Permissive Norms Research Articles

Impact of Urbanization on Air Quality in Largest Сities of Kazakhstan

In the context of the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization of Kazakhstan, the air pollution problem in large cities is becoming increasingly urgent. It is essential to assess the impact of economic growth on the environmental situation, as this allows us to develop strategies to improve air quality and ensure sustainable development. Thus, this study examines the impact of urbanization and economic growth on air pollution across four major cities in Kazakhstan from 2016 to 2022. Statistical methods were used to analyze the relationship between pollution levels and economic indicators, including gross regional product (GRP) and industrialization. The study covers the period from 2016 to 2022 and is based on data on concentrations of critical pollutants collected from the National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. National monitoring sources collected air quality data, including PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO concentrations. Statistical analyses, as correlation and regression models, were applied to establish relationships between pollution levels and economic growth indicators. The study found significant correlations between economic activities and air pollution levels. In Almaty, a 10% increase in GRP corresponds to a 5% increase in pollutant concentrations. Almaty experienced the highest average PM2.5 concentration at 42 µg/m³, exceeding permissible norms by 20%. Other cities showed varied levels of pollution influenced by specific economic and industrial profiles. The results underscore the pressing need for effective urban management and strategic policy-making to mitigate the adverse effects of economic development on air quality.

Remodeling of the structural components of the capsule and glomerular zone of the adrenal glands cortex of white rats under the influence of a complex of food additives at the late terms of the experimental study

With food additives, we can add flavour to food, extend its shelf life, and make it look good. However, even small amounts of these additives can lead to diseases of various organs and systems. The aim of our work is to establish metrics and morphological changes in the structure of the capsule and the glomerular zone of the cortex of the adrenal glands of rats at the later stages of the experimental study under the conditions of consumption of a complex of food additives: monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite and Ponceau 4R. The control group of rats consumed oral drinking water and saline. The rats of the experimental groups were orally administered once a day with a 10 % solution of sodium nitrite (E250), sodium glutamate (E621) or Ponceau 4R. The dosages of food additives were two times lower than the permissible norm in food. The rats were withdrawn from the experiment after 8, 12 and 16 weeks. The adrenal glands were removed for the study. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and semi-thin sections with toluidine blue, and examined using a light microscope Biorex with a digital microphoto attachment DSM 900. Ultrathin sections were examined in a TEM-125 K electron microscope. For morphometric analysis, the structure of the capsule and the glomerular zone of the cortex of the adrenal glands of rats at the later stages of the experimental study was studied. The study results were analysed using the software package “InStat”. At the late stages of the experimental study, the adrenal capsule underwent irreversible changes. The average thickness of the adrenal connective tissue capsule decreased by the end of the 16th week of the experimental research. Similarly, the average thickness of the cortex decreased with each subsequent week relative to the control values, indicating significant structural and functional disorders. The average thickness of the glomerular zone of the adrenal cortex periodically changed as a compensatory reaction in response to the administration of a complex of food additives to rats. The phenomena of nucleus pyknosis and sludge syndrome were detected, which indicated compensatory and adaptive processes at the microscopic level. The analysis of electron micrographs revealed destroyed granular endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and mitochondrial remnants. Thus, it has been established that using a complex of food additives (monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite and Ponceau 4R) directly affects the adrenal glands of rats. This effect causes structural changes in the cortex and medulla, causing alteration and hypertrophy of cells in these areas. Additionally, hyperhydration of the connective tissue stroma and compensatory-restorative reactions aimed at transcription factors and internal mechanisms of nitric oxide formation were recorded.

Hematological parameters of lactating cows when use the feed additives Live protein and Tanrem Sh

The purpose of the research was to study the hematological parameters of lactating cows when use the feed additives Live protein and Tanrem Sh. The scientific and economic experiment was carried out at the breeding farm of Razliv LLC in the Kurgan region on 30 matured lactating cows of Blackand- White breed. Animals were selected into groups using the analog method, taking into account age, live weight, calving date, and productivity. The experiment was carried out during 2022–2023. Analyzing changes in individual blood parameters, a tendency towards an increase in erythrocytes in the experimental groups by 14.62–14.82 % was observed, compared to the control group). At the same time,erythrocytes in animals of the experimental groups were more saturated with hemoglobin. For example, if in the control group the hemoglobin content in erythrocytes was at the level of 92.03 g/l, then in the experimental groups its quantity was 101.16–11.44 g/l or 9.92–10.22 % higher. The content of leukocytes in all groups was from 7.55 to 8.19×109/l, with the maximum permissible value of 12.0×109/l. The content of lymphocytes in animals of the experimental and control groups did not have large deviations and was from 4.58 to 5.08×109/l with the norm from 2.5 to 7.5×109/l. Eosinophils are an indicator of allergic processes. Their content was also within the permissible norms and was from 7.50 to 8.90 %. Thus, the inclusion of the additives Live protein and Tanrem Sh in the ration of lactating cows had a positive eff ect on hematological parameters. The increase in the number of erythrocytes with increased hemoglobin saturation compared to the control group indicates more intensive metabolic processes in the animals’ bodies.

Water pollution with fluoride in the Republic of Moldova and its impact on oral health

Water quality, especially drinking water quality, is one of the most essential requirements for the survival of not only mankind but all terrestrial life on Earth. As a determining factor of health, the quality of drinking water must correspond to sanitary regulations, and the violation of the water protection regime results in pollution. Water pollution is one of the major threats to public health in the Republic of Moldova. According to data compiled by the Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, globally, the Republic of Moldova was placed 83rd out of 180 countries in terms of drinking water quality, the first place being occupied by the countries with the highest drinking water quality. The „age-standardized life-years lost per 100,000 people due to exposure to unsafe drinking water (Daily rate)” is a measure used to evaluate the quality of water. The Daly score for the Republic of Moldova in 2022 was 50.0. The Republic of Moldova is considered a biogeochemical zone with regard to some chemical elements in the environment, including the content of fluorine in groundwater, soil, and subsequently in food products. The analysis of water samples taken by the National Public Health Center of the Republic of Moldova demonstrated that in 90% of cases, water sources subjected to laboratory investigations for microbiological and chemical parameters (boron, fluorine, and nitrates) do not meet the requirements. The present study was a prospective, observational one, the main objective of which was to evaluate the epidemiological dental characteristics of children from the fluorosis-endemic area of the Republic of Moldova. The study targeted 520 12- and 15-year-old children from Fălești district, where the fluoride concentration in drinking water exceeds 16 times the permissible norm of 16.2 ppm/l. Thus, the prevalence of dental fluorosis in this locality (Dean index ≥1) was 98.7 for 12-year-old children and 100% for 15-year-old adolescents. The prevalence of dental caries was 51.2% with an intensity of 2.1 for 12-year-old children, and for 15-year-old children, the prevalence was 67.1% with an intensity of 3.5. Children’s age and severity of dental fluorosis were independent predictors of dental caries intensity. Thus, a positive correlation was established between the severity of dental fluorosis and the intensity of dental caries in both study groups and in all groups of teeth. The percentage of children with a COAD index (decayed, filled, or absent teeth) ≥1 was higher in those whose Dean index was ≥ 5 in the second molar compared to other groups of teeth. Conclusion. Dental fluorosis remains the most common dental disease in fluorosis-endemic areas, and the severity of fluorosis increases with increasing fluoride concentrations in drinking water. Contrary to the previously established opinion, tooth decay also develops in children from endemic areas of fluorosis, and its frequency and intensity are directly correlated with the concentration of fluoride in drinking water. The higher the concentration of fluoride, the higher the values of the prevalence indices and intensity of dental caries. Republic of Moldova performs suboptimally in the prevention of oral diseases in the pediatric population, and the implementation of dental disease prevention programs would have major implications for improving dental morbidity.

IMPROVING WORKING CONDITIONS FOR WORKERS INSTALLING MONUMENTS IN RITUAL ECONOMY

The ritual industry in everyday life is emotionally associated with mourning. Оccupational safety issues in this industry are not discussed as widely in society as in other industries. The ritual industry does not have its own sectoral labor protection rules, therefore, labor protection issues are regulated only by intersectoral labor protection rules.
 Memorial structures in terms of weight, as a rule, exceed the maximum permissible norms for single lifting and moving weights for men. Therefore, when lifting and moving memorial structures, means of small mechanization are required.
 In large cities, burial in cemeteries is very dense and the passages between the graves are getting narrower and narrower. Therefore, at present, an essential requirement for the means of mechanization for the transportation
 of monuments is the requirement that the dimensions of transport mechanisms correspond to the dimensions of narrow passages. Various types of mechanization equipment (trolleys) for transporting monuments are presented on the Russian market, but most of them are wider in size than necessary.
 This article examines the working conditions and risks of a worker installing monuments in a ritual household. The article presents technical solutions for moving memorial structures around the cemetery using small-scale mechanization tools to reduce the severity of workers» labor. Reducing the severity of workers» work will reduce the number of.

Monitoring the quality and safety of sausage products

The role of quality control in providing consumers with high-quality food is shown. The objects of the study were encoded samples of sausage products. In total, 76 samples of boiled and boiled-smoked sausages presented on the consumer market of Kuzbass were analyzed. Quality monitoring was carried out in the period from 2019 to 2022. When conducting research, we used generally accepted methods for testing sausages in accordance with the requirements of current regulatory documents. Gravimetric, extraction, titrimetric, capillary electrophoresis, spectrophotometric, organoleptic test methods were used. A non-compliance with the requirements of TR CU 022/2011 was found in 4.3% of the samples in terms of the availability of the marking for reading. A discrepancy in terms of the mass fraction of moisture was revealed in 1% of sausages, in 3.5% an overestimated content of sodium chloride by 0.1-0.3%, in one sample a starch content of up to 2.0% was detected. In addition to the normalized indicators, the iron content, the residual activity of acid phosphatase, the mass fraction of glutamic acid and its salts (E620-E625) were determined. its salts is within acceptable limits. The content of iron in the analyzed samples is from 7 to 13 mg/kg of the product.The results obtained can be used in the preparation of a daily diet, taking into account the permissible norms for the consumption of sausages.

Status quo analysis of the Aidar-Arnasay Lake System

The Aidar-Arnasay lake system, situated within a natural depression in the southern expanse of the Kyzylkum desert, southwest of the Shardara reservoir, constitutes a unique hydrological entity. Comprising drainless lakes sustained by inflows from the collector-drainage network and the Shardara reservoir, this system has, over the span of 50 years, accumulated an astonishing 2.5 times more water than all 53 reservoirs combined in the province. However, recent studies conducted to assess the water quality in the Aidar-Arnasay lake system have revealed alarming concentrations of pollutants. A comprehensive analysis of the water samples has unveiled significant exceedances across nearly all measured indicators. Notably, the general mineralization of water stands out as a critical concern, surpassing the permissible norm by more than 25 times. This excessive mineralization poses a severe threat to the biological diversity within the system, impacting the overall ecological health of the region. The repercussions of these heightened pollutant levels extend beyond mere water quality concerns, adversely affecting the delicate balance of the ecosystem. Urgent intervention and remediation efforts are imperative to mitigate the ecological consequences and preserve the integrity of the Aidar-Arnasay lake system, ensuring its sustainability for future generations.

Statistical Characteristics of Monthly Mean and Annual Concentrations of Particulate Matter PM2.5 and PM10 in Three Points of Tbilisi in 2017-2022

Results of the detailed statistical analysis of the average monthly and annual concentrations of particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10 at three locations in Tbilisi (Kazbegi av., Tsereteli av. and Varketili) in 2017-2022 are presented. An analysis of the correlations between the indicated characteristics of air pollution has been carried out. The variability of the average annual values of PM2.5 and PM10 in the study period of observations was studied. In particular, it was found that in 2020-2021 there was a significant decrease in the average annual concentration of aerosols due to restrictions on the movement of vehicles associated with the covid-19 pandemic. It is noted that for the entire observation period, the average annual concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 was above the permissible norm.

Screening Studies of Chemical Composition, Antibacterial Activity and Acute Toxicity of Siberian Fir Oil Fraction

Siberian fir is a common species in the taiga zones. A man produces oils, balms, extracts, cell sap, phytoconcentrates, syrups, etc., used in the food, phar-maceutical, perfume and cosmetic industries, in the household chemicals produc-tion and in medicine from the waste left after harvesting the wood. Siberian fir waste processing products have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can be components of the biologically active additives and functional prod-ucts manufacture. The research aims at studying chemical composition of biologically active substances, macro- and microelements, as well as the antibacterial activity and toxicity of the oil fraction obtained from Siberian fir. The study ob-ject is the oil fraction obtained from the Siberian fir extract by extraction with liquid carbon dioxide. A man run screening and identification of target biologically active substances using methods of analytical HELC, IR spectroscopy (IR), gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GLC-MS). The researchers de-termined antibacterial activity of the samples in relation to ten clinical microor-ganism isolates by the agar diffusion method. They studied toxicity on outbred mice, males and females CD-I at doses of 2.5, 1.25, 0.625 g/kg animal weight. The thesis consists of microbiological parameters of Siberian fir extract; experi-mental data on the qualitative and quantitative content of biologically active sub-stances, macro- and microelements in the oil fraction of Siberian fir. The study results of the oil fraction indicate that it is a rich source of biologically active sub-stances with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties; it belongs to the third hazard class (moderately dangerous substances). Microbiological indicators are within the permissible norm. The oil fraction of Siberian fir extract can be rec-ommended in the production of biologically active additives, functional products, but only after deep processing associated with the components fractionation of the raw materials used.

The role of environmental factors in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) – Literature Review

The environment is that part of living and non-living nature that surrounds organisms and directly or indirectly affects their existence, development and reproduction.The increase of toxic substances in the environment and the human body beyond the permissible norm leads to a progressive increase in such chronic diseases as: diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, genetic and congenital malformations, chronic poisoning, malignant tumors, allergies, blood diseases, chronic liver diseases. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality.It affects > 10% of the total population worldwide, which is > 800 million individuals. Environmental nephrotoxic factors causing CKD can be classified as: (1) metals, (2) air pollution, and (3) exposure to other non-metals. Metals used in industrial processes have been shown to contaminate drinking water, food and soil, thereby increasing the risk of exposure among the general population.In the following sections, we summarize the metals that are known to have a nephrotoxic effect, including arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury and uranium. a prospective observational study in Taiwan reported that people ingesting ≥ 50 μg/L of As in well water had a 30% increased risk of clinically recognized CKD compared to ≤ 10 μg/L. a cross-sectional study showed that urinary Cd was significantly positively associated with renal tubular biomarkers, including N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and β2-microglobulin, in the general population in China and Korea.recent studies have investigated the relationship between phthalate exposure and renal function including early renal injury markers such as urine albumin/creatinine ratio and urinary β2-microglobulin (β2M) in different populations.a series of epidemiological studies support the hypothesis that long-term environmental exposure to low-dose melamine can increase the risk of adverse kidney outcomes, including urolithiasis, early renal damage, and the deterioration of kidney function in adults. Most of the epidemiological evidence regarding the association between environmental pollution and kidney disease discussed in this study comes from cross-sectional studies.Studying the interaction between environmental pollutants and genetic factors can help to better understand disease susceptibility, thereby reducing the global burden of morbidity and mortality caused by environmental factors.

Physical meaning of temperature and evaluation of distribution laws (in the area of the Lake Sevan basin)

Formulation of the problem. In the work, the most general definition of temperature was discussed and presented, the temporal probability distribution of air temperature was analyzed and evaluated. Temperature has no specific definition. Thus it will be difficult to study the nature of any geophysical phenomena, including the characteristics of temperature distribution, without understanding the modern scientific definition and adjustment of temperature. The aim of the work is to give the most modern reasonable definition of temperature or what the thermometer measures, the answer to which requires a more specific scientific justification, as well as to evaluate the patterns of possible spatiotemporal distribution of air temperature in the territory of Armenia and in the area of the Lake Sevan basin. Methods. To solve the set tasks, the authors used corresponding research and published works as a theoretical basis in the work. In the work, the average monthly data of actual observations of the temperature of the ground surface air layer and the amount of precipitation of the «Center for Hydrometeorology and Monitoring» SNCO of the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Armenia were used. It was found that temperature is a quantity characterizing the thermal state and radiation of the terrestrial and celestial bodies and, in general, the environment, which is strongly related to the entropy change of the system; temperature is the main thermodynamic characteristic of thermal equilibrium; the thermodynamic and microscopic concepts of temperature coincide; the temperature-heat (energy) difference becomes known in the sense that a system can have high energy but low temperature. The authors applied the following research methods in the article: mathematical and statistical, extrapolation, analysis, analogy, correlation, cartographic. Results. Energy depends on the geometry (dimensions) of the system, but temperature does not. A trend of increasing air temperature is observed in the RA territory, which is also a result of the entropy change of the system. It can change very quickly, depending on the environmental factors in the given area (the growth rate of greenhouse farms, the artificial filling of valleys, which are wave carriers of air flow, the relentless use of green spaces for the purpose of public buildings, and other factors) in the process of disrupting the excessively permissible norms, which are currently separate needs serious research and prevention. The long-term variability of surface air temperature in the area of the Lake Sevan basin is analyzed. The analysis carried out made it possible to give a quantitative assessment characterizing the climate change in this region over the past 98 years. An analysis of the observational data showed that the trend of climate warming is confirmed by an increase in air temperature both in winter and over a long period of time. The change in surface air temperature occurs at a rate of 0.002 ºС/year to 0.012 ºС/year and is generally 0.008 ºС/year (or 0.08 ºС/10 years) for all analyzed stations. The results obtained confirm the presence of two periods of warming observed in 1927–1970 and 1971–2021. All the results obtained in the course of the work testify to the trend of climate mitigation in the area of the Lake Sevan basin at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century.

조약 간 충돌의 해소 원리에 관한 일고

Article 30 of the 1969 VCLT, the most important article in settling conflicts of successive treaties, contains many obscure aspects and problems related to the application. The word ‘successive’ translated into Korean is apt to cause misunderstanding. When we read the Korean text of the article, it should be kept in mind that the word ‘successive’ only means the earlier and later relation in time between different treaties. In Art. 30 of the VCLT, conflict of treaties is expressed as ‘incompatibility’ between an earlier treaty and a later treaty. In this paper, it is suggested that ‘conflict’ includes not only that among prescriptive norms but also that between prescriptive norms and permissive norms.
 Art. 30 of the 1969 VCLT only applies to the conflicting successive treaties relating to the ‘same subject-matter’. It is a difficult theoretical problem how we can determine the sameness of the subject-matter of two treaties. It may be said that conflict of treaties occurs only when those treaties deal with the same subject-matter. Therefore, this theoretically difficult problem will not cause practical difficulty in the application of the Article.
 When two successive separate treaties conflict with each other, Art. 30 will be applied. However, when the original treaty and amended treaty conflict with each other, Art. 40 will regulate the problem. Therefore, it is important to discern whether the two conflicting treaties are the original treaty and the amended treaty or not. If a later treaty is agreed upon through amendment procedures, that will be a strong implication that it is an amended treaty rather than a separate new treaty.
 The last problem concerns the criterion to be used to determine which treaty is earlier or later between two conflicting treaties. As the adoption of the treaty represents the new legislative intention of the parties, the date of adoption will be the most reasonable criterion.

The quality of root crops and sugar yield in the cultivation of modern hybrids of Sesvanderhave sugar beet in the fields in the Lipetsk region

This article presents a comparative characteristic of sugar beet hybrids of the Belgian company Sesvanderhave. The studied hybrids (Leopard, Original, Cheyenne, Crocodile) in the conditions of the Lipetsk region on leached heavy loamy chernozem showed high yield and good sugar content of root crops. They are technologically advanced in the cleaning and processing of raw materials. All Sesvanderhave hybrids have shown excellent technological qualities of root crops, providing a high yield of crystalline sugar. The content of non-sugary substances (K+, Na+, ?-amine nitrogen (?-NH2) in root crops was below the permissible norms, which positively affected the gross yield of refined sugar. Of the four sugar beet hybrids in the Lipetsk region, the Crocodile hybrid turned out to be the most productive, providing a sugar yield of 10.67 t/ha, the excess of the sweet product over other hybrids was: Leopard - by 0.94 t/ha, the Original - by 0.61, Cheyenne - by 0.58 t/ha. The Crocodile also formed root crops with a higher sugar content (17.70%), but at the same time, taking into account molasses-forming substances, it had maximum standard sugar losses (1.11%). The Leopard showed the lowest productivity of the purified sweet product - 9.73 t/ha, its root crops, taking into account standard sugar losses, were with the lowest sugar content (15.77%).

МОДЕЛЬ ОЦІНКИ МАТЕМАТИЧНОГО СПОДІВАННЯ ШВИДКОСТІ ВИТРАТИ ПАЛЬНОГО ПІДРОЗДІЛОМ ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛ УКРАЇНИ

The study of the experience of conducting an anti-terrorist operation (ATO) and an operation of the United Forces (OUF) in the war against the Russian Federation allows us to conclude that today the use of modern means of fire damage in combination with new approaches to intelligence conducting has had a significant effect on increasing the intensity and speed of troops movement during hostilities. In such conditions, random (unforeseen) consumption of fuel may appear with a simultaneous sudden decrease in its reserves below the specified (acceptable) norms. An unexpected drop in fuel reserves in military equipment can be related to many factors and, as a result, create conditions that will not allow to perform tasks in the offensive, during the development of success and when solving other combat tasks in the next day of hostilities. In order to ensure the fulfillment of combat missions by units and subunits of the Armed Forces and to prevent the limitation of their combat capability in connection with an unforeseen shortage of fuel during the operation, there is a need to develop a mathematical model, the use of which in the future will allow to calculate the time after which the level of fuel reserves will decrease below the permissible norm, and in the dynamics of the work of the logistics headquarters, it contributes to the timely provision of the troops needs. In the article, for the first time, simple expressions were obtained for calculating the required sample volume of a random fuel consumption value in the UAF subunits and for the error of estimating the mathematical expectation of this value in the sample, which guarantees the fulfillment of the requirements for the accuracy of calculations with a sample size significantly smaller than the traditional one and without using the concepts of "confidence interval" and "confidence probability", and corresponds to the limited capabilities of the Ukraine Armed Forces subunits to collect statistics during hostilities. The developed model can be used for further development of mathematical tools for predicting possible fuel consumption, for predicting needs and for providing the troops with fuel up to the established standards in a timely manner.

Digital tool for the sustainability of Russia's agricultural ecosystem

The article proposes a solution to reduce environmental hazards in agriculture associated with the intensification of land use during the transition to industrial development of the industry based on the increasing use of various chemicals. It is shown that as a result of such impact irreversible disorders in agricultural ecosystems occur, expressed in death, along with pests, of useful organisms, in reduction of fertility and soil erosion, in transformation of agriculture into the main polluter of nature. A digital tool in the form of the establishment of a unified digital platform for industry management, generated by mathematical modelling, is considered as the proposed solution for ensuring environmental security. Due to the implementation of this tool, the negative impact on the ecosystem, on the industry's products, and on humans themselves will be reduced to certain permissible norms.

Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) and nectarine flour mixture - antioxidant activity, microbiological and sorption characteristics

The current paper presents the initial scientific research on a new enriched flour mixture with nectarine powder, comprising physicochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, microbiological load, and sorption characteristics data. A mixture of 70% Einkorn flour and 30% fruit powder of Bulgarian origin as a functional food supplement was blended. The presence of bioactive components was proved by the in vitro analysis of antioxidant activity through DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC methods. The microbiological indicators, the total count of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms, yeasts and molds, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., coagulase-positive staphylococci and coliforms, were within the permissible norms and no presence of pathogenic microorganisms, were detected in the flour mixture. Adsorption and desorption processes were studied at 10, 25 and 40°C and aw = 0.112-0.868 following static gravimetric methods. The obtained S-shaped equilibrium sorption isotherms confirm the constant trend that with increasing equilibrium moisture content, the temperature decreases in conditions of constant water activity. Based on the obtained sorption capacity data, a calculation of the monolayer moisture content was made using the linearization of the BET model. One of the modified three-parametric models of Oswin, Halsey, Henderson, and Chung-Pfost was selected as a suitable model for describing all sorption isotherms.

Assessment of actual temperature regime in chambers for installation of fans

The article considers an assessment of the safe temperature regime in mine chambers used for the isolated suction of methane from the mined-out space after coal mining. The isolated removal of methane from the produced space outside the mining area through a pipeline with the help of gas-suction fans is used in the Donbas mines. Gas suction units are placed in specially prepared chambers that are ventilated with fresh air. In accordance with the regulatory requirements, ventilation units should be evaluated for air temperature at permanent workplaces in underground workings of coal mines, depending on humidity, air movement speed, and individual categories of work. An analytical comparison of actual temperature regime in the chambers for ventilation gas suction units with permissible norms according to sanitary and hygienic standards was performed. The rational parameters of temperature regime in the chambers for ventilation gas suction units were determined, which can be considered “conditionally” acceptable for the mining and geological conditions in mines of the “Pokrovs’ke” Mine Administration. The substantiation is given to physical parameters of air inflowing into the chambers for ventilation gas suction units needed for their ventilation and in order to maintain sanitary and hygienic standards by temperature. The dependence of the flow rate of air inflowing into the chambers for ventilation gas suction units on its maximum permissible value according to sanitary and hygienic standards is established. It is established that in order to ensure a standard temperature regime in the chambers for ventilation gas suction units in the mining and geological conditions of mines of the “Pokrovs’ke” Mine Administration; it is recommended not to use cooling plants due to their economical impracticability. This will reduce economic costs of ensuring the standard temperature regime. It is necessary to reduce the cost savings on ensuring the standard temperature regime in these chambers and to ensure safe operation associated with the isolated removal of methane from the mined-out space after coal mining.

Тонзиллярная проблема и ее сердечно-сосудистые аспекты на современном этапе

A comparative assessment of the characteristics of myocardial and vascular damages as well as their occurrence in patients with decompensated chronic tonsillitis (CT) sent to the hospital for planned tonsillectomy were carried out. 179 people aged 18 to 25 years were examined. Two groups were formed: group 1: patients with decompensated СT (102 people) and group 2: control – that is, persons without СТ (77 people). We used 24-hour ECG monitoring (Holter) with a set of additional diagnostic options and EchoCG to determine various characteristics of myocardial activity. The arterial wall was assessed using indicators of vascular stiffness and assessment of blood pressure balance in the vascular territories. We used hardware-diagnostic complexes DMS Advanced Technologies (Russia) and RuSkan-70P (Russia). Myocardial damage was judged by exceeding the upper limit of the permissible norm for such indicators as the number of extrasystoles per hour, the maximum rate of increase in pressure in the aorta (dP/dTmax), and the size of the heart chambers; and damage to the vascular wall was judged by similar changes for the aortic pulse wave (PWVao), aortic reverse pulse wave augmentation index (AIx ao), and ankle-brachial index (ABI). The individual profile of the main cardiovascular risk factors was also assessed. Data processing was carried out using the Statistica 10.0 software package (StatSoft Inc., USA). The results indicated the presence of a negative effect of СТ not only on the myocardium with the development of some moderate changes but also on the vascular wall. The latter violations were recorded significantly more often. Vascular disorders were characterized by increased arterial stiffness and pressure imbalance within the framework of preclinical arterio- and atherosclerosis. It is necessary to develop targeted angioprotective measures with СТ and their inclusion in the comprehensive process of managing this category of patients, including in the preoperative period. Therefore, the management of such patients should be based on the principles of effective interdisciplinary cooperation.

НАУЧНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ РАЗРАБОТКИ ПРАВИЛ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ТУРИЗМА И ОТДЫХА В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЗОНЕ БАЙКАЛЬСКОЙ ПРИРОДНОЙ ТЕРРИТОРИИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БУРЯТИЯ

The increasing tourist flows on the shores of Lake Baikal require a prompt development of the legal framework for the regulation of recreational loads on the natural complexes of the territory. Therefore, of particular importance are studies on the impact that tourism and recreation activities have on the environment in the central ecological zone of the Baikal natural territory. The present study aims to elaborate a scientific and methodological basis for the development of the Regulations for the organization of tourism and recreation in the central ecological zone of the Baikal natural territory of the Republic of Buryatia (CEZ BNT RB). The research methodology is based on the principles of sustainable development, which were implemented with regard to the region with ecologically fragile ecosystems. The article presents the most important results of the research conducted, including the assessment of the impact of unorganized tourists on the natural complexes. These results were significant for the formulation of certain provisions of the Regulations ensuring compliance with the maximum permissible norms of loads on the natural environment in the CEZ BNT RB. For assessment we selected test sites differing by the regime and intensity of recreational use: in populated areas, in recreational areas in the forest fund, on the territory of the special economic zone, and on protected areas of regional and local importance. The recreational land cover degradation and recreational load on the shores of Lake Baikal were assessed using the methods presented in the relevant regulatory documents and scientific publications. The study revealed that in the majority of the investigated sites, the third threshold stage of recreational digression is exceeded for the indicator ‘trampling’. The territories with the primary need for detailed monitoring surveys and for measures aimed at the restoration of the disturbed natural complexes were identified. The results of the work were used in the development of the main provisions of the Regulations. The implementation of these will ensure compliance with the norms of recreational loads and contribute to the restoration of the natural complexes of Lake Baikal.

Analysis of the effect of mechanical impurities in water on the hydroabrasive wear of the turbines of the Bozsu hydroelectric power plant

The peculiarity of the operation of hydropower facilities (pumping stations and hydroelectric power plants) in the Republic of Uzbekistan is that the equipment works with liquids containing a large amount of mechanical impurities. The purpose of the research is to assess the effect of the content of mechanical impurities in water on waterjet wear. The object of research is the Bozsu HPP (Uzbekistan). To assess the hydroabrasive properties of a liquid with impurities, an analysis of the granulometric and mineralogical composition of sediments and especially those fractions of impurities that pose a danger was carried out. For water passing through the turbins of the Bozsu HPP, these are fractions of feldspar and quartz. Most of the composition of mechanical impurities are feldspar minerals (58.46% with an average diameter of 0.093 mm). The total content of hazardous fractions (feldspar and quartz) is 77.07% or 0.3-0.4 kg/m3, which exceeds the maximum permissible norm (0.2 kg/m3). But at the same time, no dangerous fractions in diameter (more than 0.25 mm) were detected. A full-scale inspection of the turbine parts showed that waterjet wear is present. The type of waterjet wear is fine-scaled wear with rare, separately located, shallow scales and deep (deep) type of wear with long grooves. The degree of waterjet wear quantitatively and qualitatively, this can be attributed to the wear of low and medium activity.