bonferroni correction,the differences of only four SNPs were significant between the patients and controls in the genotype and allele distributions,including the SNPs of rs10737680 and rs1410996 in CFH gene,the SNP of rs10490924 in ARMS2 gene and SNP of rs11200638 in HTRA1 gene. The allele distributions of rs800292 (Pallele=0.006,OR=1.643,95%CI:1.155-2.336) in CFH and rs641153 (Pallele=0.002,OR=0.273,95%CI:0.120-0.620) in CFB were significantly associated with AMD.In addition,five SNPs in CFH gene were consisted of two blocks after analysis by Haploview.In addition,five SNPs in CFH were consisted of two blocks after analysis by Haploview.The first one SNPs (including rs551397 and rs800292) and another one SNPs (including rs12124794,rs10737680) and rs1410996 were in strong linkage disequilibrium (D'=1.00).After 50 000 permutations,the GC and AT haplotypes of the first block and the AAC,TCT and ACT haplotypes in the second block were significantly different between AMD patients and controls (P=0.010,0.010,0.001,0.041 and 0.033,respectively).The allel T of rs641153 was a protective factor of AMD (P=0.002,OR=0.273,95%CI:0.120-0.620). Conclusions The SNPs rs10737680 and rs1410996 in CFH, rs10490924 of ARMS2 gene and rs11200638 of HTRA1 gene are associated with AMD in Ningxia population. Key words: Aged; Complement factor/genetics; Gene frequency; Macular degeneration/genetics; Polymorphisms, genetic; Genetic predisposition to diseases

Permutations of X

Permutations of X

Symmetry classes of polynomials associated with the direct product of permutation groups

‎Let $G_{i} $ be a subgroup of $ S_{m_{i}}‎ ,‎ 1 leq i leq k$‎. ‎Suppose $chi_{i}$ is an irreducible complex character of $G_{i}$‎. ‎We consider $ G_{1}times cdots times G_{k} $ as subgroup of $ S_{m} $‎, ‎where $ m=m_{1}+cdots‎ +‎m_{k} $‎. ‎In this paper‎, ‎we give a formula for the dimension of $H_{d}(G_{1}times cdots times G_{k}‎, ‎chi_{1}timescdots times chi_{k})$ and investigate the existence of an o-basis of this type of classes‎.

A quantum lower bound for distinguishing random functions from random permutations

The problem of distinguishing between a random function and a random permutation on a domain of size N is important in theoretical cryptography, where the security of many primitives depend on the ...

The Design and Development of a 15 kV SiC Half-Bridge Multi-Chip Power Module for Medium Voltage Applications

In this work, the packaging design and development of a high voltage (&amp;gt; 15 kV), high current (120 A) silicon carbide (SiC) multi-chip power module (MCPM) will be presented. The module implements a MCPM packaging strategy which itself uses subassemblies to reduce manufacturing costs through reworkability. The use of solderless internal connections aids in reducing cost both by simplifying the assembly process as well as enabling a high level of flexibility in the manufacturing process in order to drive down costs by increasing yield. A wire bondless flip-chip die interconnection scheme has been developed in parallel with a more traditional wire bonded method. Both presented approaches utilize a common set of parts with minimal differences due to the divergent portions of each interconnection scheme. Device neutrality in this design ensures that a variety of die types from any manufacturer may be housed in a number of arrangements depending on the requirements of the end-use application without requiring significant redesign effort for each new application or improvement in device technology. The SiC MCPM is constructed using high temperature capable materials, enabling operation at high junction temperatures. This leads to the ability to design a small, low profile module with low parasitic inductances and a small junction to case thermal resistance. A low module thermal resistance makes it possible to significantly reduce the size and complexity of the cooling systems, ultimately, reducing the size of the system. Thus, this novel high voltage SiC MCPM represents a significant step forward in high voltage switching applications. This paper discusses the overall mechanical design of the SiC high voltage MCPM; the three-dimensional finite-element modeling and analysis of the thermal and electrical characteristics of the high voltage power module are also presented.

Word and Music Studies: Essays on Performativity and on Surveying the Field.

Word and Music Studies: Essays on Performativity and on Surveying the Field.

Optimization Solution of Equal Dimension Boxes in Container Loading Problem Using a Permutation Block Algorithm

The Container Loading Problem consists of packing boxes of similar sizes into available Containers in such a way to optimize an objective function. In this paper we apply the concept of Permutation Block Algorithm (PBA) in the wall layer approach for the Load Optimization of Equal Dimension Boxes in the Container Loading Problem. The vehicle is loaded by means of either top side only or by any sides possible. The main objective of this paper is to increase the use of space while filling loads into the container.

Whole brain diffusion tensor imaging in diagnosing social anxiety disorder based on support vector machine

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of whole-brain diffusion tensor imaging(DTI) in diagnosing patients with social anxiety disorder(SAD) using an automated method based on support vector machine(SVM) classification.Methods Whole brain DTI data were collected from 19 patients with SAD and 19 age-,gender-and education-matched healthy control(HC) subjects.Fractional anisotropy(FA) of whole brain was obtained by input all tensor images into Diffusion Toolkit software.Based upon the characteristics of brain FA,the pattern recognition of brain image data(PROBID) toolbox on the grounds of SVM algorithm was employed to classify the subjects,evaluate the diagnostic value of whole-brain FA data based SVM in diagnosing SAD patients and verify the robustness of the diagnostic results using permutation test with the threshold at P≤0.001.The weight vector score of each voxel was calculated according to the ratio between this voxel and whole brain in FA differences of the two groups.The white matter regions identified by setting the threshold to the top 30％ of the weight vector scores with at least 10 contiguous voxels were demonstrated by MRIcro software.Results Diagnostic accuracy of whole-brain FA based SVM in diagnosing SAD was 92.11％ (35/38) in which the specificity was 94.44％ (17/18),the sensitivity was 90.00％(18/20),the positive likelihood ratio was 17.01,the negative likelihood ratio was 0.11 and the diagnostic index was 184.22％.Permutation test suggested that the diagnostic results were significantly reliable.White matter regions showing major contributions favoring SAD over HC were located in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum,the left uncinate fasciculus,the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus,the left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus,bilateral frontal gyri and the left occipital lobe.Whereas,white matter in bilateral anterior cingula,the left middle cerebellar peduncle and the left inferior parietal lobule showed more contributions to diagnose HC than to diagnose SAD.Conclusions As whole brain FA data based on SVM showing a high accuracy in diagnosing SAD,brain DTI characteristics have the potential to be the specific indicators in the diagnosis of SAD.SVM might be used as a tool to verify the reliability of white matter abnormalities and provide regions of interest in DTI study of neurological and psychiatric diseases. Key words: Anxiety; Magnetic resonance imaging; Diagnosis

Minimizing Total Flow Time in Permutation Flowshop Scheduling by Two-Phase Approach

This work considered minimizing total flow time for general n-jobs and m-machines permutation flowshop scheduling problems, which are well-known to be NP-hard. The proposed approach used the combination of Decision Tree (DT) based heuristic algorithm and Scatter Search (SS) algorithm. Unlike existing heuristics available for flowshop scheduling, the DT based algorithm is used to represent the low level data into high level knowledge ie., in the form of IF-THEN else rules which are understandable by the semi-skilled worker. The SS has wide exploration of search space through diversification. The advantages of both DT and SS are utilized to form a two-phase approach. The seed solution generated from DT based approach is taken as input seed to SS algorithm to find good solution. The proposed approach is compared with most effective heuristics and recent meta-heuristics available in the literature. The proposed approach gives better solution as compared to existing composite heuristics and comparable with existing hybrid meta-heuristics.

Effect of inhaled arsenic trioxide and moxa leaf oil on eosinophil in asthmatic guinea pigs

Objective The experiment was designed to observe the effect of inhaled arsenic trioxide（As2O3）and in combination with inhaled moxa leaf oil on eosinophils（EOS）and lung tissue’s morphology in asthmatic guinea pigs, and to explore its mechanism of relieving wheezing. Methods The ovalbumin（OVA）-induced asthmatic guinea pig model was established. Sixty guinea pigs were randomly divided into As2O3 atomization inhalation group B1 As2O3 low dose group：2.0 mg/（kg·d）, B2 As2O3 high dose group：4.0 mg/（kg·d）, combined treatment group C1 low dose group：2.0 mg/（kg·d）＋moxa leaf oil 0.05 ml, C2 high dose group： 4.0 mg/（kg·d）＋moxa leaf oil 0.10 ml, saline aerosol inhalation group（group A） asthma model group）and normal control group（group D）according to random permutation table method. After 7 days medicated, the EOS in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid（BALF）were compared. Guinea pig lung, heart, liver and kidney pathological specimens were prepared and the change of the lung tissue’s inflammation and heart, liver and kidney tissue were investigated. Lung tissue’s electron microscopy specimens were prepared and the apoptosis of acidophilic cells and repair of alveolar epithelial cells were observed. Results Compared with asthma model group’s EOS number[（58.08±19.01）×105], the difference in As2O3 low dose group、As2O3 high dose group、combined treatment low dose group、combined treatment high dose group and normal control＆amp;nbsp;group[（26.37±1.12）×105, （11.50±1.61）×105, （14.16±4.88）×105, （5.03±1.66）×105 and（0.35±0.16）×105, respectively] were statistically significant（P<0.01）; there was statistical difference between As2O3 low dose group and As2O3 high dose group（P<0.01）;There was statistical difference between As2O3 low dose group and combined treatment low dose group（P<0.01）;There was statistical difference between As2O3 high dose group and combined treatment high dose group（P<0.05）. Compared with combined treatment high dose group, difference in As2O3 low dose group、As2O3 high dose group and combined treatment low dose group was statistically significant（P<0.05）. The difference in B1, B2, C1, C2 and D group was statistically significant compared with group A （P<0.01）. The difference in B1 and B2, B1 and C1 group was statistically significant （P<0.01）. The difference between B2 and C2 group was statistically significant（P<0.05）. The difference in C2 group was statistically significant compared with group B1, B2 and C1（P<0.05）. Conclusion EOS abnormal apoptosis was an important pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. The mechanism of arsenic trioxide anti-asthma was that arsenic trioxide could reduce acidophil infiltration and promote acidophilic cell apoptosis. The mechanism of moxa leaf oil anti-asthma was it could reduce acidophil infiltration. Smaller doses of the combination of inhaled As2O3 and moxa leaf oil was safe and effective to achieve the effect of relieving wheezing and the combined use had synergy. Key words: Arsenic trioxide; Moxa leaf oil; Inhaled; Bronchial asthma; Guinea pig; Eosinophile

Therapeutic effects of oral appliance combined with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty on obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome

To explore the long-term effects of the uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) combined with oral appliance (OA) in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Thirty patients with severe OSAHS confirmed by polysomnography (PSG) according to their apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and lowest SaO2 during sleep were selected using random permutation table and divided into only UPPP group(U group, n = 15) and UPPP with OA group (UA group, n = 15). The follow-up period was 2 years. PSG was performed in 0.5 year and 2 years after operation. AHI, lowest SaO2 and Tmax were tested and evaluated. The effectiveness of two groups was the same after 0.5 year. Two years after operation, the values [AHI: (18.06 ± 2.24) times/h; lowest SaO2: (88.64 ± 10.37)% and Tmax: (20.5 ± 17.6) s] in UA group were better than that [AHI: (49.73 ± 3.35) times/h; lowest SaO2: (79.56 ± 4.87)% and Tmax: (41.3 ± 19.7) s] in U group. The number of effectiveness was 9 and the number of ineffectiveness was 6 in U group, while in UA group, the number of effectiveness was 14 and the number of ineffectiveness was 1(P < 0.05). Long-term result of combined treatment was better than that of UPPP only.

Color stability of ceromer veneers/resin cements after accelerated ageing

To investigate the color stability of ceromer veneers/resin cements after accelerated ageing, and to provide the reference for clinical application and choice. Fifteen groups of ceromer veneers/resin cements samples, five samples in each group, were prepared as experimental groups.In the fifteen groups, ceromer veneers in three thickness (1.00, 0.75, 0.50 mm) and resin cements of five shades(A1,A3, B 0.5, WO, TR), were matched through permutation and combination. Three groups of ceromer veneers with different thickness (1.00, 0.75, 0.50 mm) were used as control groups. All samples were put into xenon lamp ageing instrument to accelerate ageing.Spectrophotometer were used to measure the lightness(L(*)), red green color(a(*)) and blue yellow color(b(*)) of samples before and after accelerated ageing process, and the change of lightness (ΔL) , red green color (Δa) , blue yellow color (Δb) and color variation(ΔE) were calculated.We investigated the effect of thickness of ceromer veneer and color of resin cement on color variation by using analysis of variance. The thickness factor and color factor showed significant effect on ΔE values, and they have interaction (P < 0.05). The ΔE values of all experimental groups were lower than 3.3. After accelerated ageing, all L(*) values of experimental groups decreased, and ΔL values were lower than 2.0. The thickness of ceromer veneer and the color of resin cement could both affect the color stability of ceromer veneers/resin cements. The changes of lightness and color in ceromer veneers/resin cements were considered clinically acceptable after accelerated ageing.

Association study of the gene MeCP2 polymorphisms with schizophrenia in female

Objective To explore the association of methyl-CpG-binding protein2(MeCP2) polymorphisms with female schizophrenia in Chinese Han population. Methods By using the technology based on micro-array Chip, gene polymorphism analysis of 4 locus located in the gene MeCP2 was performed in 126 schizophrenia patients fulfilled with DSM-Ⅳ-TR criteria for schizophrenia and in 144 healthy controls.Chi square test was used to compare the inter-group differences of genotypic and allelic distribution. Haplotype case-control association analysis based on linkage disequilibrium was conducted using SNP stats online software after the data was screened .The significance of results was corrected by permutation test . Results To the point of Locus rs1616369 which located in Gene MeCP2, the distribution of the genotype G/A between two groups(24.8% vs 34.3%) reached significance (P<0.05); rs3027933, genotype G/C(25.6% vs 34.8%), P<0.05; rs17435, genotype T/A(25.6% vs 35.5%), P<0.05; rs2239464, genotype C/A(58.5% vs 71.8%), P<0.05. The distribution prevalence of Haplotype GCCA was 0.1581 in case group, and 0.2389 in control group, reached significant difference(P<0.05). Conclusion As to female MeCP2 gene, the genotype on the four locations might associate with the onset of schizophrenia, MeCP2 might be susceptibility gene of female schizophrenia. The Haplotype GCCA maybe the protective factor. Key words: MeCP2 gene; Polymorphism; Female; Schizophrenia; Association study

Об одном свойстве свободных компонентов, относящихся к суммам одинаковых степеней

The given paper contains the proof of that the number of combinatorial arrangements coincides with free components of the sums of equal powers with the natural bases and parameters in the presence of the simple equality connecting elements of these arrangements. In the proof the modified exposition of the components participating in formation of the sum of equal powers is used. This exposition becomes simpler and led to an aspect of product of binomial factors. Other variants of construction of corresponding product of binomial factors do not exist here. The received proof allows both to represent number of arrangements in the form of product, and to apply at this representation summation elements. Thus, the number of arrangements supposes characteristic expression not only in the form of product of its elements.