Permethrin Applications Research Articles

Acibenzolar-S-methyl is associated with yield reduction when used for managing bacterial wilt (Erwinia tracheiphila) in cantaloupe

Bacterial wilt, caused by Erwinia tracheiphila (Smith), can result in serious yield loss of cantaloupe in the Midwest United States. Although neonicotinoid insecticides are an effective means of managing the cucumber beetles that vector E. tracheiphila, this management regime may cause toxicity to pollinators. An alternative method of managing this disease is to use products that induce resistance. Over four years, we have compared disease severity of bacterial wilt, cucumber beetle numbers, feeding damage and yield as influenced by products purported to induce Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) or Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). Acibenzolar-S-methyl (Actigard®) effectively lowered disease severity of bacterial wilt in years when disease pressure was moderate or high. Actigard® was also associated with lower levels of cucumber beetle feeding in some years. However, when disease pressure was low, Actigard® at some rates and timings, caused yield loss. The other products, Regalia® and Serenade Max®, are purported to elicit ISR and did not consistently lower disease levels or influence beetle feeding in the current study. The standard insecticide regime, imidacloprid used as a drench at planting and permethrin applications at weeks 3–6, was the most consistent method of lowering beetle feeding and thus managing bacterial wilt. Since Actigard® could be associated with yield loss, its use for the management of bacterial wilt in cantaloupe cannot be recommended.

Interaction of Insecticide and Media Moisture on Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Attacks on Selected Ornamental Trees.

Exotic ambrosia beetles, particularly Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), are among the most damaging pests of ornamental trees in nurseries. Growers have had few tactics besides insecticide applications to reduce ambrosia beetle attacks but recent research has shown that attacks may be reduced by maintaining media moisture below a 50% threshold thereby reducing flood stress. We compared the efficacy of managing media moisture and insecticide applications for reducing ambrosia beetle attacks on three ornamental tree species in North Carolina. During trials in spring 2013 and 2015, flooded Cornus florida and Cornus kousa were heavily attacked despite sprays with permethrin, but nonflooded C. kousa or C. florida were not attacked. In spring 2015 trials, both nonflooded and flooded Styrax japonicus were heavily attacked regardless of permethrin applications. Although ethanol emissions were not measured, the apparently healthy nonflooded S. japonicus trees may have been exposed to an unknown physiological stress, such as low temperature injury, the previous winter, which predisposed them to beetle attack. However, ethanol levels within host tissues were not measured as part of the current study. X. crassiusculus (75%), Xyloborinus saxesenii Ratzburg (13%), and X. germanus (9%) were the most abundant species collected in ethanol baited traps deployed in 2015, while X. crassiusculus (63%) and X. germanus (36%) were the predominant species reared from attacked trees. Results indicate that managing media moisture levels at or below 50%, and maximizing tree health overall, may provide significant protection against Xylosandrus spp. attacks in flood intolerant tree species.

The efficacy of a combined larvicide–adulticide in ultralow volume and fumigant canister formulations in controlling the dengue vector Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Northwest of Argentina

The efficacy of an ultralow volume formulation (ULV) and fumigant canister, containing both permethrin and pyriproxyfen, was compared with that of standard permethrin applications in a field assay conducted in Banda del Río Salí, Tucumán (north-western Argentina). Five treatment areas were established: first area was sprayed with a ULV formulation of 10% permethrin, a second area was treated using a fumigant canister containing 10% permethrin and 3% pyriproxyfen, the third area was sprayed with a ULV formulation of 10% permethrin and 3% pyriproxyfen, the fourth area with ULV formulation of 10% permethrin using a portable aerosol generator and the fifth area was a left untreated area. Immature and adult Aedes aegypti individuals placed in containers and sentinel cages were positioned within the treated and control areas. The effects of treatment and time on larval, pupal and adult survival were tested. We also investigated the effects of treatment and time on the numbers of larval and pupal deaths, on the proportion of larvae that metamorphosed into pupae and adults, and on the proportion of dead adults. Larval A. aegypti survivorship in 250mL containers revealed a significant treatment effect and significant treatment × time interaction 2 and 24h after the application of the ULV treatment with 10% permethrin using the portable aerosol generator. The number of dead larvae in 20L containers differed significantly by treatment and by time. ULV treatment with 10% permethrin and 10% permethrin plus 3% pyriproxyfen using the cold fogger truck mount ULV resulted in the greatest numbers of dead larvae; most larvae died 2weeks after application. Adult A. aegypti mortality in all treatments did not differ significantly 2 and 24h after application. In addition, we found no significant differences in adult mortality between cages exposed at 3m and those at 6m from the ULV application line. However, there was a significant difference in adult mortality between the 10% permethrin treatment applied with cold fogger truck mount ULV and that applied using the portable aerosol generator (P < 0.001). The larval index known as Breteau index (BI) was higher before treatment than after treatment in different areas. After the treatments, the lowest value of BI was observed in the area treated with the fumigant canister formulation, and a long-lasting effect was observed with the formulation of 10% permethrin and 3% pyriproxyfen.

Deposition and Air Concentrations of Permethrin and Naled Used for Adult Mosquito Management

One of the most effective ways of managing adult mosquitoes that vector human and animal pathogens is the use of ultra-low-volume (ULV) insecticides. Because of the lack of environmental fate studies and concerns about the safety of the insecticides used for the management of adult mosquitoes, we conducted an environmental fate study after truck-mounted applications of permethrin and naled. One hour after application, concentrations of permethrin on cotton dosimeters placed at ground level 25, 50, and 75 m from the spray source were 2, 4, and 1 ng/cm2 in 2007 and 5, 2, and 0.9 ng/cm2 in 2008, respectively. One hour after application, concentrations of naled 25, 50, and 75 m were 47, 66, and 67 ng/cm2 in 2007 and 15, 6.1, and 0 (nondetectable) ng/cm2 in 2008, respectively. Deposition concentrations 12 h after application were not significantly different than 1 h after application for permethrin and naled either year. During 2007 and 2008 permethrin applications, two quantifiable air concentrations of 375 and 397 ng/m3 were observed 1 h after application. In 2007 and 2008, naled air concentrations ranged from 2300 to 4000 ng/m3 1 h after application. There were no quantifiable air concentrations between 1 and 12 h after application in either 2007 or 2008 for both naled and permethrin. Environmental concentrations observed in this study demonstrate that models used in previous risk assessments were sufficiently conservative (i.e., the models overestimated environmental concentrations). However, we also demonstrate inadequacies of models such as AgDrift and AGDISP, which currently are used by the US Environmental Protection Agency to estimate environmental concentrations of ULV insecticides.

DAMPAK APLIKASI INSEKTISIDA PERMETRIN TERHADAP HAMA PENGISAP BIJAIJ HELOPELTIS SPP. (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) DAN ARTROPODA NON-TARGET PADA PERTANAMAN KAKAO (THEOBROMA CACAO L.)

Impact of Permethrin-Insecticide Application on Mirid Pest of Cocoa Helopeltis spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) and on Non-target Arthropods in Cocoa Plantations (Theobroma cacao L.). Cocoa mirid bugs, Helopeltis spp., (Hemiptera: Miridae) are the most important pest of cocoa in Indonesia. A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of permethrin on cocoa mirids and non-target arthropods at a cocoa plantation in specific place. A randomized complete block design was used in which each of four blocks consisted of 5 treatments (4 concentrations of permethrin; 50; 100; 200; and 250 ppm and control). The results indicated that the application of permethrin significantly increased the cocoa mirids mortaliiy throughout all sprayed cocoa trees (up to 100% 72 h after application). Even at 1 h after application, the percentage of Cocoa mirids mortality 29.2% - 53.9%) on cocoa trees sprayed with permethrin at concentrations of 50 - 250 ppm was significantly higher than that on control plant (3.6%). At 72 h after treatments, application of permethrin at concentrations of 200 and 250 ppm caused a complete kill (mortalty of 100%) in the test mirids. Meanwhile, ground cloths caught at least 22 fanilies of abore-ground arthropods that were found killed by permethrin applications. Moreover, the number of non-target arthropods killed by permethrin at concentrations of 100 - 250 ppm (27.3 - 85.3 individuals/ground cloth) were signifcantly higher than that on control trees. These results demonstrated that despite high efficacy of permethrin in controlling of cocoa mirids (Hetopeltis spp.), its application also had adverse effects on non-target arthropods incocoa plantations.

Influence of Selected Insecticides on the Population Dynamics of Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and Its Parasitoid, Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), in Cabbage

The effects of insecticides on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L)., and its parasitoid, Diadegma insulare (Cresson), were evaluated in the field. Insecticides applied for control of the diamondback moth caused variations in parasitism by D. insulare ranging from 20 to 84%. Permethrin applications were effective at controlling diamondback moth. Applications of spinosad also resulted in low diamondback moth populations; however, percent parasitism was higher than in untreated plots and over 4× higher than in plots treated with permethrin. Selective materials that conserve D. insulare populations and maintain diamondback moth populations below economic thresholds may reduce the frequency of application, thus prolonging the efficacy of these materials.

Impact assessment of spray drift from silvicultural aerial applications of permethrin on aquatic invertebrates using mosquito bioassays

Permethrin (Pounce®) was applied at 70 g active ingredient per hectare by fixed-wing aircraft to a 16-ha jack and red pine plantation under application and meteorological conditions that were highly conducive for insecticide drift. Mortalities of an indicator aquatic insect species, Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae, and corresponding permethrin residues in shallow, artificial aquatic habitats, along with droplet densities on ground Kromekote® cards, were measured along five lines downwind and crosswind of the spray block. At 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 m downwind, larval mortalities averaged 40, 39, 51, 18, and 34%; permethrin residues averaged 1.4, 1.1, 1.2, 0.6, and 0.8 μg/L; and droplet densities averaged 25, 22, 17, 14, and 10 droplets per centimeter squared, respectively. At similar distances crosswind of the block, mortalities were 60, 53, 11, 1, and 0%; residues to 180 m were 1.6, 2.6, 1.1, and 0.3 μg/L; and droplet densities were 30, 22, 12, 2, and 0.1 droplets per centimeter squared, respectively. Mortalities and residues were not high for such shallow water (6.7 cm depth), particularly beyond 120 m, and were less than or similar to the values predicted from a swath-superposition model. Impact on sensitive aquatic arthropods and stream insects in deeper water (≥25 cm), more representative of natural habitats, is predicted to be insignificant at such distances. A buffer zone of 150 m around productive water bodies (depth ≥25 cm) is suggested for aerial permethrin applications to such plantations.

Estimating buffer zone widths for pesticide applications

AbstractA technique for estimating the width of buffer zones required around sensitive areas during pesticide applications has been devised and tested. The technique has been used to estimate the buffer width required around water bodies during ground‐based permethrin applications in Canadian forests to prevent significant impact on fish and their food populations. A worst‐ case scenario was developed for environmental impact in water bodies result ing from ground‐based permethrin applications, and a spray application was made under these worst‐case conditions. Permethrin deposit on ground sheets was measured downwind of overlaid crosswind swaths. From these measurements the deposit at various downwind distances from a single crosswind swath was calculated, and a curvilinear regression line fitted to these values. Permethrin deposit downwind of multiple‐swath applications was computed by adding the contributions from individual swaths. Mortality resulting from various permethrin concentrations was measured for Aedes aegypti larvae. Although these larvae are not an important food species for the fish species of interest, salmon and trout, they are more sensitive to permethrin than most aquatic invertebrates. Predicted mortality in populations of this species and Salmo gairdneri, rainbow trout, at various downwind distances from the permethrin application was calculated from the toxicological and spray‐cloud dispersal data. Buffer width was estimated by choosing an acceptably low mortality, and determining the downwind distance at which this value was obtained. For example, a 20 m swath width was found to be adequate to limit mortality in A. aegypti andS. gairdneri populations to 10 and 0.1% during ground‐based permethrin applications.

Permethrin treatments in canadian forests. Part 2: Impact on stream invertebrates

AbstractA series of experiments was conducted between 1977 and 1981 to evaluate the effects of aerially applied permethrin on forest stream invertebrates. All permethrin applications to forest streams resulted in large drift increases, and most produced measurable reductions in benthos density. Recovery of benthic fauna following the various permethrin applications was apparent from 1 to 18 months post‐spray. In double‐application experiments, the second treatments reduced benthos density to a point at which recovery of numbers was slower than after the impact resulting from a single application of the same dosage.

Effects on non-target terrestrial arthropods of synthetic pyrethroids used for the control of the tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) in settlement areas of the Southern Ivory Coast, Africa

Side-effects of cypermethrin, permethrin, and deltamethrin applications for the control of tsetse flies were studied in a sleeping sickness focus near Bouafle, Ivory Coast (West Africa). The insecticides were applied by ground-spray on the surrounding vegetation of three villages. Each village was treated with one pyrethroid. Effects on the non-target arthropod fauna were observed by means of regular and multiple sampling before and after treatment in the sprayed villages and in an untreated control village. Malaise traps and pitfall traps were used. Apparently, the three pyrethroids had markedly different side-effects. The spiderAporoptychus lamottei, however, appeared to be affected by all treatments. This species is therefore considered as an indicator for side-effects of pyrethroids used under the given circumstances. In all affected taxa, except in the proctotrupoid genusCremastobaeus, recovery was observed within two months.Muscidae were markedly affected by deltamethrin. The selectivity of this insecticide for tsetse control is discussed.

Release and Evaluation of a Laboratory-Selected, Pyrethroid-Resistant Strain of the Predaceous Mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Southern Oregon Pear Orchards and a Washington Apple orchard

A laboratory-selected strain of the spider mite predator Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) was released into two southern Oregon pear orchards and a Washington apple orchard in June 1980. The permethrin and organophosphorus insecticide (OP)-resistant predators became established in all three orchards, overwintered, and survived repeated permethrin applications during 1980 and 1981. By summer 1981, the predators had spread into adjacent trees in release areas in both states. Foliage damage was substantially reduced compared with trees lacking the permethrin-OP-resistant predators in Oregon in 1981. in Washington in 1980, spider mite populations were significantly lower and M. occidentalis populations significantly higher on release trees than on control trees. In 1981, the frequency and rates of permethrin applications caused high mortality of the resistant M. occidentalis and high spider mite densities developed on all sampled trees. Permethrin resistance levels remained high in the orchard populations after two field seasons, despite the polygenic nature of this resistance. Future releases should be considered, especially where releases can be made into each tree and selective acaricides can be used to manage spider mite-predator densities until a more stable relationship occurs.

The effects of intercropping with cereals and minimal permethrin applications on insect pests of cowpea and their natural enemies in Nigeria

Abstract Major insect pests and their natural enemies were sampled on cowpea in monocrop and cereal intercrop plots in southern and northern Nigeria. Populations of flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom), were reduced by 42% and predators, mostly Orius spp. (Anthocoridae), by 23% on cowpea in maize intercrop plots at Ofiki in the south. Infestation by pyralid pod borer, Maruca testulalis Geyer, was unaffected by cropping system. The results suggest that tasselling maize attracts flower‐eating beetles (Meloidae) to intercrop plots, and that pod‐sucking Hemiptera were increased by cereal intercrops at Yankara in the north. Three u.l.v. applications of permethrin at 150 g a.i./ha to monocrop cowpea reduced pest populations by 50 to 85% in the south and increased yield sevenfold. However, the sprayed crop in the north was lost due to a heavy infestation of pod‐sucking bug, Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stal, and outbreaks of Aphis craccivora Koch on sprayed plots in both localities suggested damage to...

Introduction and Survival of Susceptible and Pyrethroid-Resistant Strains of Amblyseius fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a Michigan Apple Orchard 1

The survival of a susceptible and two synthetic pyrethroid-resistant strains of the predatory mite, Amblyseius fallacis Garman, were compared with an indigenous predatory mite population after the applications of two synthetic pyrethroids, permethrin and fenvalerate. Susceptible and indigenous predatory mites were reduced to almost undetectable numbers after two permethrin and one fenvalerate application. The two resistant strains survived permethrin applications equally well, but only one strain survived the fenvalerate spray at measurable levels. Overwintering survival of resistant strains was confirmed by using microelectrophoresis and LC50, studies.