Permeable Pavement Structures Research Articles

APPLICATION OF PERMEABLE ASPHALT PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION IN TRAFFIC AREAS

Lithuania’s total road network consists of more than 84000 km of roads, of which more than 21000 km are national roads. Roads of national importance are managed by the Lithuanian Road Administration. The remaining roads are classified as local roads managed by local governments. Road installation and maintenance often lead to the problem of surface water drainage and accumulation on the road surface. The aim of this study is to identify and propose the most appropriate permeable asphalt pavement construction to solve this problem, taking into account the purpose of the application and the class of pavement structure. The scope of the study identifies three recommended permeable asphalt pavement designs for the installation of DK 0.1-DK 1 pavement structures in ancillary streets, parking and recreation areas where light vehicle traffic with occasional heavy vehicle traffic. It has also been found that in areas of high traffic intensity, it is appropriate to use an alternative to permeable pavements – a permeable pavement design for the shoulder, where the roadway structure is impermeable to water and the shoulders are permeable to water (a permeable pavement structure is installed). The recommended permeable asphalt pavement structures, when properly selected, reduce the risk of flooding on the roadway.

Water Absorption Rate in Porous Concrete Paving Block as a Permeable Pavement Structure

Controlling surface water runoff is one way to maintain environmental sustainability. Rainwater on the road surface is one of the problems that must be controlled. Most road surfaces are covered with waterproof material so that rainwater cannot infiltrate into the ground, which then accumulates and causes flooding. This research aims to study porous concrete paving blocks to prevent flooding. This paving block material is made from a coarse aggregate of 4 – 9.5 mm as the main component for making porous concrete paving blocks with height variations of 6 cm, 8 cm, and 10 cm. Concrete Paving Block is used to compare the performance of Porous Concrete Paving Block. Compression, porosity, and infiltration rate tests have been carried out to see its characteristics. Based on tests that have been carried out, porous concrete paving blocks have a porosity ranging from 19 - 23% and an infiltration rate ranging from 0.17 - 0.42 cm/second; however, porous concrete paving blocks experience a decrease in compressive strength of 58 - 60% when compared to concrete paving blocks conventional.

Investigation on permanent deformation of unbound granular material base for permeable pavement: Laboratory and field study

• Deformation of Unbound Granular Materials was investigated in laboratory and field synchronously. • The confining pressures and Shear Stress-strength Ratios affect the deformation greatly. • The deformation prediction model was consistent with the trends of laboratory test results. • A deformation model based on laboratory triaxial load tests, dynamic triaxial repeated load tests and filed LWD tests was developed. Unbound Granular Materials (UGM) base is widely used in permeable pavement structure for infiltration, water storage, and load bearing. However, because of large void content, UGM base easily deforms under repeated loads, resulting in surface rutting and even reducing durability of permeable pavement. Thus, research on practical deformation prediction model of UGM base is necessary to improve the pavement structure design and evaluate the base layer construction quality. This study conducted laboratory and field tests to develop a deformation prediction model of UGM base under varied stress states. The deformation of UGM specimen was tested and analyzed through triaxial shear test and dynamic triaxial repeated load test, with varied confining pressures and Shear Stress-strength Ratios (SSR). A laboratory deformation model based on SSR was developed, and the linear relationship between total deformation and permanent deformation was obtained. The deformation of UGM base in situ was tested with Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD). The trends of laboratory deformation model and field test results were similar, and deformation prediction model for field was fitted. The values of parameters in permanent deformation model were recommended in varied stress ranges, based on mathematical analysis. Accordingly, the deformation of UGM base can be estimated. This study developed a model to estimate the permanent deformation of UGM based on deformation data from field and laboratory tests.

Assessment of the thermal properties for the geothermal use of a permeable pavement structure for pedestrian and cycle paths

Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) have positioned themselves as one of the most widely applied Green Infrastructure (GI) techniques for sustainable stormwater management. In recent decades, new lines of research have emerged leading to the geothermal use of SuDS. The aim is to optimise available space in cities and minimise dependence on non-renewable energy sources. Previous research has focused on determining the feasibility of combining the two technologies, both in laboratory and field studies. Other aspects such as the influence of the surface geothermal system on the quality of the water present in the SuDS were also studied. This previous research has focused mainly on permeable pavements, positioning them as one of the SuDS techniques of reference in this line of research. This article attempts to give continuity to what has been established by other authors. It studies in depth the thermal properties of a complete section of permeable pavement under different hydraulic operating conditions. To this end, a complete section of a permeable pavement has been simulated in the laboratory using Hot-Box tests as set out in different international standards. With these tests, the values of thermal transmittance and equivalent thermal conductivity were determined. The aim of this research is to establish a test procedure for the thermal properties of permeable floorings, based on standardised equipment. The aim is to better understand the heat transfer procedures inside SuDS. In this way, it will be possible to optimise the design of these in combination with surface geothermal elements.

Curva número para estimativa do escoamento superficial em pavimento de concreto intertravado

ABSTRACT Curve Number (CN) values estimating from rainfall-runoff data is an attractive topic in hydrology. However, CN values are lacking for Interlocking Concrete Pavement (ICP) material, mainly when seated over bare soil (not over a permeable pavement structure). Here, we compute CN values for the ICP seated over clayey soil using measured rainfall and infiltration capacity data. We estimated runoff ( Q) using 32 events of 24-hour rainfall depth ( P 24) and an infiltration model, assuming a hortonian runoff process. To estimate the CN for each P 24 event, we used the rainfall-runoff incremental approach. Overall, we obtained CN values ranging from 52 to 63. The best CN values to estimate Q were equal to 52.2 ( R M S E = 9.09 mm and R 2 = 0.03) and 60.1 ( R M S E = 1.45 mm and R 2 = 0.97), considering natural- and rank-ordered P 24- Q data, respectively. Our results indicate that it is more suitable to use the initial abstraction ratio ( λ) equal to 0.20 for the ICP material. The findings provide a better understanding of the rainfall-runoff process in ICP and help improve the design of stormwater drainage systems.

Enhanced stormwater treatment performance by design modifications to the permeable pavement structure

Enhanced stormwater treatment performance by design modifications to the permeable pavement structure

The hydro-mechanical interaction in novel polyurethane-bound pervious pavement by considering the saturation states in unbound granular base course

ABSTRACT The pore-water pressure generated by intermittent dynamic vehicle loading under various saturation states is recognized as a critical factor influencing the behaviour of permeable pavement structures, especially the behaviour of UGB layer. However, the underlying mechanisms of hydro-mechanical interaction in the UGB layer and the influence on the pavement structure are still unclear. This study aims to characterize the changes in dynamic response in permeable pavement structures under various saturation conditions by considering the hydro-mechanical interaction within the UGB layer. To achieve this objective, a full-scale test track with a PUPM wearing course was constructed. Pressures and water distribution were characterized by embedded sensors within different layers of the test track when subjected to the accelerating pavement test. Based on the coupled SAME model, the water distribution and the dynamic response of UGB in the rainfall events were both characterised and solved by FEM. The results predicted by the proposed SAME model correspond to the field measurements, and the influence of the water content on the resilient modulus distribution within the UGB layer was then estimated. Based on the predictions for the stress state of the UGB layer, the sensitivity analysis was also proposed.

Mechanical responses analysis and modulus inverse calculation of permeable asphalt pavement under dynamic load

Permeable pavements play an important role in the mitigation of stormwater runoff and urban heat island effect. However, due to low strength and clogging, permeable pavements are always applied in light traffic areas. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the structural performance of permeable pavements under different conditions. In this paper, the performance of two permeable pavement structures (fully-permeable (FP) pavement and semi-permeable (SP) pavement) under dry and wet conditions is analyzed with the finite element method (FEM) modeling and one-third scaled MMLS3 test. A preliminary FEM model was established and empirical values of modulus are used. To make the model more closely simulate the actual conditions of the pavement, the modulus was calibrated according to the MMLS3 test results. The results of resilient strain and calibrated modulus of two structures under dry and wet conditions were analyzed, and the SP structure appears better cracking and moisture damage resistances. The modulus increases firstly and then decreases with the change of loading repetitions, which is considered to be caused by the combined action of further compaction of load and temperature. Since the change rate of surface layer modulus of the SP structure with loading repetitions is higher than that of FP structure, and only the base material of the two structures is different. It can be considered that the base layer modulus will affect the bottom strain of the surface layer, thus affecting the surface layer modulus. Furthermore, by calculating the difference between the base layer and the surface layer, it is found that the smaller the modulus gap between them, the smaller the change rate of the surface layer modulus.

FEASIBILITY OF LOW-CARBON PERMEABLE PAVEMENT SYSTEMS (PPS) FOR STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

The sharp increase in the utilisation and demand of construction materials across the world, especially in road, pavements and transportation sectors has resulted in an unsustainable surge in the amount of carbon emissions. This study investigated the use of low-carbon materials in permeable pavements systems (PPS) and the effects of various low-carbon engineered materials on the mechanical, absorption and infiltration performance of PPS according to relevant standards. This was achieved by the critical analysis of four (4) different materials (recycled grit, recycled glass, recycled rubber) and comparing their performance with normal materials used in conventional pavements. The four materials were implemented into concrete mixes of the permeable pavers and embedded in various layers and sub-sections making up the permeable pavement structure. As a result, the outcome required of this research is to find which mix of concrete blocks (permeable pavers) perform the best when tested for absorption and compression and which permeable pavement works best when tested for infiltration. Compression test was utilised to establish the maximum allowable compressive force, while the absorption test identified the concrete mix that could hold the least amount of water when soaked in water for 24 hours. This was expected to reduce the possibility of breakage of the concrete blocks. Finally, the infiltration test was employed to establish the best performing pavement material based on the rate and amount of infiltration of a fixed volume of effluent. The results obtained from the laboratory tests shows improved performances of the pavements embedded with recycled materials. Therefore, it can be recommended that the use of recycled materials in the development of low-carbon permeable pavements, possesses the ability to perform efficiently in comparison with conventional PPS in the construction and built environment sectors.

Urban rainfall characteristics and permeable pavement structure optimization for sponge road in North China

Permeable asphalt pavement types are generally selected according to local traffic volume and rainfall intensity. This study focuses on the design of the pavement drainage asphalt pavement combination scheme by analyzing the rainfall characteristics of five representative cities in North China. Furthermore, nine kinds of drainage pavement scheme applicable to Beijing are proposed. To this end, the permeable function design analysis, as well as the bearing capacity design analysis of permeable asphalt pavement, was carried out with the help of storm runoff simulation software SWMM5.1 and pavement structure analysis software BISAR3.0, respectively. The results indicate that the minimum total design thickness of permeable surface layer and permeable basic layer meeting the requirements of road drainage in this region is 170 mm, and the nine drainage pavement schemes meet the specification requirements.

Infiltration Capacity and Structural Analysis of Permeable Pavements for Sustainable Urban: A Full-scale Case Study

For sustainable urban development, the permeable pavement aggressively attracts interests to promote urban water management. This study compared the infiltration and bearing capacities of different permeable pavement structures. To this end, artificial rainfalls with five different intensities were performed on four full-size pavement structures. The infiltration capacity of permeable pavements was estimated based on the runoff curves derived from in-situ measurement. Moreover, their clogging resistance capacity and recovery capacity after maintenance were featured respectively. The Finite Element Method (FEM) was conducted to compare the bearing capacity of four investigated pavement structures. The laboratory results demonstrated the permeability of asphalt mixtures was highly dependent on the water head difference. With regard to the field investigation, it was found that a thicker pavement structure enlarged the infiltration distance, as a result, extending the runoff rising moment and decreasing moment. Besides, a thicker pavement structure can effectively decrease the maximum runoff flow. Furthermore, a reasonable air void combination of multi layers is critical to achieve the optimal permeable performance of the pavement. Multi-layer structure pavement showed superior resistance to the clogging and recovery capacity under maintenance due to the existence of a clogging buffer area.

Assessment of permeability of granular drainage layer considering particle size and air void distribution

Granular drainage layers are utilized in the permeable pavement structure to temporarily store the infiltrated water and to gradually penetrate it into the underlying layer or the subsurface drainage system. The selected particle size distribution (PSD) of aggregate and consequently the size of air voids distributed between particles inherently affect the drainage capability of drainage course. In the present study, the effect of distribution of pores between aggregate along with the general properties of characterized gradation curve on the permeability of this granular porous media is assessed by establishment of various PSDs. For this purpose, large-scale constant head permeability test is carried out on distinct gradations of coarse-sized aggregate derived from three different rock types. A well-established analytical procedure is utilized to determine the constriction size distribution characterizing the interconnectivity of pores. A probabilistic approach is employed to estimate the distribution of size of air voids based on the captured two-dimensional images from prepared specimens. Obtained results confirm nonlinear relationship between the flow velocity and the applied hydraulic gradient especially for specimens comprised of more uniform size range. Also, the developed relationship based on the power law between the hydraulic conductivity and the characteristic pore size can effectively describe the permeability of coarse-sized aggregate used as drainage layer. Furthermore, establishment of gradation with higher uniformity coefficient leads to smaller-sized pores between particles and consequently lower hydraulic conductivity coefficient. Finally, the extended regression model based on the characterized properties can effectively predict the permeability of aggregate specimen.

Study on Variation of Surface Runoff and Soil Moisture Content in the Subgrade of Permeable Pavement Structure

The self‐designed indoor simulated rainfall device was used to rain on five types of pavement structures with 4 types of rainfall intensity (2.5 mm/min, 3.4 mm/min, 4.6 mm/min, and 5.5 mm/min). The effect of rainfall intensity on the surface runoff, the relation between the subgrade soil moisture content changes, and the influence of initial soil water content on rain infiltration rate are studied. The test results show that the surface runoff coefficient of densely asphalted pavement is greater than 90% in drainage pavements and it has little influence on the reducing and hysteresis of the flood peak. The surface runoff coefficient of large‐void asphalt pavement (permeable) is less than 40%. Although the large‐void asphalt pavement (permeable) can reduce a small amount of surface runoff, it has no obvious effect on the reduction and hysteresis of the flood peak. In semipermeable pavement, with the increasing of the thickness of base (graded gravel), the surface runoff coefficient decreases at different rainfall intensities, parts of the surface runoff are reduced, and the arrival of flood peaks is delayed. In permeable roads, almost no surface runoff occurred. As time continued, the soil moisture content quickly reached a saturated state and presented a stable infiltration situation under the action of gravity and the gradient of soil water suction. As the initial moisture content increases, the initial infiltration rate decreases and the time to reach a stable infiltration rate becomes shorter. The drier the soil, the greater the initial infiltration rate and the higher the soil moisture content after infiltration stabilization. Permeable roads can greatly alleviate the pressure of urban drainage and reduce the risk of storms and floods.

Enhanced denitrification by design modifications to the standard permeable pavement structure

Abstract In this study, six permeable pavement systems (PPS) with different subbase configurations were tested to evaluate their nitrogen attenuation capabilities from urban stormwater runoff. The PPS subbases were configured based on the following rationale for achieving enhanced physical, chemical and biological treatment of nitrogen compounds commonly found in urban stormwater: (i) a layer of natural zeolite to enhance nitrogen removal by ion exchange and adsorption; (ii) a layer of bark chips as a carbon donor to enhance biodegradation; (iii) a saturated zone to maintain required moisture content and reduced oxygen level for enhanced denitrification and (iv) thin sand layer(s) to limit oxygen transport for creating an anoxic zone within the PPS. A laboratory water sampling and testing program was undertaken from these PPS over a six-month period using synthetic stormwater with different pollutant concentrations while simulating varying rainfall intensities to represent typical design rainfall events considered in urban stormwater management. Our results demonstrate an improved denitrification in the PPS when a saturated zone is maintained and an organic carbon source is added in the PPS subbase. Compared with the traditional PPS, the new PPS is found to attenuate twice the amount of the total inorganic nitrogen in stormwater. Also, the attenuation of nitrogen compounds by the standard PPS is found to be reduced with rainfall duration (e.g., 54% attenuation during the first hour and only 3.5% during the 4th hour of the rainfall). The new PPS is found to attenuate 68% of total inorganic nitrogen even in the 4th hour of the rainfall event. The new PPS has the potential to become an effective stormwater quality improvement device that can contribute towards cleaner urban waterways.

Flood Control Properties of Permeable Pavement

The surface structures made of conventional asphalt pavements prevents rainfall from infiltrating into ground. In recent years, frequency of flood occurrence has been increasing by an increase of rainfall outflow into of rivers and sewers in urban areas. The rainfall storage and infiltration properties of permeable pavements, which are made of porous asphalt, have been attracted attention as a control measure of flood in urban areas. Previous study makes clear that rainfall infiltration properties of permeable pavements are strongly dependant on the behaviors of unsaturated zones in the pavement. In order to estimate the effects of permeable pavements on flood control that were shown by the experimental results, we have developed the simulation method that analyzes the air and seepage flow simultaneously. But, there have been few data about the flood control properties of permeable pavement for rainfall having inconstant intensities. This paper shows the rainfall storage and infiltration properties of permeable pavements for inconstant rainfall intensity by experiments. And we examine whether the simulation method we have developed in order to estimate the flood control properties of permeable pavements is valid for the inconstant rainfall. This study shows the design method of the permeable pavement structures which are appropriate for various precipitation probabilities and heavy downpours.

Characteristics of Sediment Removal in Two Types of Permeable Pavement

Abstract This study investigates the processes and characteristics of solids removal in two types of permeable pavement: UNI Eco-Stone and porous asphalt. The mechanisms and processes behind solids removal within permeable pavement structures was studied for these two types of permeable pavements using both field installations and laboratory experiments. Results from the study showed that both pavement types are capable of excellent total suspended solids removal, in the range of 90 to 96% removal of solids from influent. Particle size distribution analysis of accumulated sediment within the pavement structure and in the influent and effluent showed that the particles in the effluent of the pavements are substantially finer than that in the influent. Laboratory results involving no crust formation indicated that, although solids removal occurs throughout the entire structure, the "sieving action" occurs primarily at the geotextile interface.

The response of protist and metazoan communities in permeable pavement structures to high oil loadings

Permeable pavement structures (PPS) have been demonstrated to provide an efficient and sustainable method of controlling urban derived hydrocarbon contamination. Until recently, laboratory PPS mesocosm models have used crushed granite as the load bearing sub‐base material. However, the use of virgin stone may not be the optimal choice of substrate, as this is not necessarily sustainable or cost effective in the long term when compared to the use of recycled materials. However, recycled materials such as waste concrete may change the environmental conditions in PPS mesocosms, and the characteristics of the eukaryotic community may become different from those which have been previously described. In the current experiment, granite and recycled concrete sub‐base materials were compared for their ability to retain 900 g/m2 of clean mineral oil applied to the mesocosm surface. It was observed that, even at this very high oil loading, 99.95% of the applied oil was retained within granite and concrete‐based structures, but the effluent was two pH units more alkaline in concrete mesocosms than granite. The eukaryotic microfauna in the effluent from both mesocosm types showed a ten‐fold increase in protist abundance, and a doubling in the number of protist genera, compared with earlier work using only 18 g/m2 of applied oil. Five genera of testate amoebae not previously recorded in PPS were identified, these included Arcella, Assulina, Cryptodifflugia, Cyclopyxis and Difflugia in addition to the three genera observed previously using the lower oil application. Metazoan abundances increased from 1.5 × 101 organisms per ml using the lower oil loadings to 2.0 × 103/ml in the current experiment. Rotifers and nematodes were the most numerous, but tardigrades were also observed in both concrete and granite‐based mesocosms. Despite the differences in effluent pH, it was apparent that there were only marginal differences in the eukaryotic microbiology of the two mesocosm types. This was thought to be due to the layered structural arrangement of the pavement and the location of the highly oil‐retentive polypropylene geotextile and extensive biofilm layer positioned above the concrete sub‐base. Work is now underway to find oil loadings that will adversely affect the abundance and diversity of eukaryotic organisms in PPS mesocosms.

Biodegradation and microbial diversity within permeable pavements

Permeable Pavement Structures (PPS), designed to improve drainage of urban paved areas, have been demonstrated to function as hydrocarbon traps with 98.7% efficiency and as powerful in-situ aerobic bioreactors. A mesocosm constructed like one of these pavements and inoculated with microorganisms with the aim of increasing hydrocarbon biodegradation was found not to retain a viable population of organisms derived from the inoculum, although the protozoan fauna initially increased in diversity more quickly than in an identical non-inoculated mesocosm. The source of protozoan diversity in oil cultures containing different components used in pavement construction, was revealed to be primarily the granite sub-base which contained flagellates, gymnamoebae, ciliates and testate amoebae. Other components only provided cosmopolitan genera such as Colpoda andHeteromita. Biodegradation was facilitated to a similar degree by bacteria or fungi, as demonstrated by inhibition with tetracycline and cycloheximide, respectively. A full microbial community, without inhibition by antibiotics, degraded the greatest mass of oil. Elucidating the role of protozoa assists in fully understanding and optimising the function of PPS in hydrocarbon degradation.